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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
IInd YEAR / IVth SEMESTER

EC8453 – LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Mrs.T.Tamil Selvi M.Tech.,

Assistant professor,
Nadar Saraswathi College of Engineering & Technology, PHOTO
Vadapudupatti, Annanji (po), Theni – 625531.
 UNIT-2
APPLICATIONS OF
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
 TOPICS TO BE COVERED
 Sign Changer  Instrumentation amplifier

 Scale Changer  Integrator

 Phase Shift Circuits  Differentiator

 Voltage Follower  Logarithmic amplifier

 V-to-I converter
 I-to-V converter
 Adder
 Subtractor
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 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER INTRODUCTION
 An Op-Amp is a very high gain differential amplifier with very high input
impedance (typically M Ω) and a low output impedance (less than100 Ω )
 If signal applied to the input terminal, results in opposite polarity output
then input terminal is called inverting input
 If output is of same polarity input terminal is called non inverting input.

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 ADVANTAGES OF OPAMP
Linear amplifier (op amp) has different applications because of
 High open loop voltage gain, A= ∞
 High input impedance Ri= ∞
 Low output impedance. Ro=0
 High common mode rejection ratio
 Infinite bandwidth B= ∞
 Zero offset voltageVo=0 whenV1=V2=0

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 CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL GROUND
 An Op-Amp has a very high gain typically  Op-Amp can work as a linear amplifier
order of 105 . If power supply Vcc =15V (from +Vi to –Vi) if input voltage is less
Then maximum input voltage than 150 µV. Above that Op-Amp
V d = Vcc /A d = 15/ 105 = 150 µ V saturates.
 If V1 is grounded then V2 can not be more
than 150 µV which is very very small and
close to ground. Therefore V2 can also be
considered at ground if V1 is at ground.

 Physically V2 is not connected to the

ground yet we considered V2 at ground
that is called virtual ground.

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 NEED OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK IN OP-AMP
 When operated in open-loop, input signal(>0)
drive the output to saturation bcz of high gain. i.e
output is either –ve or +ve saturation, open loop
op-amp is not used in linear applications.

 With negative feedback, the voltage gain (Acl) can

be controlled so op-amp can be used as a linear
amplifier. In addition to it, negative feedback
provides control of input & output impedance and
amplifier bandwidth.
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APPLICATIONS OF OPAMP

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SIGN CHANGER & SCALE CHANGER

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT - INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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VOLTAGE FOLLOWER

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NON INVERTING AMPLIFIER

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SUMMING AMPLIFIER

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No:14
 VOLTAGE TO CURRENT CONVERTER
 Output current is directly proportional to the input voltage.
iL proportional to Vi
iL is controlled by R1
 TYPES:
 Voltage to Current Converter with floating loads (V/I)
 Voltage to Current Converter with grounded loads (V/I)

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 V TO I CONVERTER WITH FLOATING LOAD
 V to It converter in which load resistor RL is floating (not grounded).
 Vin at non- inverting input terminal; feedback voltage across R1 drives
inverting input terminal.
 The feedback voltage across R1 depends on the output current i0 and is in
series with the input difference voltage Vid. So called as a current – series
negative feedback amplifier.
Applications:
 Low voltage ac and dc voltmeters
 Diode match finders
 LED and Zener diode testers.
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Writing KVL for the input loop, Voltage Vid=Vf and IB = 0 ,
vi=RLi0 = where = i0=vi/RL
Input voltage Vin is converted into output current of Vin/RL [Vin -> i0].
If RL is a precision resistor, outputcurrent (i0 = Vin/R1) will be
precisely fixed.

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 V TO I CONVERTER WITH GROUNDED LOAD
 In this type of V – I converter,
one terminal of the load is
connected to ground.
 Applying KCL at node a, R= Rf
I1 +I2=IL
(Vi +Va)/R + (V0 –Va )/R= IL
Vo = (Vi +Vo - IL R)/2 and
gain =1+ R/R= 2.
∴Vi =ILR ; IL=Vi/R
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 CURRENT TO VOLTAGE CONVERTER (I –V)
 the (-) input terminal is at virtual
ground, current is flows through the
RL. So output voltage v0 = - isRL.
 Lowest current that this circuit can
measure will depend upon the bias
current of the op-amp.
 The resistor RL is sometimes
shunted with a capacitor CL to
reduce high frequency noise and the
possibility of oscillations.
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 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
 In industrial and consumer applications, to measure and control physical
quantities. (temperature control, humidity, light intensity, water flow etc. )
 Physical quantities measured with the help of transducers. Output of transducer
are amplified to drive the indicator or display system.
 Eg: μA725,AD(521,524,AD620, AD624, LM-363.XX (XX -10,100,500), INA1O1,1O4,
3626,3629
 Important features of an instrumentation amplifier:
(i) high gain accuracy
(ii) high CMRR
(iii) high gain stability with low temperature coefficient
(iv) low dc offset
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(v) low output impedance
 BASIC INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
• It is a type of Differential Amplifier
with Input Buffer Amplifier.

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THREE OPAMP INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
 Op-amps A1 & A2 has differential
input voltage as zero. For V1=V2,
the voltage across R will be zero.
 As no current flows through R and
R‘ the non-inverting amplifier.
 A1 acts as voltage follower, so its
output V2‘=V2. Similarly op-amp
A2 acts as voltage follower having
output V1‘= V1.
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 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
 If V1≠V2, current flows in R & R‘, and (V2‘-V1‘)> (V2- V1). So, the
circuit has differential gain & high CMRR compared to single op-amp
circuit.
 The difference gain of this instrumentation amplifier R, however should
never be made zero, as it will make the gain infinity.
 To avoid such a situation, in a practical circuit, a fixed resistance in
series with a potentiometer is used in place of R.
 Current flowing in resistor R is I= ( V1-V2)/R and it flow through R’ in
the direction shown, Voltage at non-inverting terminal op-amp A3 is
R2 V1’/(R1+R2).
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 By superposition theorem,
Vo= (R2/R1) V1+(1+R2/R1)(R2V2/(R1+R2)
=R2/R1( V1’-V2’);
 Since no current flows into op-amps, the current I flowing (upwards) in
R is I = (V1-V2)/R and passes through the resistor R‘

V1’= R’I+ V1=R’/R( V1-V2)+ V1

V2’= R’I+ V1=R’/R( V1-V2)+V2;
V0= (R2/R1)[(2R’/R(V2-V1)+ (V2-V1)]
V0 = (R2/R1)[(1+2R’/R)(V2- V1)
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 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER USING
TRANSDUCER BRIDGE
 The bridge is initially balanced by a dc supply voltage Vdc so that
V1=V2. The differential voltage amplified by the three op-amp
differential instrumentation amplifier.

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 INTEGRATOR
 Output voltage is the integral of the
input voltage
 Circuit is designed using inverting
amplifier with the feedback resistor
RF is replaced by a capacitor CF.
 The expression for the output
voltage V0 can be obtained by KVL
eqn. at node V2.
I1 = IB + if
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 Since IB is negligible small, i1=iF and V1=0 because A is very large,
 Relation between current through and voltage across the capacitor is
iC (t) = Cdvc(t)/dt
 The output voltage can be obtained by integrating both sides with
respect to time
V0(jw) = [1 / jwR1Cf] Vi (jw)
 Indicates that the output is directly proportional to the negative integral
of the input and inversely proportional to the time constant R1CF.
 Ex: If the input is sine wave -> output is cosine wave.
 If the input is square wave -> output is triangular wave.
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 Assumption of integrator
 R1Cf =1, Vout =0V(i.e) C=0.
 When Vin = 0 the integrator
works as an open loop amp
because the capacitorCF acts an
open circuit to the input offset
voltage Vio.
 Input offset voltage Vio & part of
input is charging capacitor
CF produce the error voltage at
the output.
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 PRACTICAL INTEGRATOR
 To reduce the error voltage at output,
resistor RF is connected across the
feedback capacitor CF.
 RF limits the low frequency gain and
minimizes variations in the
output voltages.
 Both stability and low freq roll-off
problems can be corrected by RF in
practical integrator.
 fb=/(2∏R1CF):frequency in gain is 0dB
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 DIFFERENTIATOR
 The output waveform is the derivative  The circuit unstable and very
of the input. susceptible to high frequency
 Constructed from inverting amplifier if noise.
an input resistor R1 is replaced by a
capacitor C1.
 The output V0 is equal to RFC1times
the negative rate of change of the input
voltage Vin with time.
 The –sign indicates a 180º phase shift
of the output.
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 PRACTICAL DIFFERENTIATOR
 Both stability & high frequency noise can
be corrected by the addition of R1 and
CF in practical differentiator.
 fa=1/(2∏R1CF) frequency at which the
gain is 0dB
 gain limiting frequency: fb=1/(2∏R1CF)
Where R1C1 = RFCF
 R1C1 and RFCF help to reduce the effect
of high frequency input, amplifier noise
and offsets.
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 From Frequency fa to feedback the gain Rs
at 20dB/decade
 after feedback, gain S at 20dB/decade
 40dB/decade change in S is caused by the
R1C1 & RFCF combinations.
RF C1>> R1 C1

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Thank You

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