Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

EMERGING THEORIES
PART 1 : PUDs EUDs TODs & TNDs
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SPRAWL
Suburban Sprawl
brought about by:

the industrial revolution

early urban design

movements

the automobile

petroleum interests
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SPRAWL
Suburban Sprawl
brought about by:

voracity of developers

shortsightedness of
civic officials

mortgage systems

the “American Dream”

Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
Suburban patterns
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
Landscapes dominated by
parking lots….
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
…and strip malls
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
…and strip malls
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
…and strip malls
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
Cities, towns, districts, and
neighborhoods connected by
a maze of freeways
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
Disrupted districts
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
Suburban developments at
the edge of freeways
Low-density monotonous
suburban developments
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
Suburban developments at
the edge of freeways
Low-density monotonous
suburban developments
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
Suburban developments at
the edge of freeways
Low-density monotonous
suburban developments
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
The garage becomes the
main feature of suburban
homes
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
The garage becomes the
main feature of suburban
homes
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
The garage becomes the
main feature of suburban
homes
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
TRAFFIC!
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
SEGREGATION

Pedestrian- vehicle
Social segregation
segregation
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

SUBURBAN SPRAWL
Suburban Sprawl creates:

an automobile
dominated landscape

environmental
degradation

economic losses

a fractured social and

cultural fabric
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

EMERGING
THEORIES

PLANNED UNIT
DEVELOPMENTS
(PUDs)

- descendant of the
Barbican Development
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

PUDs
PUDs usually consists of a
variety of uses, anchored by
commercial establishments
and supported by office and
residential space
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

PUDs
Planned unit developments
have a comprehensive
development plan, with
more common than private
space.

A development project that

is owned and maintained
by an association of
property owners (or by the
developer).
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

PUDs
PUDs are cluster zones;
areas that are being
intensively developed where
ordinary zoning regulations
can be suspended
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

PUDs
PUDs are cluster zones;
areas that are being
intensively developed where
ordinary zoning regulations
can be suspended
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

EMERGING
THEORIES

EMERGING
URBAN
DISTRICTS (EUDs)
New Urban Growth
Centers independent of
CBDs, with mixed uses, and
commonly anchored by
office parks like BPOs or
financial institutions
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

EMERGING
THEORIES
TRANSIT ORIENTED
DEVELOPMENTS
(TODs)
a mixed use community with
an average 600 - 700 meter
distance of a transit stop and
commercial core area.

TODs mix residential, retail,

office, open space, and
public uses in a walkable
environment, making it
convenient for residents and
employees to travel by
transit, bicycle, foot, or car.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TODs
URBAN TODs
located directly on the trunk
line transit network: at light
rail, heavy rail, or express
bus stops. They should be
developed with high
commercial intensities, job
clusters, and moderate to
high residential densities

Optimum density= 18 du / ac
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TODs
NEIGHBORHOOD
TODs
on a local or feeder bus line
within 10 minutes transit
travel time (no more than 3
miles) from a trunk line
transit stop. They should
place an emphasis on
moderate density
residential, service, retail,
entertainment, civic, and
recreational uses.
density= 12-15 du / ac
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TODs
STREETS and
CIRCULATION

The local street system

should be recognizable and
interconnected, converging
to transit stops, core
commercial areas or open
spaces
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TODs
STREETS and
CIRCULATION

The local street system

should be recognizable and
interconnected, converging
to transit stops, core
commercial areas or open
spaces
Streets must be pedestrian
friendly
A healthy walking
environment can succeed
without transit, but a
transit system can not exist
without pedestrians
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TODs
DISTRIBUTION
TODs should be located to
maximize access to core
commercial areas.

TODs with major

competing retail centers
should be spaced a
minimum of 1 mile apart
and should be distributed to
serve different
neighborhoods.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TODs
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
LIGHT RAIL / RAPID
TRANSIT

The most efficient and

practical transit system

This can be above

ground, underground, or
along the surface, which
is most economical
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TODs
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
LIGHT RAIL / RAPID
TRANSIT
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TODs
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
EXPRESS BUS
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TODs
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
EXPRESS BUS
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TODs
TRANSIT SYSTEMS
HIGH OCCUPANCY
VEHICLES (HOVs)
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

EMERGING
THEORIES
TRADITIONAL
NEIGHBORHOOD
DEVELOPMENTS
(TNDs)
A complete neighborhood
or town using traditional
town planning principles.

TNDs may occur in infill

settings and involve
adaptive reuse of existing
buildings, but often
involves all-new
construction on previously
undeveloped land.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

TNDs
To qualify as a TND, a
project should include a
range of housing types, a
network of well-connected
streets and blocks, humane
public spaces, and have
amenities such as stores,
schools, and places of
worship within walking
distance of residences.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

EMERGING THEORIES
PART 2 : NEW URBANISM
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
Formed by the CONGRESS
for NEW URBANISM
(CNU)

Founders: Andres Duany,

Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk,
Peter Calthorpe, Peter
Katz, Daniel Solomon,
among others
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

The CHARTER of
NEW URBANISM

“The Congress for the New Urbanism

views disinvestment in central cities,
the spread of placeless sprawl,
increasing separation by race and
income, environmental deterioration,
loss of agricultural lands and
wilderness, and the erosion of society's
built heritage as one interrelated
community-building challenge”.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

The CHARTER of PARK GREEN

NEW URBANISM
We advocate the
restructuring of public
policy and development
practices to support the
following principles:

Cities and towns should be

shaped by physically
defined and universally
accessible public spaces and
community institutions;

SQUARE PLAZA
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

The CHARTER of
NEW URBANISM
We advocate the
restructuring of public
policy and development
practices to support the
following principles:

Urban places should be

framed by architecture and
landscape design that
celebrate local history,
climate, ecology, and
building practice.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

The CHARTER of
NEW URBANISM
We advocate the
restructuring of public
policy and development
practices to support the
following principles:

Infill development which

conserves environmental
resources, economic
investment, and the social
fabric, while reclaiming
marginal and abandoned
areas, should be
encouraged.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

The CHARTER of
NEW URBANISM
We advocate the
restructuring of public
policy and development
practices to support the
following principles:

Cities and towns should

bring into proximity a
broad spectrum of public
and private uses to support
a regional economy that
benefits people of all
incomes.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

The CHARTER of
NEW URBANISM
We advocate the
restructuring of public
policy and development
practices to support the
following principles:

Affordable housing should

be distributed throughout
the region to match job
opportunities and to avoid
concentrations of poverty.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES
The NEIGHBORHOOD,
the DISTRICT, & the
CORRIDOR
these three are the
fundamental organizing
elements of New Urbanism

neighborhoods are
urbanized areas with a
balanced mix of human
activity
districts are areas
dominated by a single
activity
corridors are connectors
and separators of
neighborhoods and districts
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

The STREET, the

BLOCK, & the
BUILDING
the form of New Urbanism
is realized by the deliberate
assembly of streets, blocks,
and buildings
streets are not the dividing
lines within a city, but are
to be communal rooms and
passages
blocks are the field on
which unfolds both the
building fabric and the
public realm of the city
buildings are the smallest
increment of growth in the
city
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
The neighborhood has a
discernible center and/ or a
focal point

Most of the dwellings are

within a five-minute walk
of the center, an average of
roughly 600 to 700 meters
(2,000 feet)
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Within neighborhoods, a
broad range of housing
types and price levels can
bring people of diverse
ages, races, and incomes
into daily interaction,
strengthening the personal
and civic bonds essential to
an authentic community.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
A mix of land uses should
be provided for energy
efficiency and practical
convenience
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Interconnected networks of
streets should be designed
to encourage walking,
reduce the number and
length of automobile trips,
and conserve energy.

A grid pattern disperses

traffic by providing a variety
of pedestrian and vehicular
routes to any destination
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Schools should be sized and
located to enable children to
walk or bicycle to them.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
A range of parks, from tot-
lots and village greens to
ballfields and community
gardens, should be
distributed within
neighborhoods
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Streets and sidewalks
should be covered with
rows of trees and other
landscaping elements that
provide shade to
pedestrians and create an
overall pleasant
environment

On-street parallel parking

should be encouraged
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Sidewalks should be wide,
at least 3.0 meters, and free
from dangerous
obstructions except for
landscaping elements and
street furniture that invite
pedestrians to sit.

Storefronts should be built

close to the sidewalk, with
wide window openings and
visible entrances that are
inviting to the pedestrian
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
Buildings in the
neighborhood center are
placed close to the street,
creating a well-defined
“outdoor room”.

Prominent sites at the

termination of street vistas
or in the neighborhood
center are reserved for civic
buildings.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES

Parking lots and garage

doors should not front the
street. Parking is relegated
to underground, to multi-
level structures, or to the
rear of buildings, accessed
by alleys.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES

Where there are bays, lakes,

and rivers, build facing the
water
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

NEW URBANISM
GUIDELINES
The neighborhood is
organized to be self-
governing. A formal
association debates and
decides matters of
maintenance, security and
physical change.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
SEASIDE
•  Walton County, Florida
•  80 acres
•  DPZ architects

Fosters a strong sense of

community with a variety
of dwelling units built
close to each other,
complete neighborhood
amenities, open spaces,
terminating vistas, etc.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
SEASIDE
•  Walton County, Florida
•  80 acres
•  DPZ architects

Terminating vistas give

importance to public
buildings.

Architectural guidelines
include the requirement for
porches facing the road
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
SEASIDE
•  Walton County, Florida
•  80 acres
•  DPZ architects

Terminating vistas give

importance to public
buildings.

Architectural guidelines
include the requirement for
porches facing the road
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
LAGUNA WEST
•  Sacramento County,
California
•  1,045 acres
•  Peter Calthorpe
and Associates
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
LAGUNA WEST
•  Sacramento County,
California
•  1,045 acres
•  Peter Calthorpe
and Associates

A system of public spaces is

the organizing structure of
the community
The town center is located
at the terminus of radial
boulevards which originate
in neighborhood parks
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
KENTLANDS
•  Gaithersburg, Maryland
•  355 acres
•  DPZ architects

Contains buildings from

the original Kentlands
farm, many varieties of
residences, a commercial
and civic district, amidst
open space, including
protected natural areas and
pocket parks.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
KENTLANDS
•  Gaithersburg, Maryland
•  355 acres
•  DPZ architects

various residential units

Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
KENTLANDS
•  Gaithersburg, Maryland
•  355 acres
•  DPZ architects

various residential units

Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
KENTLANDS
•  Gaithersburg, Maryland
•  355 acres
•  DPZ architects

Neo traditional downtown

Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
RIVIERA BEACH
•  Riviera Beach, Florida
•  1600 acres
•  Mark Schimmenti

redevelopment plan to
protect historical downtown
from unplanned,
uncontrolled growth
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
RIVIERA BEACH
•  Riviera Beach, Florida
•  1600 acres
•  Mark Schimmenti

Redevelopment begins at
the building level…..
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
RIVIERA BEACH
•  Riviera Beach, Florida
•  1600 acres
•  Mark Schimmenti

Redevelopment begins at
the building level…..

…then at the street level

Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
JACKSON
TAYLOR
•  San Jose, California
•  75 acres
•  Peter Calthorpe and
Associates

Redevelopment of an
underutilized industrial site

Design presents three

different block types
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
JACKSON
TAYLOR
•  San Jose, California
•  75 acres
•  Peter Calthorpe and
Associates

BLOCK 1:
mixed use commercial-
office-residential
BLOCK 2:
high density residential

BLOCK 3:
lower density residential
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
JACKSON
TAYLOR
•  San Jose, California
•  75 acres
•  Peter Calthorpe and
Associates

BLOCK 1:
mixed use commercial-
office-residential
BLOCK 2:
high density residential

BLOCK 3:
lower density residential
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
GREEN CITY
•  Metro Manila
•  1000 acres (405 HA)
•  Peter Calthorpe and
Associates

Design client:
Town and Villas, Inc.
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
GREEN CITY
•  Metro Manila
•  1000 acres (405 HA)
•  Peter Calthorpe and
Associates

Design client:
Town and Villas, Inc.

Design completed in 1997

Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
DOS RIOS
•  Laguna
•  140 Ha
•  DPZ - Architects

Located between the

foothills of Taal and the
area surrounding Manila
Bay with 2 town centers
within a 10-min walk
Arch 231 EMERGING THEORIES

CASE STUDIES
DOS RIOS
CAMELLA DOS RIOS
An expansive 20-hectare
Mediterranean-inspired
development. Close to
industrial parks which
house multinational
corporations. The Country
Club Golf Course as well
as Enchanted Kingdom are
just a stone’s throw away.
Arch 231 SUBURBAN
EMERGINGSPRAWL
THEORIES

TRADITIONAL
NEIGHBORHOODS
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