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    CIGRE UK Centennial Presentations SC Group B

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    SMS Abdullah
    The document summarizes developments in CIGRE study committees over the past century and looks ahead to the next 100 years. It reviews the evolution of insulated cables, overhead lines, substations and electrical installations, DC systems and power electronics, and protection and automation. For each area, it describes key developments from the 1920s to the present and considers potential future technologies and challenges over the next decades, such as renewable integration, digitalization, and sustainability.

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    CIGRE UK Centennial Presentations SC Group B

    Uploaded by

    SMS Abdullah
    102 views27 pages
    The document summarizes developments in CIGRE study committees over the past century and looks ahead to the next 100 years. It reviews the evolution of insulated cables, overhead lines, substations and electrical installations, DC systems and power electronics, and protection and automation. For each area, it describes key developments from the 1920s to the present and considers potential future technologies and challenges over the next decades, such as renewable integration, digitalization, and sustainability.

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    The document summarizes developments in CIGRE study committees over the past century and looks ahead to the next 100 years. It reviews the evolution of insulated cables, overhead lines, substations and electrical installations, DC systems and power electronics, and protection and automation. For each area, it describes key developments from the 1920s to the present and considers potential future technologies and challenges over the next decades, such as renewable integration, digitalization, and sustainability.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    102 views27 pages

    CIGRE UK Centennial Presentations SC Group B

    Uploaded by

    SMS Abdullah
    The document summarizes developments in CIGRE study committees over the past century and looks ahead to the next 100 years. It reviews the evolution of insulated cables, overhead lines, substations and electrical installations, DC systems and power electronics, and protection and automation. For each area, it describes key developments from the 1920s to the present and considers potential future technologies and challenges over the next decades, such as renewable integration, digitalization, and sustainability.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 27

    CIGRE Centennial Review

    Systems B Study Committees


    Introduction
    Review of the last Century developments in the sector
    Crystal Ball view for the next 100 years

    Study Committees
    • B1 – Insulated Cables – Roman Svoma/James Pilgrim
    • B2 – Overhead Lines – Kostas Kopsidas
    • B3 – Substations & Electrical Installations – Mark Osborne
    • B4 – DC Systems and Power Electronics – Dechao Kong
    • B5 – Protection & Automation – John Wright
    B1 – Insulated Cables
    B2 – Overhead Lines
    B3 – Substations & Electrical Installations
    B4 – DC Systems and Power Electronics
    B5 – Protection & Automation
    B1: The Past
    • Development of oil impregnated insulation systems enables self contained fluid filled
    cables
    1920’s • Cable primarily used for interconnecting local generators and loads

    • Development of cross-linked extruded insulation systems, subsequent introduction of


    metallic water barriers
    1950’s • Oil impregnated paper remains technology of choice for growing transmission network

    • Growth of XLPE at transmission voltages, eventually leading to commercial use of


    400kV XLPE systems by turn of century
    1980’s • Renewed interest in HVDC for international interconnection

    • XLPE is the dominant material at all voltages for AC systems


    • HVDC systems continue growth from 320kV to higher voltages with both polymeric and
    2010’s mass impregnated insulations

    The follow ing images are unaltered from Science Museum Group, license CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
    Ferranti Distribution Cable: Low -voltage cable, made by Ferranti | Science Museum Group Collection
    Callender 33kV Distribution Cable: Three core electrical distribution cable | Science Museum Group Collection
    Prysmian 132kV Export Cable: Submarine pow er export cable sample | Science Museum Group Collection
    All others sourced from Cigre TBs
    The Present – Maturing Technologies
    • ENTSO-e assessment of cable Technology Readiness Levels
    (TRL)
    • Further progress being made in UHV DC
    • Ongoing development of Gas Insulated Lines
    • Superconducting cables remain a niche application

    Image Sources: Cigre Green Book “Electricity Supply Systems of the Future”, Electricity Supply Systems of the Future | SpringerLink
    Developments in the next decade
    • Refinement of existing technologies
    − Advances in polymeric materials
    − Qualification of cables at higher
    voltages
    • Technologies for floating offshore wind
    − Mechanically dynamic submarine
    cables
    − Lead free dry design cables
    − Rapid repair technologies
    • Life extension and retrofit technologies
    − Diagnostic & monitoring solutions
    − Replacement technologies for inner city
    cables

    Image Sources: Cigre Green Book “Electricity Supply Systems of the Future”, Electricity Supply Systems of the Future | SpringerLink
    Cables after 2050?
    • Driven by wider transitions
    in the energy system? • Embedded links
    UHVDC?
    • Interconnectors

    • Direct to buildings
    MVDC? • Distributed
    generation

    • Most cables installed after Multi- • H2 + Electricity


    2000 will still be in service Vector? • Something else?
    by 2050!
    B1 – Insulated Cables

    B2 – Overhead Lines
    B3 – Substations & Electrical Installations
    B4 – DC Systems and Power Electronics
    B5 – Protection & Automation
    B2: Overhead Line Evolution over the last 100 years
    • “Wiring the Nation” ≈ 4,000ml of 132 kV OHLs connecting 122 most efficient plants
    • 132 kV OHLs - 183 MVA @ 40oC
    1920’s • Single ACSR, A-frame lattice structure named “pylon” = “gateway”… of electricity

    • 275 kV OHLs “super-grid” - 1140 MVA @ 40 oC


    • Efficiency of HV system is recognized - Cheaper to transport electricity than coal
    1950’s • Twin-Bundle ACSR, Pylons doubled in size (41.6m vs 20.2m heights)

    1927
    132 kV 1956
    B2: Overhead Line Evolution over the last 100 years
    • 400 kV OHLs - 3315 MVA @ 40 oC
    • Thermal uprating at 75 oC - 6940 MVA
    • Quad-bundle and Stronger Pylons
    1980’s • Use of ACSRs and AAACs

    • The way to compaction (132 kV wood pole trident – Monopole T-Pylon 400 kV)
    • High Temperature Low Sag conductors at 180oC
    • Flexible Time Varying Ratings (seasonal)
    2010’s • Composite and polymeric Insulators
    B2 : The Future of OHLs
    The Challenge of New Materials – Further compaction
    − Lighter Superconductive Conductors
    − “Removing” the Insulators - composite (insulated) towers
    − Covered Conductors

    The Challenge of “No Materials” Uprating–Downsizing


    − Hollow conductors
    − The Return of the “Single Conductor System”
    B1 – Insulated Cables
    B2 – Overhead Lines

    B3 – Substations & Electrical


    Installations
    B4 – DC Systems and Power Electronics
    B5 – Protection & Automation
    B3: Substation Evolution over the last 100 years
    AIS Substation
    (Sundon – 1965)
    • 132kV HV Substations constructed – Central Electricity Board (1926)
    • Substations technology - oil insulated equipment, porcelain & Fully manned
    1920’s

    •1st 275kV substation commissioned (1953) West Melton


    •Air blast technology introduced to cope with higher SCL GIS SF6 Substation
    1950’s •4 switch mesh substation configuration developed (Neepsend – 1970s)

    • 1st 400kV substation - Mk1 Air insulated switchgear Sundon - 1965


    • Mk 2 Air Insulated Switchgear substation - Wymondley (1972)
    1960’s

    • 1st 275kV Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) Substation – Neepsend (1975)


    • 1st 400kV GIS Substation – Littlebrook (1982) outdoor
    • 1st Indoor GIS substation -
    1980’s • Transmission Substations becoming Remotely operable
    Indoor GIS SF6 Substation
    (St Johns Wood – 2000s)
    B3 The Present
    Offshore Substation
    Current State of the art (Walney – 2015)
    courtesy of Orsted
    • Digitalisation
    • Asset Replacement - Interfacing legacy and new
    technology
    • Extensive use of Polymeric insulation
    • Substations going offshore
    • Sustainability - alternatives to SF6
    • Distribution substations increasingly actively
    managing power flows

    GIS g3 Substation
    (New Deer – 2020)
    B3 Future considerations
    The Digital Substation
    • Highly Integrated functionality
    • Predominantly solid state
    technology
    • Fully Autonomous
    • Dependence on resilient
    Auxiliary services
    − Cooling
    − Communications
    − Time synchronisation
    B1 – Insulated Cables
    B2 – Overhead Lines
    B3 – Substations & Electrical Installations

    B4 – DC Systems and Power


    Electronics
    B5 – Protection & Automation
    B4: Evolution of HVDC Technology over the last 100 years

    • In early 1920’s, Calverley-Highfield Transverter was invented in UK


    • Rectification & inversion processes became possible in late 1920’s
    1920’s

    • 20 MW Gotland 1 Project, Sweden


    ✓ World’s first commercial HVDC link
    ✓ 100kVdc Mercury-arc Valve Converter
    1950’s ✓ Commissioned in 1954

    • 160 MW Cross-Channel Link


    ✓ First Interconnector between UK and France SLD of The Kingsnorth HVDC Transmission Project
    ✓ 100kVdc Mercury-arc Valve Converter
    1960’s ✓ Commissioned in 1961

    • 640 MW Kingsnorth HVDC, UK


    ✓ First embedded HVDC link within GB Electricity system
    ✓ 266kVdc Mercury-arc Valve Converter
    1970’s ✓ Commissioned in 1972
    • Replacement of Mercury-arc Valve with Thyristor Valve for Cross-
    Channel Link
    Layout of Kingsnorth Converter Station (Source: Cigre)
    Present: Operational Schemes within or in connection to GB System
    • 100kVdc 160 MW Interconnector was decommissioned in 1984
    • 270kVdc 2000 MW Interconnector using Line Commutated Converter (LCC) based HVDC was
    Commissioned in 1986
    1980’s • Replacement of Mercury-arc Valve with Thyristor Valve for Kingsnorth HVDC scheme in early 1980’s

    • No further Interconnector or Embedded scheme for the UK


    1990’s • Introduction of emerging Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based HVDC into HVDC market

    • 250kVdc 500 MW Moyle (Interconnector, LCC-HVDC)


    2000’s

    • 450kVdc 1000 MW BritNed (Interconnector, LCC-HVDC)


    • 200kVdc 500 MW EWIC (Interconnector, VSC-HVDC)
    • 400kVdc 1000 MW Nemo Link (Interconnector, VSC-HVDC)
    2010’s • 600kVdc 2200 MW Western Link (Embedded, LCC-HVDC)
    • 320kVdc 1200 (800) MW Caithness - Moray (Embedded, VSC-HVDC)

    • 320kVdc 1000 MW IFA2 (Interconnector, VSC-HVDC)


    2020’s • 525kVdc 1400 MW NSL (Interconnector, VSC-HVDC)
    Present: Some Development Schemes 2022 to 2025* (Note*: Details subject to change)
    Ref Interconnector Project Name Connection Type Power Rating

    1 ElecLink Interconnector 1,000MW


    2 Aquind Interconnector 2 x 1,000MW
    3 Viking Link Interconnector 1,400MW
    4 FAB Link Interconnector 1,400MW
    6 NeuConnect Interconnector 1,400MW
    7 Dogger Bank A Offshore Wind 1,200MW
    8 Greenlink Interconnector 500MW
    9 Dogger Bank B Offshore Wind 1,200MW
    10 NorthConnect Interconnector 1,400MW
    11 Shetland HVDC Connection Embedded 600MW
    12 Dogger Bank C Offshore Wind 1,200MW
    13 Sofia Offshore Wind 1,400MW
    14 GridLink Interconnector 1,400MW
    Future: Opportunities & Challenges
    Opportunities: Challenges:

    A. Application: A. Network Planning and Design


    • Integration of Large-scale Offshore Wind
    • Multi-terminal Operation B. Manufacturing
    B. Asset
    • 1GW+ VSC-HVDC Subsea Cable C. Engineering & Asset Management
    Solution
    • HVDC Circuit Breaker for DC Network
    D. Talent Development
    C. Miscellaneous:
    • Grid Forming Capabilities
    • Other PE applications i.e. FACTS, DC/DC
    converter
    • Medium Voltage DC system
    • Digitalisation
    B1 – Insulated Cables
    B2 – Overhead Lines
    B3 – Substations & Electrical Installations
    B4 – DC Systems and Power Electronics

    B5 – Protection & Automation


    B5 – Past

    • Self contained device such as fuses


    pre1900’s

    • First overcurrent relay


    • Coincides with CB and CT/VT
    1900’s • Electromechanical / Induction disc – single function

    • Solid state relays


    1950’s • Electronic components

    • Microprocessor based
    • Size reduction
    1980’s • More flexibility
    B5 – Past to Present
    • Numerical based
    • Serial Communication (proprietary)
    • Multifunction
    1990’s • Software Design – reduced secondary wiring

    • Interoperability and open standards


    • WAPAC`s
    • Communications is an integral part of protection
    2000’s system

    • Digital Substation – Reduced Footprint


    • Use of fibre optic / ethernet comms
    2010’s • Non conventional IT`s

    • Centralised / Virtualised Protection


    • Reduced limits on location
    2020’s • Digital twins
    B5 – Future ?
    o Requirements to protect a power system?:

    • Measure power system quantities


    • Perform computation
    • Issue commands
    • Feedback / Monitoring
    • Store data

    o Imagine:

    • Not limited by distance – no copper


    • No need for dedicated facilities i.e. relay rooms ?
    • Use any hardware / software platform – cloud or similar
    • Interchangeability – completely open system

    o Totally remote monitoring, operation, control, diagnostic and


    intervention / restoration.
    Any Questions?
    Question time – how might we deal with….

    Auxiliary systems
    • Critical dependence on third party services
    • Reliability of wet systems with moving parts
    • Maintenance intensive systems
    Communication networks
    • Where is the ownership boundary between primary and light current?
    • Time Synchronisation sources (internal or external)
    • Cyber Resilience
    Legacy Equipment
    • Interfacing with older legacy equipment
    • Managing Obsolescence
    • Skills & Resources
    Finally…CIGRE Greenbook
    FACTS and HVDC Greenbooks
    TBC soon

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