Methods and Approaches

of
Training
By
M. Sanwar Jahan Bhuiyan, Ph D
Joint Secretary
DEPD, Skills for Employment Investment program
Finance Division, Ministry of Finance
 List of Training Methods and Techniques
Training Methods Training Methods
• Lecture • Book Review/Article Review
– Extension Lecture • Colloquium
– Distinguished Guest Lecture
• Conference
• Small Group Work
• Joint-Problem Solving
• Question and Answer Sessions
• Shadowing
• Role Playing
• Demonstration
• Case Studies
• Debating
• Exposure Visits
• Assignments
• Panel discussion
• Programmed Instruction
• Seminars
• Sensitivity Training
• Workshops
• Management Game
• Film Show
• Simulation
• Syndicate work
• Guided Learning
• One 2 One Instruction
• Project works
• Outdoor Training
• Action Learning
• Career Coaching
 List of Training Methods and Techniques
Techniques within the Methods Techniques within the Methods
• Icebreakers • Study Tour
• Energizers • Open Book Method
• Brainstorming • In Basket
• Mind Mapping • Planned Reading
• Buzz Groups • Idea Card
• Multi-media • Micro Teaching
• VIPP (Visualization in Participatory • Theater and Drama
Program) • Story Telling
• Snow Ball • Job Instruction
• Magic Ball • Interview
• Fish Bone • Webinar
• Flip-chart Presentations • Video Conferencing
• OHP Presentation • Audio-Conferencing
• Puzzling Game • Tele-Conferencing
• Peer-group discussions • Multi-Voting
• Delphi Techniques • Fish Bowl
• Conversation • Structured Experience
• Q-Sort • Force Field Analysis
 Methods Training Delivery
• Lectures
• Icebreakers and Energizers
• Brainstorming
• Buzz Groups
• Small Group Work
• Question and Answer Sessions
• VIPP (Visualization in Participatory Program)
• Role Plays
• Case Studies
• Field Visits
• Panels and Forums
• Seminars
• Workshops
Lectures
• Lecturing as a method can
be used by adult
educators for explaining
some part of their subject
within class sessions.
• However, a lecture may be
used to introduce a new
topic or topics for
discussion. It is also
particularly appropriate
for summarizing and
arousing interest in new
subjects.
 Icebreakers and Energizers
Icebreakers and energizers are • Energizers are used in
an important aspect of training. training if the participants
Icebreakers are used to feel, or the
introduce participants to each trainer/facilitator observes,
other at the beginning of a
drowsiness or lack of
session.
interest. They can be
games or any other
technique that will
stimulate participants. The
activity may or may not be
related to the topics or
objectives of the session/
training. Many trainers/
facilitators also use songs,
jokes, etc as energizers.
Brainstorming
• Brainstorming provides an
opportunity for participants
to express their ideas or
opinions about a topic,
subject or common theme.
This technique is used to
quickly generate a whole
host of possible ideas
around a common theme,
many of which may be
useful. When the
participants’ suggestions are
exhausted, facilitation helps
them to reach a consensus.
 Buzz Group
• Buzz group discussion is a method in which small
groups of 2-3 participants discuss a specific question
or issue in order to come up with many ideas in a
short time.
• Buzz groups are formed spontaneously. Usually, the
participants discuss on the given issue on standing
position, not sitting on the chair.
• Since the small groups produce buzzing sound at the
time of discussing, this method is known as buzz
group.
• It was first used by the Dr. Donald Phillips at the
Michigan State University. He divided his large classes
into six-member clusters and asking them to discuss
a certain problem for six minutes time period.
 Group Work
• Organising participants into small groups
provides a better opportunity for them to
express their opinions independently and
make recommendations in order to reach
common conclusions. Generally small groups
consist of five to eight members. They are
invited to express their thoughts
independently on a specific issue, reach a
common understanding if possible through
open discussion and finally make
recommendations together. The decisions
taken in the small groups are then reported
to, and discussed in, the large group(plenary
sessions) and conclusions or probable
solutions are drawn.
 Question and Answer Session

• When a subject is discussed through

asking questions and seeking answers it
is called the question and answer
method. This method is extensively used
and recognised as effective in
participatory training methodology.
 VIPP
(Visualization in Participatory Program)
The VIPP technique is a very • It sensitizes
effective way of ensuring participants and
enables them to
participation from all participants express their opinions,
by using suggestion cards, as make decisions and
illustrated below. suggest
recommendations for
VIPP BOARD action in order to
reach agreed-upon
goals. A range of
different colours and
shapes of cards can be
Quality used: ovals for
Education headings, rectangles
for making statements,
etc.
Role Plays
• It is the planned
improvisation and acting
out of a real-life situation
or incident by selected
members of a learning
group in front of other
members of the group, who
then discuss the
implications of the
performance for the
situation under
consideration. It should
aim to portray a problem in
human interactions as an
impetus for discussion.
 Case Studies
• A case is a comprehensive oral or written
description, history or film of a real or
imaginary (yet realistic) situation, which
presents some problem of interest. The term
‘case study’ refers to a fairly intensive
examination of a single unit, such as a person,
a small group of people or indeed a single
organisation.
• In a training session the participants are
given an opportunity to analyse the problems
involved by studying the situation, discussing
the issues involved, evaluating action already
taken and suggesting suitable future actions.
There are three main parts to a case study:
information, exercise and review/ discussion
 Field Visits

• A field visit has a planned itinerary and

usually has a predetermined timeframe,
during which a particular environment
or past or present ‘event’ may be
observed and studied. It may be
arranged to visit any office, any
organization, historical place, and any
special place to have a firsthand
knowledge
 Panel Discussion
• A useful training methodology is a panel
or forum. This might be made up of
participants themselves or visiting
resource persons to make a detailed
discussion on a topic. Generally, related
experts and stakeholders are invited to
discuss an issue in their own
perspective.
• For Example, in a penal discussion on a
topic titled “Violence Against Women”,
the training institute can invite a
Lawyer, a Police Officer, A Judge, A
Gender Expert and one more Victims.
 Seminars
• A seminar is a group whose members may
each be called upon to play a formal role
during its one or more study sessions, held
under the guidance of a recognised authority
on the subject.
• In a seminar, a paper may be prepared on a
special topic to be presented by an expert,
one more discussant are invited to make
comments on the presented paper, selected
participants are invited for enriching their
understanding on the topic and for
participating in open discussion, lastly come
up with some recommendations on the issue.
 Workshops

• Workshops are intended for a group

that has left its common workplace
environment in order to share work-
related interests, to improve individual
work performances, to extend
knowledge through intensive study,
research and discussion or to solve their
work-related problems by sharing
experiences and knowledge.
 Lectures
• Lecturing as a method can be used by
adult educators for explaining some part
of their subject within class sessions.
• However, a lecture may be used to
introduce a new topic or topics for
discussion. It is also particularly
appropriate for summarizing and
arousing interest in new subjects.
Outdoor Training
 Techniques of OJT
• 1. One-on-one instruction
– Under this approach, the responsible officer
(Mentor) meets with the trainee officer and gives
necessary instructions on his work, job
responsibilities, rules, and procedures of the new
job to be placed. Under this method, observation
and practical presence at the time of work
sequences is possible.
• 2. Coaching
– Under this approach, unplanned, informal training
and development activities provided by the
supervisor and peers. The trainees and apprentices
are given necessary instructions and orientations
on their new assignments in a group.
 Techniques of OJT
• 3. Job Rotation
– A formal planned program that involves assigning
trainees to various jobs in different sections of the
organization. The purpose of the rotation is to
provide trainees with a large organizational
perspective and a greater understanding of
different functional areas, as well as a better sense
of their own career objectives and interests.
• 4. Apprenticeship
– Apprenticeship is a formal program involving a
combination of classroom instructions and hand-on
practice and training, primarily in the skilled crafts
(such as carpentry). Completion of the probation
period within stipulated time is a strong
precondition for confirmation in the service.
Generally, in civil service probation period is 2 yrs.
 List of Training Methods and Techniques
Training Methods Training Methods
• Lecture • Book Review/Article Review
– Extension Lecture • Colloquium/Conference
– Distinguished Guest Lecture
• Presentation
• Small Group Work
• Joint-Problem Solving
• Question and Answer Sessions
• Shadowing
• Role Playing
• Demonstration
• Case Studies
• Debating
• Exposure Visits
• Assignments
• Panels and Forums
• Programmed Instruction
• Seminars
• Sensitivity Training
• Workshops
• Management Game
• Film Show
• Simulation
• Syndicate work
• Guided Learning
• One 2 One Instruction
• Project works
• Outdoor Training
• Action Learning
• Career Coaching
 List of Training Methods and Techniques
Techniques within the Methods Techniques within the Methods
• Icebreakers • Study Tour
• Energizers • Open Book Method
• Brainstorming • In Basket
• Mind Mapping • Planned Reading
• Buzz Groups • Idea Card
• Multi-media • Micro Teaching
• VIPP (Visualization in Participatory • Theater and Drama
Program) • Story Telling
• Snow Ball • Job Instruction
• Magic Ball • Interview
• Fish Bone • Webinar
• Flip-chart Presentations • Video Conferencing
• OHP Presentation • Audio-Conferencing
• Puzzling Game • Tele-Conferencing
• Peer-group discussions • Multi-Voting
• Delphi Techniques • Fish Bowl
• Conversation • Structured Experience
• Q-Sort • Force Field Analysis