EEE 3003

POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING

SLOT: D2+TD2

Meera P. S.
SELECT, VIT Chennai
 Evolution of National Grid
Grid management on regional basis started in sixties.

Initially, State grids were inter-connected to form regional grid and India was demarcated

into 5 regions namely Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern and Southern region.

In October 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected.

In March 2003 WR and ER-NER were interconnected .

August 2006 North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4 regional grids Northern,

Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids are synchronously connected forming central grid
operating at one frequency.

On 31st December 2013, Southern Region was connected to Central Grid in Synchronous

mode with the commissioning of 765kV Raichur-Solapur Transmission line thereby achieving
'ONE NATION'-'ONE GRID'-'ONE FREQUENCY'.
SMART GRID
Structure of Power System

A power system is usually divided into three parts:

Generation

Transmission

Distribution system
Generation
• Electricity is produced by converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy.

• In majority of cases, the mechanical energy is either obtained from thermal energy or provided by the

flowing water.

• The main sources of thermal energy sources are coal, natural gas, nuclear fuel and oil.

• The use of non-fossil fuels such as wind, solar, tidal, and geothermal and biogas in electricity generation is

also increasing.

• Hydro-power is the main non-thermal source of mechanical energy used in electricity generation.

• The conversion of mechanical to electrical energy is done using synchronous generators in majority of

power plants.

• Few wind generation systems use induction generators.

• The power is usually generated at low voltage, between 11 and 35 KV, and then fed into the transmission

system using a step up transformer.

 Transmission system
• The electricity is generated in bulk in the generating stations and then transmitted over long distances to the

load points.

• The transmission system interconnects all the generating stations and major load centers in the system.

• It forms the back bone of the power system.

• Since the power loss in a transmission line is proportional to the square of line current, the transmission

lines operate at the highest voltage levels, usually 220 KV and upwards.

• High voltage transmission lines are terminated at substations.

• Very large industrial customers may be provided power directly from these substations.

• At these substations, the voltage is stepped down to a lower level and fed into the sub-transmission system.

• This part of the transmission system connects the high voltage substation through step down transformers to

distribution substation.

• Typically the sub-transmission voltage levels are from 66 KV to 132 KV. Some large industrial consumers may

be served directly from the sub-transmission system.

 Transmission system
• The grid is the network of multiple generating resources and several layers of transmission network.

• The interconnections of power systems offer the following advantages.

• (a) Quality: The voltage profile of the transmission network improves as more generators contribute to the

system, resulting in an increased total system capability. This also improves the frequency behavior of the

system following any load perturbation due to increased inertia of the system.

• (b) Economy: In interconnected systems, it is possible to reduce the total set of generating plants required to

maintain the desired level of generation reserve. This results in reduction of operational and investment costs.

Also, operational (including plant start-ups and shut down) and generation scheduling of units can be more

economically coordinated.

• (c) Security: In case of emergency, power can be made available from the neighboring systems and each

system can benefit even when individual spinning reserves may not be sufficient for isolated operation.
 Distribution system
• The distribution represents the final stage of power transfer to the individual consumer.

• The distribution network is generally connected in a radial structure.

• The primary distribution voltage is typically between 11 KV and 33 KV.

• Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level.

• The secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial at 415/240 V.

• Small generating plants located near the load centers are usually connected to sub-

transmission or distribution system directly.

• A power system operates in a normal state, if the following conditions are satisfied:

• • The bus voltages are within the prescribed limits.

• • The system frequency is within the specified limits.

• • The active and reactive power balance exists in the system.

• However, the system load varies continuously and hence, in order to ensure

satisfactory system operation, proper controls have to be provided in a power system.

Various elements of power system operation and control
Controls in a Power
System
 System planning
• To meet ever increasing load demand, either new power systems have to be built or
the existing power systems are expanded by adding new generators and
transmission lines.
• Many analyses must be performed to design and study the performance of the
system and plan expansion.
• To study the system feasibility and performance, the following analyses need to be
carried out:
• (a) Load flow analysis

• (b) Fault analysis/short circuit studies

• (c) Stability studies

• (d) Contingency analysis

 Load flow analysis
• The load flow analysis involves the steady state solution of the power system network

to determine power flows and bus voltages of a transmission network for specified
generation and loading conditions.

• These calculations are required for the study of steady state and dynamic

performance of the system.

• The system is assumed to be balanced and hence, single phase representation is

used.

• These studies are important in planning and designing future expansion of power

system and also in determining the best operation of the existing systems.
 Fault studies
• The stability studies ascertain the impact of disturbances on the electrochemical

dynamic behavior of the power system.

• These studies are of two types; small signal stability study and transient stability

study.

• The small signal stability studies deal with the behavior of a system following any

small disturbances like small change in load, small change in AVR gain etc.

• Transient stability study deals with the response of a power system subjected to a

large disturbance such a short circuit, line tripping or loss of large genration.
 Stability studies
• In these studies the line currents and bus voltages of a system are calculated

during various types of faults.

• Faults on power system are divided into balanced and unbalanced faults.

• Three phase symmetrical faults are balanced faults in which the system

retains its balanced nature.

• The unbalanced faults are single line to ground fault, line to line fault and

double line to ground fault.

• The fault currents values are useful in relay setting and co-ordination as well

as for selecting the proper rating of the circuit breakers.