Case 5:21-cv-00181 Document 43 Filed 12/17/21 Page 1 of 19 PageID #: 409

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA
AT BECKLEY

MATTHEW GIBSON,

Plaintiff,

vs. Civil Action No. 5:21-cv-00181

Honorable Frank W. Volk
LOUISE E. GOLDSTON, individually,
COUNTY COMMISSION OF RALEIGH
COUNTY, a political subdivision,
JEFF MCPEAKE, individually,
BRIAN WHITE, individually,
BOBBY STUMP, individually,
KYLE LUSK, individually,

Defendant.

PLAINTIFF’S SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF IN RESPONSE TO DEFENDANT

LOUISE E. GOLDSTON’S MOTION TO DISMISS

Now comes the Plaintiff, by and through counsel, John H. Bryan, pursuant to Rule 12(b)

(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and pursuant to this Court’s December 3, 2021 Order

directing Plaintiff and Defendant Goldston to file supplemental briefs in this matter, and provides

the following supplemental arguments in support of his request that this Court deny Defendant

Goldston’s motion to dismiss:

I. THE WEST VIRGINIA SUPREME COURT OPINION

On November 18, 2021, the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals issued their

published opinion in the case of In the matter of Goldston, No. 20-0742 (2021), censuring and

fining Defendant Goldston for her serious misconduct. The central issue in both Goldston and

the § 1983 action currently sub judice, is the allegation that a Family Court judge, under color of

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law, personally engaged in a search and seizure of the Plaintiff’s residence in violation of state

law and federal constitutional rights. The Court in Goldston established conclusively and

categorically that the Defendant’s conduct was, as a matter of law, “executive” in nature, and

expressly not “judicial.” Syllabus Point 2 held that, “The West Virginia Constitution forbids a

judicial officer to participate in a search because a search is an exercise of executive power.”

Moreover, Syllabus Point 3 held that the underlying disciplinary allegations against Defendant

Goldston were proven under the high standard of proof by clear and convincing evidence.

Ultimately, the Goldston established, as a matter of law, that the Defendant “led a search

of the [Plaintiff’s] residence, not a ‘judicial view,’ and that, in so doing, she exercised executive

powers forbidden to her under the West Virginia Constitution.” Id. at 2 (emphasis original). The

Court also took issue with the “manner in which [Judge Goldston] conducted the search,”

labeling her actions “serious misconduct,” ordering that she be publicly censured and fined

$1,000. Id. The Court expressly rejected Judge Goldston’s “attempt to reframe her conduct” as

judicial.1 Likewise, this Court is compelled to do the same, due to the binding application of

Goldston on the instant proceedings, as will be discussed in greater detail below.

II. THE APPLICATION OF JUDICIAL IMMUNITY

Judges may not properly assert judicial immunity just by virtue of being a defendant

based on allegations of conduct performed while acting as a judge. Judicial immunity extends

only to a judge's judicial acts and does not encompass purely administrative actions, even if they

"may be essential to the very function of the courts." Forrester v. White, 484 U.S. 219, 227-230,

1 Id. at 2 (“After considering the record and the parties’ written and oral arguments, we reject the judge’s
attempt to reframe her conduct.”).

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108 S.Ct. 538, 544-546, 98 L.Ed.2d 555, 565-567 (1988). Selecting a jury pool; promulgating an

attorney code of conduct; enforcing such a code; and hiring and firing persons under the judge's

supervision have all been held to be administrative acts and hence without judicial immunity. Id.

at 228-29, 108 S.Ct. at 544-45, 98 L.Ed.2d at 565-67; Goldhaber v. Higgins, 576 F.Supp.2d 694,

703 (W.D. Pa. 2007). For instance, actions taken by a judge in his capacity as a member of the

county prison board were not judicial acts, and thus not subject to judicial immunity. Goldhaber

at 706; citing Padgett v. Stein, 406 F.Supp. 287, 305 (M.D.Pa. 1975) ("'In the performance of

their duties on the prison board, the county judges are not acting within the scope of their judicial

jurisdiction. They are not involved in a judicial function and they are not exercising judicial

power.') (emphasis in original).”). An act that is administrative or otherwise non-judicial does not

become judicial merely because the person performing that act happens to be the judge assigned

to a particular individual’s case.” Id at 707.

Absolute judicial immunity is lost only when the judge either did not perform a judicial

act or when the judge “acted in the clear absence of all jurisdiction.” Stump v. Sparkman, 435

U.S. 349, 356– 57 (1978) (quoting Bradley v. Fisher, 80 U.S. 335, 351 (1872). To determine

whether the judge performed a “judicial act,” courts consider whether the judge engaged in

action normally performed by a judge, and whether the parties dealt with the judge in her judicial

capacity. Mireles, 502 U.S. at 12.

In Archie v. Lanier, 95 F.3d 438, 441 (6th Cir. 1996) the Court examined a claim of

judicial immunity in light of allegations of sexual misconduct taken by a judge against

employees and litigants who encountered the defendant judge in otherwise judicial settings. The

Court determined that, “[w]hether [Judge] Lanier’s actions were ‘judicial acts’ must be answered

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by looking at the ‘nature’ and ‘function’ of the act, not the ‘act itself.’” Id. at 441; citing Mireles

at 13, 112 S.Ct. at 288 (quoting Stump, 435 U.S. at 362, 98 S.Ct. at 1107-08). It’s less important

that a defendant asserting judicial immunity is a “judge,” than it is that they are performing an

act of the nature normally performed by a judge:

That is to say, "we look to the particular act's relation to a general function normally
performed by a judge" to determine whether the action complained of was indeed a
judicial act. Id. Ultimately, it is the "nature" of the function performed, rather than the
identity of the person who performed it, that informs a court's immunity analysis. Id.
(quoting Forrester, 484 U.S. at 229, 108 S.Ct. at 545).

This court explained that the analytical key "in attempting to draw the line" between
functions for which judicial immunity attaches and those for which it does not is the
determination whether the questioned activities are "truly judicial acts" or "acts that
simply happen to have been done by judges." It is the nature of the function involved that
determines whether an act is "truly" judicial. Sparks v. Character and Fitness Comm. of
Kentucky, 859 F.2d 428, 432 (6th Cir.1988) (citations omitted), cert. denied, 489 U.S.
1011, 109 S.Ct. 1120, 103 L.Ed.2d 183 (1989).

Archie v. Lanier, 95 F.3d 438, 441 (6th Cir. 1996). The burden is on the judge to justify the

assertion of such immunity. See Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 273-75, 113 S.Ct. 2606

2616, 125 L.Ed.2d 209 (1993).”

In Goldhaber v. Higgins, 576 F.Supp.2d 694, 703 (W.D. Pa. 2007), the Western District of

Pennsylvania provided an illustration which is analogous to the present circumstances:

By way of illustration, consider a case where a judge presides at a murder trial and upon
the defendant's conviction sentences him to death. Even though the judge's actions up to
that point are undisputably judicial, and even though the defendant is clearly within the
judge's jurisdiction, if the judge then shoots and kills the defendant himself the judge's act
would be an undisputably non-judicial action from whose consequences the judge would
certainly not be immune.

Id. at 707. Another example of non-judicial acts is the case of Zarcone v. Perry, 572 F.2d 52 (2nd

Cir. 1978) cert. denied, 439 U.S. 1072 (1979), where the Second Circuit upheld an award of

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punitive damages against a judge who ordered a nearby coffee vendor to be handcuffed and

ordered law enforcement to subject him to “pseudo-official inquisition” because the judge did

not like his coffee.

Obviously shooting and killing a litigant is dramatically more severe than performing a

search and seizure at the home of a litigant. However, the logical conclusions must be the same

in both scenarios. Even though Judge Goldston’s actions up to the point on March 4, 2020 were

undisputedly judicial up to a point, once she left the judicial branch and trespassed into the

dominion of the executive branch, her actions at that point, and thereafter, were undisputedly

non-judicial actions. Pursuant to the Goldston opinion, they were executive in nature, and

therefore judicial immunity must be denied.

III. JUDGE GOLDSTON IS NOT ENTITLED TO JUDICIAL IMMUNITY

In her memorandum in support of her motion to dismiss, Judge Goldston asserts judicial

immunity, which is not surprising under the circumstances. However, as the State Supreme Court

opinion demonstrates, this is one of those unique scenarios where judicial immunity must be

denied to a judicial defendant. In order for judicial immunity to apply, Defendant Goldston must

“reframe” her conduct so as to come within the scope of judicial immunity. In the matter of

Goldston, No. 20-0742 (2021) established as a matter of law, however, that Defendant

Goldston’s “serious misconduct,” consisting of a “search” of Plaintiff’s residence, falls outside

the ambit of judicial immunity protection as a non-judicial act.

In her memorandum, Judge Goldston argues that, “The facts of this case are a direct

allegory to” the facts of Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 112 S. Ct. 286, 116 L. Ed. 2d 9 (1991).2

2
Goldston Mem. at 8.

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Reliance on Mireles requires that Judge Goldston’s conduct remain wholly judicial in nature. The

Court explained that in order to determine whether an act is judicial, “we look to the particular

act’s relation to a general function normally performed by a judge,” which in Mireles consisted

of “the function of directing police officers to bring counsel in a pending case before the court.”

Id. at 12-13. Defendant Goldston argues that just because she exited the courtroom on March 4,

2020, that she was still acting as a judge, because the “entire exercise was the adjudication of a

motion in a divorce case, even if done in an unorthodox or arguably impermissible manner.”3

Defendant Goldston argues that she “would not be immune from liability if she had rear-ended

the Plaintiff’s car at a stoplight, because she is not acting as a judge in that circumstance.” 4

Utilizing the Defendant’s logic, her example of a car wreck begs the question of whether

she would be immune from liability had she rear-ended the Plaintiff’s car on the way to his home

on March 4, 2020? Such a position would require the application of absolute judicial immunity

against any liability whatsoever, for any action whatsoever, so long as the judicial officer claims

subjectively to be in the process of adjudicating the claims of a litigant. Such a position would

effectively abolish the long-existing exceptions to the application of judicial immunity for any

plaintiff who was a litigant before the defendant judge, which of course would be contrary to

binding Supreme Court holdings.

Judge Goldston also argues that she was acting in a judicial capacity by “allegedly

prohibiting the Plaintiff, or those at his direction, from video recording the events . . . .” and that,

“In fact, the West Virginia Rules of Practice and Procedure for Family Courts expressly prohibit

3 Id.
4
Id.

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persons who are not court officials from recording judicial proceedings.”5 Once again, Defendant

Goldston attempts to “reframe” her conduct, even refusing to admit that she was caught on video

prohibiting the Plaintiff from recording the incident. In any event, the Goldston opinion is

categorically binding on all factual and legal issues addressed therein.

In the matter of Goldston, No. 20-0742 (2021) conclusively establishes that Judge

Goldston did in-fact prohibit recording, as well as the fact that so doing was an egregious act of

misconduct. The Court wrote that, “Judge Goldston . . . indicated that if they did not turn off

their phones and stop recording she would take the [Plaintiff], or perhaps both he and his

girlfriend, to jail,” and that “Judge Goldston, herself, made no arrangements to record what went

on inside the home (or outside the home).” Id. at 4. The Court ultimately held that, “over

[Plaintiff’s] strenuous objections, [Defendant Goldston] directed that he stop recording the

incident, and began searching for items on the list of items he was to produce” and that, “[s]uch

an invasion of the [Plaintiff’s] home was an egregious abuse of process.” Id. at 23.

A. Judge Goldston’s actions were not “Judicial” in nature

The State Supreme Court conclusively held in In the matter of Goldston, No. 20-0742

(2021) that Judge Goldston’s actions, as alleged in the Complaint, were not judicial in nature, but

rather wholly executive. The Court found by clear and convincing evidence that Judge Goldston

engaged in a “search,” rather than a “view.” The Court wrote that, “Judge Goldston did not go to

the property to observe the ex-husband’s house; she went there to locate and seize certain of its

contents - pictures, DVDs, and other items of personal property.” Id. at 14 (emphasis original).

The Court concluded that her conduct was executive in nature, rather than judicial. “Searches are

5
Goldston Mem. at 8-9.

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an activity of the executive department.” Id. at 16; citing State ex rel. Parma Cmty. Gen. Hosp. v.

O’Donnell, 2013-Ohio-2923, ¶ 7 (stating that “searches are executive in nature.”).

The Court found that Judge Goldston was acting in an executive law enforcement

capacity on March 4, 2020, even though she was vested with no executive enforcement law

enforcement authority. “Indeed, searches are so quintessentially executive in nature that even a

judge who participates in one acts ‘not * * * as a judicial officer, but as an adjunct law

enforcement officer.’” Id. at 16; quoting State ex rel. Hensley v. Nowak, 52 Ohio St. 3d 98, 99,

556 N.E.2d 171, 173 (1990) (per curiam) (quoting Lo-Ji Sales, Inc. v. New York, 442 U.S. 319,

327 (1979)) (holding that a writ of prohibition would not issue to restrain administrative searches

because they are neither judicial nor quasi-judicial acts). The Goldston Court held in no uncertain

terms that Judge Goldston’s search was an impermissible exercise of executive powers under the

State Constitution:

Under our system of government, judges may not exercise executive powers. The West
Virginia Constitution declares that “[t]he legislative, executive and judicial departments
shall be separate and distinct[.]” W. Va. Const. art. V, § 1 (emphasis added). The
Constitution further specifies, in unmistakable terms, that no department “shall exercise
the powers properly belonging to either of the others” and forbids “any person [to]
exercise the powers of more than one of them at the same time[.]” In light of these clear
prohibitions, we hold that the West Virginia Constitution forbids a judicial officer to
participate in a search because a search is an exercise of executive power. W. Va. Const.
art. 5, § 1. Because Judge Goldston plainly engaged in such a search, we find that the so-
called “view” was improper.

Id. at 17-18 (citations omitted).

B. The Goldston Opinion applies to categorically estop and preclude

the Defendant’s assertion of qualified immunity

Due to the fact that Defendant Goldston was already provided with a full and fair

opportunity to litigate the factual and legal issues arising from her actions of March 4, 2020 in

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the underlying judicial disciplinary proceedings, she is now categorically barred from further

challenging those factual and legal findings litigated therein. The Complaint’s allegations, as

well as the Defendant’s ensuing assertion of judicial immunity in her motion to dismiss, consist

of substantially identical factual and legal issues as were decided in the Goldston opinion, and to

which the Defendant is now bound.

Under the full-faith and credit statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1738, federal courts in § 1983 actions

must give state court judgments the same preclusive effect they would receive in state court

under state law. San Remo Hotel v. San Francisco, 545 U.S. 323, 337–38 (2005); Migra v.

Warren City Sch. Dist., 465 U.S. 75, 81 (1984); Allen v. McCurry, 449 U.S. 90, 94–95 (1980).

See also Haring v. Prosise, 462 U.S. 306, 313–14 (1983). This principle controls so long as the

federal litigant against whom preclusion is asserted had a full and fair opportunity to litigate his

federal claims in state court. A full and fair opportunity to be heard requires only that state

judicial procedures meet minimal procedural due process requirements. Kremer v. Chem. Constr.

Corp., 456 U.S. 461, 480–81 (1982); Allen, 449 U.S. at 95. The full-faith and credit statute

applies even to claims that could have been, but were not, litigated in the state court proceeding,

if state preclusion law encompasses the doctrine of claim preclusion. Migra v. Warren City Sch.

Dist., 465 U.S. 75, 83–85 (1984).

In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court applied the doctrines of res judicata and collateral

estoppel to Section 1983 actions. See Allen v. Curry, 449 U.S. 90, 101 S.Ct. 411, 66 L.Ed.2d 308

(1980). However, even prior to Allen, the Fourth Circuit had already established the same

holding. See Rimmer v. Fayetteville Police Dept., 567 F.2d 273 (4th Cir., 1977) (“There is

nothing new in the concept that full litigation of an issue in a criminal proceeding forecloses

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subsequent relitigation of the issue in a civil proceeding when resolution of the issue was

essential to the conviction.”); See also Migra v. Warren City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., 465 U.S.

75, 85 (1984) ("We hold, therefore, that petitioner's state-court judgment in this litigation has the

same claim preclusive effect in federal court that the judgment would have in the Ohio state

courts.”) (cited by Gilliam v. Sealey No. 18-1366, No. 18-1402 (4th Cir., 2019)). It is well

established that a prior criminal judgment or decree may be used to establish prima facie all

matters of fact and law adjudicated in the criminal litigation. See Emich Motors Corporation v.

General Motors Corporation 8212 1951, 340 U.S. 558, 71 S.Ct. 408, 95 L.Ed. 534 (1951).

“Collateral estoppel precludes relitigation of an issue decided previously in judicial or

administrative proceedings provided the party against whom the prior decision was asserted

enjoyed a full and fair opportunity to litigate that issue in an earlier proceeding.” In re McNallen,

62 F.3d 619, 624 (4th Cir. 1995).

Though Defendant Judge Goldston’s underlying state action wasn’t a criminal case,

which tends to be scenario when preclusion is applied in Section 1983 cases, the application is

the same here. It is well established law in West Virginia that the Supreme Court of Appeals of

West Virginia conducts an independent review of the record in judicial disciplinary cases and is

the final arbiter in all disciplinary cases. See In re Browning, 192 W. Va. 231, 452 S.E.2d 34

(1994) and Syl. Pt. 3, Committee on Legal Ethics v. Blair, 174 W. Va. 494, 327, S.E.2d 671

(1984). “In a disciplinary proceeding against a judge, in which the burden of proof is by clear

and convincing evidence, where the parties enter into stipulations of fact, the facts so stipulated

will be considered to have been proven as if the party bearing the burden of proof has produced

clear and convincing evidence to prove the facts so stipulated.” Syl. Pt. 4, Matter of Starcher, 202

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W. Va. 55, 501 S.E.2d 772 (1998).6 The West Virginia Supreme Court’s review in such matters is

“plenary” and “independent.” Matter of Starcher, 202 W. Va. 55, 60, 501 S.E.2d 772, 777 (1998).

The claims litigated in the underlying judicial disciplinary proceedings are mostly

identical to the claims currently sub judice. At issue in the state proceeding was both the factual

and legal allegations which formed the basis of the formal “Statement of Charges” issued against

Defendant Goldston on September 18, 2020 by the Judicial Investigation Commission. 7 The

Statement of Charges described Judge Goldston’s longstanding “practice of visiting homes of

litigants” and her actions on March 4, 2020 with respect to the Plaintiff.8 As the Court noted, on

September 30, 2020, “Judge Goldston signed an agreement with Judicial Disciplinary Counsel”

admitting the allegations of fact set forth in the formal statement of charges, and further

admitting that, “by engaging in such conduct, she had violated” numerous Rules of the Code of

Judicial Conduct.9 The Court noted that, “Judge Goldston agreed [in her sworn statement to

Judicial Disciplinary Counsel] that the task of enforcing her orders is an ‘executive branch’

function, and she knew that she could dispatch law enforcement to search for and seize property

that a party retained in violation of her order,” but that “[s]he simply believed that this method

was ineffective….”10 Moreover, the Court observed that Defendant Goldston “admitted to

6 See also Syl. Pt. 5 of Goldston.

7 Goldston at 7.
8
Id.
9 Id. at 8.
10
Id. at 6-7.

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improperly putting herself in the role of litigant [i.e., a litigant who had the burden of proof in a

contempt proceeding].”11

The issues in the disciplinary proceedings did not go uncontested. In Goldston, the Court

noted that Judge Goldston argued that, though she “remains bound by her prior statements of

fact,” that “she contends that the parties remain free to “argue questions of law[:]”

She denies that the Judicial Investigation Commission ever charged her with, or that she
has ever confessed to, any constitutional violations. On the contrary, she contends that
“[s]ubsequent research . . . revealed a body of law that supports” her actions. In
particular, she claims that she had “inherent authority to conduct an onsite visit” and that
“view[ing] the division of property” allowed the ex-husband to “purge his contempt.” She
contends that, “[u]nlike the execution of a search warrant, the view was conducted with
judicial oversight. Therefore, it was not per se unreasonable.” Ultimately, Judge Goldston
believes that her conduct was lawful and that, if she is mistaken, her mistake was error,
not an ethical violation. She urges the Court to “clarify the law and either affirm the
ruling of the [Judicial Hearing Board] or as the final arbiter conclude that there [wa]s no
wrongdoing[.]”

Id. at 12-13. Thus Defendant Goldston had a full and fair opportunity to address all issues

pertaining to the constitutional validity of her actions taken at the Plaintiff’s residence on March

4, 2020, including the specific issue of whether such actions were judicial in nature, or not. She

did in fact litigate those issues, represented by counsel.12 Thereafter, as the final arbiter of such

issues in the context in which they arose, the Goldston Court repudiated the Defendant’s

position, instead holding conclusively that she indeed engaged in a search and seizure of the

Plaintiff’s residence, as defined by well established federal Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.13

11 Id. at 8.
12

13See Goldston at 15-17; citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 16 (1968); Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27,
32 n.1 (2001); Lo-Ji Sales, Inc. v. New York, 442 U.S. 319, 327 (1979); United States v. Barnes, 895 F.3d
1194, 1202 (9th Cir. 2018); United States v. Clyburn, 806 F. Supp. 1247, 1252 (D.S.C. 1992), aff’d, 24 F.
3d 613 (4th Cir. 1994).

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Regarding the West Virginia State Constitution, the Court expressly concluded that it “forbids a

judicial officer to participate in a search because a search is an exercise of executive power.”14

The Court explicitly condemned Defendant Goldston for the actions which are the subject

of the Complaint:

As we have stated herein, Judge Goldston’s conduct constituted a search, rather than a
mere view, of the ex-husband’s home. The parties appeared in court for a hearing before
Judge Goldston. Undoubtedly, the ex-husband could not have anticipated that the hearing
would proceed to an unannounced invasion of the sanctity and privacy of his home.
Regardless of whether the ex-husband had failed to provide belongings he was previously
directed to provide, Judge Goldston failed to use the appropriate tools available to her
under the law to address such failure because she felt such procedures were ineffective.
Instead, she, along with her bailiff, the ex-wife, and the ex-wife’s attorney, proceeded to
enter the ex-husband’s home, over his strenuous objections, directed that he stop
recording the incident, and began searching for items on the list of items he was to
produce. Such an invasion of the ex-husband’s home was an egregious abuse of process.

Moreover, Judge Goldston clearly left her role as an impartial judicial officer and
participated in an executive function when she entered the ex-husband’s home to oversee
the search….

Goldston at 23. Any attempt by Defendant Goldston to subsequently claim in this civil action,

that she did not commit state and federal constitutional violations against the Plaintiff, or that in

so doing she was engaging in an alleged judicial act, is effectively an inappropriate collateral

attack on the State Supreme Court judgment.

C. The Rooker-Feldman Doctrine bars the Defendant from collaterally

attacking the State Supreme Court Opinion

The so-called Rooker-Feldman Doctrine, named after the Supreme Court’s decisions in

Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923) and District of Columbia Court of Appeals v.

Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983), provides that a federal district court does not have jurisdiction to

14
Id. at 17; citing W. Va. Const. art. V, § 1.

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overturn a state court judgment. To the extent that Defendant Goldston disagrees with the West

Virginia Supreme Court’s rulings in In the matter of Goldston, No. 20-0742 (2021) and desires to

resubmit the issues for federal court adjudication, she is limited solely to U.S. Supreme Court

review, as only the Supreme Court has federal appellate jurisdiction over state court judgments.15

The Supreme Court has recognized that the Rooker–Feldman doctrine may apply even when the

claim asserted in federal court was not determined in the state court proceeding if that claim was

“inextricably intertwined” with the state court judgment. Exxon Mobil, 544 U.S. at 286 n.1

(citing D.C. Ct. of App. v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462, 483 n.16 (1983)).

D. As a matter of law, Defendant Goldston violated the Code of Judicial

Conduct and the underling factual allegations

The Court concluded in In the matter of Goldston, No. 20-0742 (2021) that Judge

Goldston’s actions, as proven by clear and convincing evidence, “violated Rules 1.1, 1.2, 1.3,

2.2. 2.4(A), 2.4(B), and 2.5 of the Code of Judicial Conduct and that she did, in fact, violate

those rules.” Id. at 18. Said rules consisted of the following:

(a) Rule 1.1, which states that “[a] judge shall comply with the law, including the West
Virginia Code of Judicial Conduct”;
(b) Rule 1.2, which states that “[a] judge shall act at all times in a manner that promotes
public confidence in the independence, integrity, and impartiality of the judiciary, and
shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety”;
(c) Rule 1.3, which states that “[a] judge shall not abuse the prestige of judicial office to
advance the personal or economic interests of the judge or others, or allow others to do
so”;
(d) Rule 2.2, which states that “[a] judge shall uphold and apply the law, and shall
perform all duties of judicial office fairly and impartially”;
(e) Rule 2.4(A), which states that “[a] judge shall not be swayed by public clamor or fear
of criticism”;

15
28 U.S.C. § 1257 (2006).

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(f) Rule 2.4(B), which states that “[a] judge shall not permit family, social, political,
financial, or other interests or relationships to influence the judge’s judicial conduct or
judgment”; and
(g) Rule 2.5, which states that “[a] judge shall perform judicial and administrative duties,
competently and diligently . . . [and] shall cooperate with other judges and court officials
in the administration of court business.”

Id. at 8-9. The Court also noted that, among other factual admissions, Defendant Goldston

“admitted to improperly putting herself in the role of litigant [i.e., a litigant who had the burden

of proof in a contempt proceeding].” Id. at 7-8. Such findings by the Court, establish as a matter

of law that Defendant Goldston’s actions on March 4, 2020 were unequivocally not judicial in

nature; that they consisted of serious misconduct and ethical violations; and that they are not an

allegory to Mirales, as Defendant argues.

CONCLUSION

Defendant Judge Goldston is categorically estopped and precluded from re-litigating the

factual and legal issues decided by the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals in In the matter

of Goldston, No. 20-0742 (2021), which held that the March 4, 2021 search and seizure

performed by Defendant Goldston was a non-judicial, executive law enforcement action,

performed in violation the state and federal constitutions, as well as an egregious act of ethical

misconduct under the Code of Judicial Conduct. She is barred from asserting judicial immunity

in this action due to the fact that doing so would require this Court to determine the issue of

whether her actions taken on March 4, 2020 at the Plaintiff’s residence were “judicial” in nature,

which has already been decided by Goldston. This Court is consequently without jurisdiction to

review issues covered by Goldston - only the United States Supreme Court could do so.16

16
Upon information and belief, there has been no indication that Defendant intends to petition for appeal
to the U.S. Supreme Court.

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 Case 5:21-cv-00181 Document 43 Filed 12/17/21 Page 16 of 19 PageID #: 424

Moreover, the Plaintiff is arguably entitled to judgment as a matter of law on many, if not all, of

the constitutional claims asserted in the Complaint, for the same reasons, which further weakens

the Defendant’s protestations.

Even without the existence of the Goldston opinion, the allegations in the Complaint

must be taken as true when resolving a motion to dismiss. The Complaint herein is 38 pages long

and highly-detailed, specifically addressing and incorporating the factual and legal allegations

asserted in the judicial disciplinary action, 17 including the Code of Judicial Conduct, as well as

addressing judicial immunity directly.18 Taken as true, even without the Defendant being

precluded from re-asserting her arguments, the motion to dismiss must be denied pending further

development of the record and dispositive motions. Similarly, the Western District of Missouri

just days ago denied a motion to dismiss in another judicial immunity case, also involving a

family court judge, ruling that the assertion of judicial immunity could not be resolved by a

motion to dismiss where the complaint alleged a non-judicial act.19 Defendant Goldston’s motion

should likewise be denied.

17
See Complaint at ¶ ¶ 30-40, 84, 86.
18See Complaint at ¶ ¶ 60, 73, 87, 99 (“Defendant Goldston engaged in nonjudicial actions which were
not taken in a judicial capacity. She engaged in functions and behaviors which are not normally
performed by a judge and which are wholly outside the expectations of litigants in Family Court.
Defendant Goldston’s personal direction of, and personal participation in, the violation of Plaintiff’s
Fourteenth Amendment rights as discussed herein in detail, consisted of an executive act, rather than a
judicial act in nature. As a consequence, Judge Goldston does not enjoy judicial immunity for her actions
taken on the property of the Plaintiff on March 4, 2020, as alleged herein in detail. See Mireles v. Waco,
502 U.S. 9, 112 S.Ct. 286, 116 L.Ed.2d 9 (1991).”).
19
See Rockett v. Hon. Eric Eighmy, Case No. 6:21-cv-03152-MDH (W.D. MO) at 4 (“The allegations
contained in the complaint are that the judge acted without jurisdiction and outside his judicial role when
personally taking the children to jail, then subsequently ordering them picked up in Louisiana, when there
were no judicial proceedings pending that would allow for this judicial sanction. Whether Plaintiff will be
able to ultimately prevail is a question for another day. However, here, based on the allegations contained
in the pleadings Plaintiff has stated a claim that judicial immunity may not apply and certainly a claim
that cannot be resolved by a motion to dismiss.”).

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 Case 5:21-cv-00181 Document 43 Filed 12/17/21 Page 17 of 19 PageID #: 425

MATTHEW GIBSON,
By Counsel

/s John H. Bryan
John H. Bryan (WV Bar No. 10259)
JOHN H. BRYAN, ATTORNEY AT LAW
411 Main Street
P.O. Box 366
Union, WV 24983
(304) 772-4999
Fax: (304) 772-4998
[email protected]

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 Case 5:21-cv-00181 Document 43 Filed 12/17/21 Page 18 of 19 PageID #: 426

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA
AT BECKLEY

MATTHEW GIBSON,

Plaintiff,

vs. Civil Action No. 5:21-cv-00181

Honorable Frank W. Volk
LOUISE E. GOLDSTON, individually,
COUNTY COMMISSION OF RALEIGH
COUNTY, a political subdivision,
JEFF MCPEAKE, individually,
BRIAN WHITE, individually,
BOBBY STUMP, individually,
KYLE LUSK, individually,

Defendant.

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I, John H. Bryan, do hereby certify that I have delivered a true copy of the foregoing

PLAINTIFFS’ SUPPLEMENTAL BRIEF IN RESPONSE TO DEFENDANT LOUISE E.

GOLDSTON’S MOTION TO DISMISS has been served upon counsel of record by using the

CM/ECF System, this the 17th day of December, 2021 and addressed as follows:

Jennifer E. Tully, Esq. J. Victor Flanagan, Esq.

Adam K. Strider, Esq. Kevin J. Robinson, Esq.
Bailey & Wyant, PLLC Pullin Fowler Flanagan, Brown & Poe, PLLC
500 Virginia Street, East, Suite 600 252 George Street
PO Box 3710 Beckley, WV 25801
Charleston, WV 25337-3710 Counsel for Raleigh County Defendants
Counsel for Louise E. Goldston

Arie M. Spitz, Esq.

Kevin A. Nelson, Esq.
Jason L. Holliday, Esq.
Dinsmore & Shohl, LLP
707 Virginia Street, East, Suite 1300

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 Case 5:21-cv-00181 Document 43 Filed 12/17/21 Page 19 of 19 PageID #: 427

Charleston, WV 25339-1887
Counsel for Kyle Lusk

/s John H. Bryan
John H. Bryan (WV Bar No. 10259)
JOHN H. BRYAN, ATTORNEYS AT LAW
411 Main Street
P.O. Box 366
Union, WV 24983
(304) 772-4999
Fax: (304) 772-4998
[email protected]

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