BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

JAMAHIRIYA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (JUST)

Faculty of Engineering
Department: Civil Engineering

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY (CE412)

BY:
ALI MUSSE HASSAN
2021
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 Objectives

To determine building technology and its types

To describe element of building technology and its function
as detail.
To identify the main reason we are learning building
technology
To clarify main activities of the building technology

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What is building?

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 Why we need building?
 To create artificial environments which are suited to human life and activities.

 We need shelter from sun, wind, rain, and snow.

 We need dry, level platforms for our activities.

 We need less light by day, and more light by night, than is offered by the
natural world.

 We need services to create opportunities that has potential to improve the

quality of life.
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 Building Technology
 Building Technology refers to the technical processes and methods used in the
constructing buildings.

 A building consists of an assembly of materials and components, joined

together to allow the building to fulfil its primary purpose, that of providing
shelter to its occupants.

 All buildings have similar components such as foundation, walls, floors, doors,
windows and roof. Every component has its own function.
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 Terminology
 Structure is any type of man-made construction. For example, it may be a
bridge,

a dam, and towers.

 Building is specifically a closed structure with a roof and walls. A building is the
more specific term whereas structure is much more general.

 All buildings are structures. But all structures are not necessarily buildings.

 Construction is the process or art of constructing something.

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Terminology as a bicture

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 Certain activity of the building

 Factory will be used for the manufacture of products.

 A warehouse will be used for the storage of goods.

 A leisure center will be used for the pursuit of leisure activities.

 A concert hall will be used to house entertainment activities.

 A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment.

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 Building Elements

 Building must have external walls and be covered by a roof.

 In order to make the building useable, the internal space enclosed by the
external walls and roof may need to be sub-divided into rooms by vertical
dividers, and horizontal dividers between store’s.

 Stairs or lifts can provide access between store's.

 Doors can provide access to the building and to each room within the building.

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 Building Elements
 Daylight and ventilation can be introduced
into the building by the provision of
Windows in the external walls or the roof.

 All of these parts of the building

construction are known as Elements.

 Each of these elements will be considered

individually within this Course.
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 Building Load
 Buildings must not only be designed to support their own weight safely, they
must also be able to support the weight of the occupants and any furniture,
equipment or goods that are contained within the building.

 The building also needs to be able to withstand other forces that may be
imposed upon it by the wind or snow.

 Buildings are therefore designed to carry three specific types of loading:

 Dead load, Live load and Superimposed load.

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 Some type of building

 Residential building

 Educational Building

 Institutional building

 Mercantile building

 Assembly building

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 Functional requirements of a building
 In order to be functional, buildings need to satisfy more than their primary
function.

 Modern buildings have to satisfy a variety of other needs, and these must be
considered in the design of the elements and sub-elements that make up the
building.

 The planning and construction of a building should be aimed at fulfilling the

following requirements:

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 Strength and Stability

 Strength the capacity of the individual elements, which together make up a structural system,
to withstand the load that are applied to them.

 Stability the capability of a structural system to transmit various loadings safely to the ground.

 The strength of the building is related to the strength of the materials used in its construction.

 There are basically three kinds of stress that building materials will be subjected to:

 Compression (pushing), Tension (pulling) and Shear (tearing)

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 Strength and Stability

 Different materials react in different ways under load.

 Some materials, like concrete, brick and glass are very brittle and have low
ductility. They will not bend very far before they begin to fail.

 Other materials such as steel and timber have a higher ductility and can
accommodate a greater amount of bending before they fail.

 Some materials have a high modulus of elasticity and will bend very easily
when loaded and return to their original shape when the load is removed.
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 Strength and Stability

 In addition to loading considerations, building materials are also subjected to stresses that are
caused by movement.

 There may even be movements in the materials caused by chemical reactions between
materials placed in contact with each other or with chemicals in the environment.

 The building must therefore be designed with consideration being given to the structural
properties of the materials being used.

 This is more important for loadbearing elements, such as walls, floors, roofs, foundations and
stairs than it is for non-loadbearing elements such as partitions, windows and doors.
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 Strength and Stability
 Another important consideration is the weight of the materials. themselves,

since heavy materials will add more to the total load of the building through

their own dead weight than will lighter materials having similar strength

characteristics.

 Thus an important ratio to be considered when selecting materials for

structural applications is that of the material’s strength to its weight. A high

value is considered to be better than a low value for this ratio.
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 Weather Resistance
 Weather resistance is the ability of a material to prevent corrosion, loss
of material or any sort of deterioration from environmental and
weather conditions.

 If a building is to provide shelter from the external climate, then the

parts of it that are exposed to that climate must be weather resistant.

 Homes may need to be built according to certain building codes that

make it less likely for structures to sustain damage due to high winds
or cold winters.

 Weather resistance offers the lowest level of protection against

Mother Nature. 18
 Water Resistance
 Water penetration into the building may be reduced by four main mechanisms:

 Making the structure impermeable by using a barrier that will prevent the passage of water
across it;

 Using specially shaped joints that will prevent the passage of water from the exterior to the
interior of the building;

 Allowing a small amount of permeability due to the use of slightly porous materials, due to
evaporation, following a change in the weather, before it reaches the interior of the building;

 Adopting a cavity, which water cannot cross and that separates the damp exterior of the
building from the dry interior of the building
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 Fire Resistance
 Fire resistance is a very important issue for any element of the structure.

 Many structural building materials, like brick, have good fire resistance.

 The actual behavior of concrete in case of fire depends on the quality of cement.

 In case of reinforced concrete structure it also depends on the position of steel.

 Reinforced concrete structure can resist fire for hours with temperature 1000C

 Even non-structural materials may need their fire resistance to be considered in the design of a
building.

 Steel strength is reduced at high temperatures.

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 What is Fire?

 Fire is the visible effect of the process of

combustion.

 It occurs between oxygen in the air and some

sort of fuel The reaction will keep going as
long as there is enough heat, fuel and oxygen.
This is known as the fire triangle.

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 Causes of Fire
 Smoking

 electrical wiring

 heating and cooking

equipment

 children playing with

matches

 Flammable liquids
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Damage of Fire

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 Thermal insolation
 Thermal insulation is the process of reduction the loss or gain of heat by providing a barrier
between the areas which are different in temperature.

 Modern buildings need to be designed to satisfy the demanding comfort conditions of

occupants.

 A primary consideration in this respect is thermal comfort.

 Buildings need to be insulated to prevent excessive amounts of heat escaping to the outside,
and may also be required to prevent excessive heat or cold on the outside from affecting the
internal environment.

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 Sound insolation
 Sound insulation is the process of soundproofing an

enclosed space, such as a room.

  Modern buildings also require adequate levels of acoustic

insulation to prevent external noise from affecting the

internal environment, or noise created within the building
from affecting the external environment.

 Sound insulation techniques are often used in business

settings, as well as in multi-family dwellings like apartment

buildings.
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 Sound insolation
Sound is transmitted in buildings by two main mechanisms

 Airborne transmission This type of noise is transmitted by air and atmosphere

such as the radio, when sound waves traveling through the air reach a building
element they hit it and cause it to vibrate.

 Structure borne or impact transmission A noise source in one room results

from an impact of an object onto a separating surface, such as a floor and
transmits the sound to an adjacent room.

 Transmission occurs particularly by tremors which are conducted by vibrations.

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 Where Sound Insolation Needed?
 Museums/Libraries

 Conference Rooms

 Entertainment Facilities

 Residential and Apartments

 Home Offices,

 Home Recording Studios

 Restaurants

 Music Halls 27
 Durability
 Durability can be defined as able to exist for a long period of time without significant
deterioration.

 The location of the material or component may also have an effect on its required durability.

 If the material or component is exposed to the external environment, then frequent wetting
and drying or changes in temperature between night and day may have an effect on its
performance.

 Absorbent materials may be subjected to frost damage when the water they have absorbed
freezes at sub-zero temperatures and the ice lenses expand within the material.

 Clay products may contain soluble salts which may re-dissolve in water taken up, when the
absorbed water later evaporates, Also effect performance od durability. 28
 Durability
 Foundations are the first part of any construction. They are incredibly important to the
durability of a building, and if not completed correctly, they can affect the strength and
resilience of the building once completed. In short, without a stable foundation, a building will
not be reliable nor last a long time. Durability depends on two main factors

 The concrete system Concrete system is based on quality and quantity of materials used and
Processes involved in manufacture of concrete.

 Service environment Service environment affects concrete by way of Physical actions and
Chemical actions on concrete.

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Factors Effecting Durability

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 Appearance of Building
 An important consideration in any design is how the product looks, and
buildings are no exception.

 The architectural design of the building will also play an important part in its
appearance.

 Careful thought therefore needs to be given to the appearance of the materials

and components used in the building and how that appearance may be affected
by exposure to the effects of the weather.
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 Appearance of Building

 The importance of the appearance of a particular building material or component will largely
depend on whether it can be seen or not.

 Every effort should be made to create a high quality, community-sensitive appearance for any
affordable housing development.

 A good a appearance can also be affected of your exterior building says much about you and that
can increase your sales and opportunity of the companies.

 Natural materials such as bricks and stones may use texturing to create a different appearance.

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 Burj Khalifa

 One of the nice appearance in the world, Tallest man-made building in the world with height:
828 meters, Located in Dubai, Area: 309,473 meter square,, Floors is 163, stories 206, 57
elevators and 8 escalators are installed. Period of construction began 2004 - 2009.the building
officially opened on 4 January 2010. cost 4.1billion.

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 Quality of the Building
 Quality refers to how good something is compared to other similar things.

 This strength is directly proportional to the properties and quality of materials

and the quality of construction. Quality begins with design.

 Quality is also an important consideration in the design and manufacture of any

product.

 If buildings are to have a long working life, then they must be capable of
fulfilling the needs of their users as effectively as possible.
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 Why Important Quality of the Building
 Quality is important because it is the foundation of your project’s success

 Poor quality practices can result in waste of both time and materials, directly
affecting costs.

 Poor quality is often behind safety problems.

 It is generally accepted that the quality of a commodity is directly related to its

price and this relationship is true of buildings also.

 If a component fails it may cause loss or injury, fundamentally it’s a quality issue.
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 Components of the Building

 A building has two basic components :

 Foundation or Substructure The portion of the building below the surrounding

is termed as sub- structure

 Superstructure the portion of the building above the ground is known as

superstructure.

 In this course we consider each part as detail Insha'Allah.

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COMMENTS

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