IoT SOLAR POWER MONITORING

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Solar Energy:

In the last ten years, many residents around the world have used the
electric solar system as a sub power in their houses. This is because solar
energy is an unlimited energy resource, set to become increasingly important
in the longer term, for providing electricity and heat energy to the user. Solar
energy also has the potential to be the major energy supply in the future. Solar
tracker is an automated solar panel that actually follows the Sun to increase
the power. The sun's position in the sky varies both with equipment over any
fixed position. One well-known type of solar tracker is the heliostat, a movable
mirror that reflects the moving sun to a fixed location, but many other
approaches are used as well. Active trackers use motors and gear trains to
direct the tracker as commanded by a controller responding to the solar
direction. The solar tracker can be used for several applications such as solar
cells, solar day-lighting systems and solar thermal arrays. The solar tracker is
very useful for devices that need more sunlight for higher efficiency such as
solar cells. Many of the solar panels had been positioned on a fixed surface
such as a roof. As the sun is a moving object, this approach is not the best
method. One of the solutions is to actively track the sun using a sun tracking
device to move the solar panel to follow the Sun. With the Sun always facing
the panel, the maximum energy can be absorbed, as the panel is operating at
their greatest efficiency. The main reason for this project is to get the maximum
efficiency for the solar cells. Although there are many solar trackers in the
market, the price is expensive and unaffordable because the market for solar
trackers is still new and only certain countries use the solar tracker such as the
USA and South Korea. The large scale solar tracker that is normally used is not
suitable for residential use. As a result, this project will develop a Sun tracking
system specially designed for residential use for a low cost solar cell. Previous
researchers used LDR and photodiode as sensors respectively. Meanwhile I
used a DC motor with gear and stepper motor respectively. Those projects
have disadvantages and some of the disadvantages are high cost during
development, difficult to control motor speed and difficult to design because
using microprocessors. The main objective for this project is to develop the
sun tracking solar system model which is a device that follows the movement
of the Sun regardless of motor speed. Besides that, it

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is to improve the overall electricity generation using a single axis sun tracking
system and also to provide the design for residential use. LDR or light
dependent resistor has been chosen as the sensor because LDR is commonly
used in sun tracking systems. This is because LDR is sensitive to the light.
The resistance of LDR will decrease with increasing incident light intensity. For
the controller, AT89S52 had been chosen. This ATMEL programming will give
the pulse to the driver to move the motor. For the driver, bi-directional DC
motor control using relay has been used. The motor controller had been
chosen because it can control the motor to rotate clockwise and
counterclockwise easily. DC geared motor also been 8chosen because it has a
hold torque up to 24 kg.cm and low rpm. Last but not least, LM7805 is used to
convert the input voltage from the source to 5 V output because integrated
circuit only need 5 V to operate.

1.2 Need of a Solar Tracker:

Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the
application of solar cells as solar energy. Solar cells have many applications.
Individual cells are used for powering small devices such as electronic
calculators. Photovoltaic arrays generate a form of renewable electricity,
particularly useful in situations where electrical power from the grid is
unavailable such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites
and space probes, remote radio telephones and water pumping applications.
Photovoltaic electricity is also increasingly deployed in grid-tied electrical
systems. Renewable energy is rapidly gaining importance as an energy
resource as fossil fuel prices fluctuate. One of the most popular renewable
energy sources is solar energy. Many researches were conducted to develop
some methods to increase the efficiency of PhotoVoltaic systems (solar
panels). One such method is to employ a solar panel tracking system. This
project deals with a microcontroller based solar panel tracking system. Solar
tracking enables more energy to be generated because the solar panel is
always able to maintain a perpendicular profile to the sun’s rays. Development
of solar panel tracking systems has been ongoing for several years now. As
the sun moves across the sky during the day, it is advantageous to have the
solar panels track the location of the sun, Such that the panels are always
perpendicular to the solar energy radiated by the sun. This will tend to
maximize the amount of power absorbed by PV systems. It has been
estimated that the use of a tracking system, over a fixed system, can increase
the power output by 30% - 60%. The increase is significant enough to make
tracking a

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viable preposition despite the enhancement in system cost. It is possible to align the tracking
heliostat normal to the sun using electronic control by a microcontroller.

1.3 Working Principle of The Tracker:

Figure shown here is the tracking device in our prototype. It is the one which follows the
sun’s movement throughout the day and provides uninterrupted reflection to the solar panel.
The sun rays will fall on the solar panel in two ways, which is, they will fall directly on the solar
panel and also the reflector will reflect the incident rays on the solar panel. Suppose at the
time of sun rise the sun is in extreme east the reflector will align itself in some position by
which the incident rays will fall on the solar panel.

Fig.1.1: Tracking System

Now when the earth rotates and the sun gets shifted from its earlier position the reflection
of the incident rays will also change. Thus as a result the light will fall on the sensors kept on
each side of the solar panel. The tracking circuit is so designed that when reflection falls on
say the sensor attached to the right of the panel, the tracker will move towards the left, and
visa-versa. Similar is the case when the reflection falls on the sensor attached at the top of the
panel, circuit will make the tracker to move downwards. We here have tried to bring two simple
principles together. One being, the normal principle of incidence and reflection on which our
tracker works. And the other is the principle on which the solar panel works, which is on the
incidence of the solar rays, the photovoltaic cells, will produce electricity. This both principles
are combined there and as a result of which we are able to fetch nearly double the output
which the panel gives

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normally. Precisely speaking the tracker is liable for two kinds of rotations, one
is on the vertical axis and other is on the horizontal axis. The earlier is for the
right-left movement of the reflection and the latter is for the up-down
movement of the reflector, for aligning reflection on the panel.
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CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Literature Review:
IoT based systems are designed to get an optimum power output from the
solar panels when dust is accumulated on it. And, a monitoring system is
designed for there is any malfunctioning of solar panels will be displayed on
and we can also get information about whether the solar or battery connected
for the load. Different parameters like voltage, current, and temperature are
displayed on the LCD by using IoT technology. Now we are getting only
information we can see in the cloud but in the future we can control the whole
system through IOT which Distant is distant. [1]
IoT based solar monitoring system keeps continue track of solar power
plant, the daily weekly and monthly analysis become easy to detect any fault
occurred within power plant as the generated power supply may show its
consistency in data of solar power plant.[2]
Implementing Renewable Energy technologies is one recommended way of reducing
the environmental impact. Because of frequent power cuts it is important to use renewable
energy and monitor it. Monitoring guides the user in analysis of renewable energy usage.
This system is cost effective. The system efficiency is about 95%.This enables the efficient
use of renewable energy. Thus it is reducing the electricity issue. This project can be further
enhanced, by using the results of this current project, i.e. the monitoring values obtained are
helpful in predicting the future values of the parameters considered. The data stored in the
cloud can also be analyzed using the MATLAB. The CSV file from the cloud is taken for
analysis in R. The web application can be developed for interaction with the end user; the
user can also predict values of the future events. In the same way we can go for android
applications. During the prediction two or more models can be used for same dataset, to find
the accuracy of each model.[3]
In this investigation it has assessed various procedures that are used for
the tracing of solar panels. It can be manipulated anywhere such as
house-hold activities in office even for industrial purposes. The cost of the
implementation of this task can be fluctuated by various methods. If the user’s
consideration is on cost, then the method of using Arduino in the module can
be an agreeable one. For this it is also a low power

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consuming project. Today the world is confronting an intense power
emergency. We require a better power system to give benefits to those people
who live in remote areas. And also the efficient monitoring systems for
acquiring complete energy conversations. Under this circumstance these
various types of project can give a decent outcome when vitality emergency is
a standout amongst the most fundamental issue on the planet.[4]
In this report, a novel architecture for low price and flexible solar control
and monitoring system is proposed and enforced. The proposed architecture
utilizes Restful based Web services as an interoperable application layer for
transmitting between the remote user and the solar panels. Anywhere across
with the aid of the network can be used to access and control the panels. It
suffers to be noticed that importance not only stands for economic terms, but
also for the implications of enriching the Internet with the information of millions
or even a billion of real world critical, unattended sensing and activating
objects. The latter is omnipresent and important per se as they inter-actuate
physically not only with other smart objects, only also with human beings. The
purpose of this paper has therefore been to outline technically viable
communication architecture able to back up the rigorous energy and
connectivity needs of the emerging IoT. To this goal, we have seconded the
community’s view in the penury of a standardized architecture which replaces
proprietary approaches by means of a transparent end-to-end architecture. In
accession to a rigid slot structure allowing for tremendous energy savings
since the transmitter and receiver only wake up when truly required. Close to
open issues pertain also to this family in that no optimal centralized or
decentralized scheduling protocols have been set forth; nor is it totally clear
which approach is to be chosen. From a networking perspective, the
presentation of the WPAN protocol family has been instrumental in connecting
lower power radios to the Internet and the work allowing suitable routing
protocols to achieve universal connectivity. This report throws light onto some
of the most recent and emergent design paradigms related to the
communications stack of a viable Internet of Things. A great deal of tweaking
and optimizing is still ahead of us, but we trust that the major bulk of design
work is achieved and that the current stack will deliver a substantial impact in
the mockery of the IoT. The solar automation using the Internet of Things has
been experimentally shown to work satisfactorily by connecting simple panels
to it and the panels were successfully controlled remotely through the internet.
It also stores the sensor parameters in the cloud in a timely way. This will
assist the user to examine the status of various parameters in the solar
anytime anywhere.[5]

Single Axis Solar Tracking System prototype model is successfully

developed. The designed system is focused on designing controller parts and
the main concern is to design appropriate circuits and the circuits supposed to
be able to control DC-gear motor rotation direction without considering motor
speed. The system is able to track and follow Sunlight intensity in order to
collect maximum solar power regardless of motor speed. The uniqueness of
the developed system, motor speed is not critical consideration because the
DC-geared motor offers low output rated speed and high output rated torque.
Therefore, any type of DC-geared motor can be used for this system regardless
of motor speed controller unit as long as the speed and torque of the motor are
following the given specification. The constructed system model can be
applied in the residential area for alternative electricity generation especially
for non-critical and low power appliances. [6]
The proposed system stores the data from the solar photovoltaic system
continuously, so it keeps track of the solar photovoltaic system and daily or
monthly analysis becomes easy and efficient. Using the analysis it is possible
to detect any fault occurring in the system as there would be inconsistency in
the data generated by the system. By solar tracking the solar panel is operated
at its maximum efficiency all day.[7]
As the conventional sources of electricity generation are depleting,
mankind is in need of renewable sources such as solar and wind energy to
sustain itself. Clean and abundant solar energy is a good alternative as a
source of energy with the only problems of cost of harnessing solar energy,
and its variable nature. With technological advancements, the cost of devices
is decreasing at a rapid rate. Hence all we need is a good, up-to-date
monitoring system which can perform major tasks automatically without human
intervention and can provide data to the user whenever and wherever needed.
To cope up with rapidly changing technology, IOT is the best solution for
monitoring solar installations. IOT based remote monitoring of the Solar PV
installation will also save energy and man-labour. Because of the use of IOT in
this proposed system, there is a large scope for future work. We can add
modern devices and sensors without the fear of compatibility. Flexibility of this
system is its uniqueness. Adding more sensors, it can measure AC voltage
and current output, power consumption of load, solar irradiance and
corresponding output of the solar panels and a lot more. Further extremely
useful for wireless IOT based monitoring and control to improve

conventional solar based electrical vehicle system for converter design and the
adoption of suitable Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques. [8]
The panels are not stationary but moving according to the positions of the sun
thus, it ensures the appropriate working of the trackers. The efficiency is
therefore increased and the performance outcome is optimally achieved.
Improved efficiency ensures the cost effectiveness, therefore the trackers are
more economical and would be a best option to choose for. [9]
Use of the internet of things for monitoring of power harnessed by solar
PV modules is a basic requirement as renewable power obtained is getting
facilitated with a grid. Remote monitoring of plants reduces the human efforts
and increases the reliability of energy obtained from solar. Monitoring also
reduces faults in the system and operation and maintenance activities can be
scheduled on the basis of data obtained. Use of raspberry Pi provides a
reasonably cost effective Internet of Things platform for connecting and
interconnecting various sensors and electrical devices to monitor the plant
performance. Power generated by the plant thus can be monitored in CAPEX
and especially in the BOOT module where the investor is investing his money
to sell the power to the consumer or a client. In future, the plant monitoring
phase will be enhanced by remote controlling the entire plant to do various
tasks like Inverter turning ON/OFF, remote isolation of plant under faulty
situations etc. [10]
In this paper a low-cost monitoring system for maximum power tracking in
a photovoltaic module is designed. The IOT technique is used in order to
monitor data such as Vpv, Ipv, VL, IL, and D in real time on a website. This
technology makes it possible in particular to improve the monitoring, the
performance and the maintenance of the photovoltaic generator. The designed
system can analyse and /or check the status of parameters being measured in
a photovoltaic system. It can be mainly used to control the evolution of the
maximum output power on line. Some options will be considered in the future,
for example: the detection of faults and the failure of the sensors, receiving
warning messages if the system is damaged and remote sensing monitoring. In
this paper a low-cost monitoring system for maximum power tracking in a
photovoltaic module is designed. The IOT technique is used in order to monitor
data such as Vpv, Ipv, VL, IL, and D in real time on a website. This technology
makes it possible in particular to improve the monitoring, the performance and
the maintenance of the photovoltaic generator. The designed system can
analyse and /or check the status of parameters being measured in a
photovoltaic system. It can be mainly used to control the evolution

of the maximum output power on line. Some options will be considered in the
future, for example: the detection of faults and the failure of the sensors,
receiving warning messages if the system is damaged and remote sensing
monitoring. [11]
This paper is associated with the keynote talk of the author at the IISA
2017 which argues that communication aspects of an array of solar panels can
be viewed in the context of the Internet of Things. We described several new
technologies, electronics, and algorithms for solar array monitoring and
control. The electronics and algorithms developed by collaborative activities
involving industry, university and government organizations demonstrate that
an Internet-of-Things framework can be indeed used for utility-scale solar
farms. We have discussed several approaches involving statistical signal
processing, machine learning and computer vision that can be used in
conjunction with this IOT solar energy framework to elevate efficiencies. [12]

2.2 Related Works:

According to the announcement of the Ministry of Industry and Trade in
October 2016, unlimited access to the existing power system by new
renewable facilities under 1MW has become possible [4]. As a result, the
number of small-scale photovoltaic resources connected to the grid is
expected to significantly increase.
In the case of individual power generation companies with a 20kW or less
sized facility, there is no obligation to appoint a safety manager. However, if the
efficiency of the photovoltaic module or the inverter is lowered, the generation
power is reduced and the profit is affected. If PV owners know about it in
advance, it could be effective for the operator who operates the solar power
plant to manage the electric energy generation. In the case of a solar
photovoltaic system installed in an apartment house, which is of interest in this
paper, the failure rate of each major component was analyzed to be 18% for
modules, 65% for inverters, 1% for connection boxes and 15% for monitoring
[5]. In general, the system installed in the apartment house is conducted in the
form of daily checking per week and regular checking per month.
However, due to the characteristics of the PV management office, it is
difficult for the facility manager who is not majoring in electricity and other
fields to manage the system effectively, so that it is difficult to efficiently
respond to failures of the system with accurate understanding. The real-time
e-maintenance can greatly reduce the technician's on-site visit and
maintenance time and costs. According to the fact-finding survey conducted by
Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in 2012 on the

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field test of photovoltaic power generation, the frequency and causes of the
failures of the photovoltaic power generation system are various but mainly
point to multiple failures occurring in the operational phase.
From this point of view, it is necessary to secure long-term efficiency of the
system and provide technical support for stable operations. Therefore,
countermeasures are important in terms of maintenance for efficient and
long-term introduction of PV systems. In the next section, we describe an
effective method of constructing a monitoring and fault-checking system that
can efficiently cope with the maintenance of the photovoltaic system by
combining ICT technology.

2.3 Need for Present Day:

In India the energy demand raised rapidly during the past years, as
energy is needed for industrialization as well as for many means. The
undesirable effects and scarcity of the conventional fuels attracted the
Government of India to focus its goal on production of energy from renewable
energy sources. The statistics of “India Energy Outlook 2015” (World Energy
Outlook special report) released by
IEA” (International Energy Agency), “Global Status Report on Renewable
2015”and “MNRE” (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) are discussed.
India secured 5th rank in the total renewable power capacities (excluding
hydro) in the world in 2014 while china was at 1st position according to “Global
Status Report on Renewable 2015”. According to the “Global Status Report on
Renewable 2015” in 2014 the world’s Solar PV capacity reached 177GW out of
which 0.7GW is added by India.

2.4 Proposed Approach:

Using the Internet of Things Technology for supervising solar power
generation can greatly enhance the performance, monitoring and maintenance
of the plant. With advancement of technologies the cost of renewable energy
equipment is going down globally encouraging large scale solar plant
installation. The project is based on implementation of a new cost effective
methodology based on IOT to remotely monitor solar plant performance
evaluation. Also by this project we will get high efficient solar energy by angle
control techniques of solar panels which change the direction of panels with
respect to sun rays in order to get the highest efficiency of solar energy. Also
this will facilitate preventive maintenance, fault detection of the plant in addition
to real time monitoring.

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2.5 Objectives & Scope:

Use of the internet of things for monitoring of power harnessed by solar
PV modules is a basic requirement as renewable power obtained is facilitated
with a grid. Remote monitoring of plants reduces the human efforts and
increases the reliability of energy obtained from solar. Monitoring also reduces
faults in the system and operation and maintenance activities can be
scheduled on the basis of data obtained. Use of raspberry Pi provides a
reasonably cost effective Internet of Things platform for connecting and
interconnecting various sensors and electrical devices to monitor the plant
performance. Power generated by the plant thus can be monitored in CAPEX
and especially in the BOOT module where the investor is investing his money
to sell the power to the consumer or a client. In future, the plant monitoring
phase will be enhanced by remote controlling the entire plant to do various
tasks like Inverter turning ON/OFF, remote isolation of plant under the faulty
condition.
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CHAPTER 3
PROJECT DEFINITION AND SPECIFICATION
3.1Project Definition:
There are 3 main sections of the project which are monitoring section,
generating section & utilization. In this project 9 volt, 3 watt, 300 mA, 6 solar
panels are used to produce the power to run the entire project including
monitoring system, sun tracking system & utilization system. In the tracking
mechanism the solar panels are fixed on a flat platform and that platform is
placed on a shaft and Shaft is connected to a servo motor with gears. Gears
are used to produce the sufficient amount of torque to run the solar platform
and also to reduce the rotation speed.
There are 6, 5mm LDR is used to detect the position of the sun. These all
6 ldr is interfaced with the Arduino Nano via the analog pins. All the 6 LDR are
fixed in a small tube at 30° separated to each other towards the sky. When the
sun is at the top the ldr placed at 90° gives the lowest resistance to the
Arduino. The Arduino is programmed to compare all the six LDR inputs and
compare it. By using the Arduino program all the six LDR inputs are compared
and it checks which LDR is giving the lowest resistance due to the highest sun
intensity. After the comparison the Arduino gives the input to the servo motor
(MG995) according to the compared data and servo sets to the highest light
intensity producing angle.
Due to the sun tracking we get the max output throughout the day and we
can consume this electrical energy to run our applications. After the sun
tracking generated supply is given to the monitoring system. Monitoring
system includes Arduino Nano, a 16*2 LCD display, one current sensor, one
voltage divider circuit, a 24-9 volt input & 5 volt regulated output voltage
regulator & 5 3.3 volt red colored diffused led is used.
Monitoring system monitors the voltage, current & watt by talking the current
input through the current sensor & voltage level by the voltage divider circuit
and for the conversion process by the Arduino programming we get the power
parameters for our system.
This all parameters ie voltage current & watt is displayed using a 16*2 lcd
display which is interfaced with the Arduino uno. We can switch on & off of
16*2 lcd according to our need by a DPDT switch provided on the monitoring
panel.
If we are not near the generating system & if we want to monitor our
system so we can use the internet monitoring feature provided in the
monitoring panel.

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A Node MCU wi-fi enabled microcontroller is used to monitor the data online.
The all important parameter is communicated & transferred using the serial
communication of JASON library in between the Node MCU & Arduino. After
receiving the important data it is sent on the Ada fruit IOT platform which
shows our data on the website Adafruit.com. A refresh rate of 8 second is used
to update all the parameters on the IOT platform in real-time. We can
continuously monitor our plant data without any error 24*7 days. There's also a
DPDT switch that is used to on & off our online monitoring according to our
need.
The generated energy after passing from the previous process we can
now utilize it according to our need. A master switch is given in the control
panel to on & off our entire generating station. And also a 2 amp switch is
provided to switch our connection load.

Specifications:
Voltage divider circuit
Input voltage : 5 volt.
Measurable voltage : 0-12 volt dc.
Current sensor :
Operating voltage, 5 volt DC
Measurable current, 5 Amp AC & DC.
Working principle, hall effect.
16* LCD :
Operating voltage, 5 volt DC.
No of character, 32.
Background color, blue.
DPDT switch :
Current rating, 2 Amp.
Red diffused LED :
Operating voltage, 3.3 volt.
Color, red
Size, 5 mm.

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CHAPTER 4
IoT BASED ANGLE CONTROLLED SOLAR STATION
MONITORING SYSTEM
4.1 Introduction:
Solar power generation is now accepted and growing in our world
electricity markets; and it continues to mature both commercially and
residentially. As a matter of reality, many new solar energy conversion systems
have included monitoring functions as an integral part of the system to ensure
data collection and analysis in systematic matters. Photovoltaic converters are
the semiconductor devices which convert the part of incidence solar irradiance
directly into electrical energy. The most popular photovoltaic converters are thin
films and crystalline silicon (Monocrystalline / Polycrystalline). Between these
two converters, crystalline solar cells are mostly used for commercial and
residential use. Based on the working operation PV system can be functioned
in four ways such as: Grid connected PV system, Grid tied with battery backup
system, hybrid system and standalone system.
the 11.2kW grid connected solar PV system which is tilted at an angle of
21oon a 25 meter height building has been entirely monitored for different
parameters such as PV module efficiency, array yield, final yield and inverter
efficiency and performance ratio of a system. Over a period of time, different
aspects of PV monitoring systems were proposed and implemented in a wide
range of literature. A comprehensive review of such PV monitoring evaluation
techniques were reviewed with their relative performance. The advent of smart
metering huge amounts of data is becoming demand for automatic approaches
that are robust to deal with controlling equipment Standalone solar PV systems
are also called off-grid PV systems. They had their applications in rural
household power supply, power supply for communication and lighting and rural
central power plants.
For such a system data acquainting continuously is a major problem. In
order to find a solution for this, Data Acquisition Systems (DAQs) based on
Lab VIEW has been implemented for collecting and displaying the electrical
parameters of a standalone PV system. In addition to this, global solar
radiation can also be calculated with the help of short circuit current. They
proposed and introduced a combined method consisting of fitting algorithms
and infrared thermography measurement. The results obtained are

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region specific irradiance characteristics. Various PV monitoring systems are
available nowadays in which the large portion is done on classifications. For
example, internet based monitoring can be done on servers, GPRS, IP, TCP
and so forth; data acquisition monitoring can be done using Power Line
Communication (PLC), PIC, reference cell, DAQ of national instruments etc.
Review of various monitoring topologies is discussed to get a clear view
of both merits and demerits.

4.2 Project Definition:

The performance of a 2.02kW off-grid residential solar PV power plant is
predicted using PVSYST simulation software. Data is monitored continuously
and its array capture and system losses are analyzed for five tracking modes
of solar panels: fixed tilted plane, seasonal tilt adjustment, dual axis tracking,
horizontal axis tracking and vertical axis tracking. It is obtained that the
monthly performance ratio is better for fixed tilted planes and minimal for dual
axis tracking systems. A Zig-bee based wireless monitoring system is
developed for online monitoring of a solar PV power plant. Parameters such as
PV power output irradiance and temperature are monitored. A user friendly
web application is also developed; through which monitored data can be easily
accessible via internet to validate this requirement 1.25kW off-grid connected
solar PV system has been considered.

4.3 Concept of Monitoring:

4.3.1 Adafruit:
Adafruit.io is a cloud service that just means we run it for you and you
don't have to manage it. You can connect to it over the Internet. It's meant
primarily for storing and then retrieving data but it can do a lot more than
just that!

4.3.2 Adafruit IO:

 Display your data in real-time, online
 Make your project internet-connected: Control motors, read
sensor data, and more!
 Connect projects to web services like Twitter, RSS feeds,
weather services, etc.
 Connect your project to other internet-enabled devices
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 The best part? All of the above is do-able for free with Adafruit
IO. 4.3.3 Blynk App:
Blynk makes complex IoT technology simple. We designed, developed, and
tested the building blocks of a complete IoT solution, so businesses who run
on Blynk don't have to

4.3.4 Thinkspeak:
An open source cloud platform application think speak is used. Which
retrieves and stores the data from the sensor or the things connected to the
systems through the internet that uses hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) from
the local network to the cloud. It updates all the data logs received from the
sensors, tracking location applications, and the status application given to the
users and taken from the users. To use this user has created an account which
contains different channels for monitoring of different parameters in the system
or in monitoring the parameters in a remote device. This cloud enables the
administrator or the user to visualize the data in graphical representation. With
internet-based monitoring, energy output data is transferred to a router, making
it available through an online interface. The main advantage of systems like
these is that your solar panel output information is readily available anywhere
you can get an internet connection.

4.4 Definitions & Notations:

4.4.1 Components:
By using the inverter, we can convert the DC power into an AC power and
we can connect different electrical appliances. Finally, in analyzing the likely
evolution of electricity and energy-consuming sectors, buildings, industry and
transport, it explores the prime role solar energy could play in the long-term
future of our energy system. Applications of the monitoring system are in the
Rooftop Solar, Ground mounted Solar, Solar cities, Smart villages, Micro grids
and Solar Street lights. Consumer Products like solar water heating systems;
Solar home lighting systems; solar lanterns; solar pumps; solar mobile
chargers; solar cookers; LED solar torch; solar RO plant; solar fan, solar
Inverters, etc. can be monitored through this project. Commercial Products like
Solar traffic signals, solar road studs blinkers are also to be monitored through
the proposed system. India, where frequent power cuts are very common. Due
to which it is important to use renewable energy and monitor it. By monitoring
the energy forecast,

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households and communities using solar power can time their energy
production and consumption during good weather. This paper is organized
consisting of these sections: Section II discusses the literature survey in this
area. Section III discusses the proposed work done. Section IV discusses the
Results and Discussions. Section V summarizes the conclusion and lastly, the
references used in writing this paper.
Quantity Price/pc
Sr. No Components
Total
Specification
Name of

01 Servo Motor 10kg/cm 1 700 700 02 LDR 5mm 6 10 80 03

Solar Panel 5v, 2watt 6 300 1800 04 Arduino UNO 5volt 1 430
430 05 Arduino Nano 5volt 1 250 250 06 Current Sensor
5Amp 1 200 200 07 Voltage Sensor 20volt 1 150 150 08 Solar
Load(LED) 2watt 10 15 150 09 NodeMCU 12v 1 400 400

10 Total ---- ---- ---- 4160

Table4.1: Table of Components

4.4.2 Type of Panels:
The most conspicuous part of a residential solar power system is the
solar panels. Thin-film semiconductor or crystalline silicon is used make the P
V solar cell for many of the residential applications. These photovoltaic (PV)
devices contain semiconductors that generate electricity directly from sunlight.
The electrical devices are powered, or it is send to the grid when electrons are
made free by solar energy in these materials. One of the most important
aspects of getting your solar panels to produce electrical energy at optimum
efficiency is keeping them in full and direct sunlight. DC voltage current is
generated when the Photovoltaic solar panels are exposed directly to the
sunlight.
Solar panels generate the DC where the home appliance works on the AC
power, so the output of the panels is given as input to the inverter. All the
appliances work through the inverter. The inverter consists of a battery. The
battery gets charged when the appliance is not in use and gets discharged
when it requires the supply. Solar

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monitoring systems will track the amount of electricity your solar panels have
generated and contributed to the power grid.

4.5 Hardware & Specifications:

4.5.1 Solar Panel:
The electricity generated by capturing the sunlight is called solar energy
which is used for business and home purposes. The natural nuclear reactor is
the sun which releases the energy with tiny packets called photons. The atoms
lose the electrons when the photons hit the solar cells.

Fig.4.1: Solar panel

A solar panel is made of multiple panels that are wired together, more
electricity is generated by the more panels we deploy. Silicon-like
semiconductors are used to make the PV photovoltaic solar panels as shown
in figure 3.5.1. Direct Current is generated by the solar panels. Most of the
electrical appliances on AC supply AC can be less expensive for transmission
to long distances.

4.5.2 Arduino Uno:

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328
(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a
power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed
to support the microcontroller; simply

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connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC

adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all preceding boards in
that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the
Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

Fig.4.2: Arduino Uno

 Table4.2: Specification of Arduino Uno
4.5.3 Ardiuno Nano:
Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit with varying amounts of
flash memory, pins, and features.

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Fig 4.3: Arduino Nano

The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in
2012. The boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that
facilitate connections for programming and incorporation into other circuits.
These may connect with add-on modules termed shields. Multiple and possibly
stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C serial bus. Most
boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic
resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with
the onboard voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.

Table4.3: Specification of Arduino Nano

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4.5.4 Servo Motor:

Servo motors are not a specific class of motors, although the term
servomotor is also used to refer a motor use in a closed loop system. Servo
motors are used in an application such as robotics, CNC machineries and
automated manufacturing.

Fig.4.4: Servo Motor

4.5.4.1 Mechanism of Serve Motor:

 A servomotor is a closed-loop servomechanism that uses position
feedback to control its motion and final position. The input to its control is a
signal (either analogue or digital) representing the position commanded for the
output shaft.
The motor is paired with some type of encoder to provide position and
speed feedback. In the simplest case, only the position is measured. The
measured position of the output is compared to the command position, the
external input to the controller. If the output position differs from that required,
an error signal is generated which then causes the motor to rotate in either
direction, as needed to bring the output shaft to the appropriate position. As
the positions approach, the error signal reduces to zero and the motor stops.
The very simplest servomotors use position-only sensing via a
potentiometer and bang-bang control of their motor; the motor always rotates at
full speed (or is stopped). This type of servomotor is not widely used in
industrial motion control, but it forms the basis of the simple and cheap servos
used for radio-controlled models.
More sophisticated servomotors use optical rotary encoders to measure
the speed of the output shaft and a variable-speed drive to control the motor
speed. Both of these enhancements, usually in combination with a PID control
algorithm, allow the

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servomotor to be brought to its commanded position more quickly and more

precisely, with less overshooting.

4.5.5 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

LCD is used for displaying the voltage, currents and power etc.

Fig.4.5: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

 When LCD is connected to the solar monitoring system then all the
parameters are also shown at the LCD screen. Here we use a 16*2 LCD
screen. It has 16 pins for interfacing to Arduino.

4.5.6 Wi-Fi Module (ESP8266)/ NODE MCU:

All the calculated data by ATmega328 is further processed by Wi-Fi Module in
order to store on IOT (Internet of Things) Server or Cloud. In order to analyze
this data on a daily, weekly and monthly basis we are using popular IOT
platform Thinkspeak.
In this proposed system we have an open source cloud platform
application think speak is used. Which retrieves and stores the data from the
sensor or the things connected to the systems through the internet that uses
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) from the local network to the cloud? It
updates all the data logs received from the sensors, tracking location
applications, and the status application given to the users and taken from the
users.
To use this the user has created an account which contains different
channels for monitoring of different parameters in the system or in monitoring
the parameters in a remote device. This cloud enables the administrator or the
user to visualize the data in graphical representation. With internet-based
monitoring, energy output data is transferred to a router, making it available
through an online interface. The main advantage of systems like these is that
your solar panel output information is readily available anywhere you can get
an internet connection

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 Fig.4.6: Node MCU-pinout

The node MCU acts as a key processing element for the proposed system as
shown in figure 4 and figure 5 which is developed by ESP8266 open source
community of micro controller on single board that can be programmed using
the Arduino IDE having a RAM size of 128Kbytes and program storage
capacity of 4 MegaBytes. It can be powered by a USB cable, having an
operating voltage of 3.3 to 5 volts and an in-built Wi-Fi SOC Architecture.

4.5.7 LDR:
The resistance of a LDR decreases with increasing incident light intensity;
in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity. A LDR can be applied in
light-sensitive detector circuits, and light-activated and dark-activated switching
circuits. An LDR is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a
LDR can have a resistance as
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high as several mega ohms (MΩ), while in the light a LDR can have a
resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on a LDR exceeds a
certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free
electrons (and their whole partners) conduct electricity, thereby lowering
resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a LDR can substantially
differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique LDRs may react
substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.

Fig.4.7: Light Dependent Resistor

A photoelectric device can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. An intrinsic
semiconductor has its own charge carriers and is not an efficient
semiconductor, for example, silicon. In intrinsic devices the only available
electrons are in the valence band, and hence the photon must have enough
energy to excite the electron across the entire band gap. Extrinsic devices
have impurities, also called dopants, and added whose ground state energy is
closer to the conduction band; since the electrons do not have as far to jump,
lower energy photons (that is, longer wavelengths and lower frequencies) are
sufficient to trigger the device. If a sample of silicon has some of its atoms
replaced by phosphorus atoms (impurities), there will be extra electrons
available for conduction. This is an example of an extrinsic semiconductor.

4.5.8 Voltage Sensor:

A voltage sensor can in fact determine, monitor and can measure the
supply of voltage. The input to the voltage sensor is the voltage itself and the
output can be analog voltage signals, switches, audible signals, analog current
level, frequency or even frequency modulated outputs.
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Fig.4.8: Voltage Sensor

Specification:

Rated Input Current 2mA

Rated output Current 2Ma
Linear Range 0~1000V 0~10MA Isolation Withstand Voltage
4000V Turns Ratio 1000:1000 Measurement Accuracy class 0.2
Linearity 0.1%
Rated Burdon <=200Ohm Operating Frequency 50-50Hz

DC Coil Resistance 110@20degcel

Table4.4: Specification of Voltage Sensor

4.5.9 Current Sensor:

A current sensor is a device that detects electric current in a wire, and generates a signal
proportional to that current. The generated signal could be analog voltage or current or even a
digital output. The generated signal can be then used to display the measured current in an
ammeter, or can be stored for further analysis in a data acquisition system, or can be used for
the purpose of control
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Fig.4.9: Current Sensor

Pin Number Pin Name Description

1 Vcc Input voltage is 5 volt
2 Output Output analog voltage proportional to current 3
Ground Connected to ground circuit

T1 Wire in The wire through current has to be measured

Table4.5: Specification of Current Sensor

4.5.10 Power Supply:

The power supply required for servomotor given by a generated power by
solar panels generating station. For supply of LDR also use generated power
by the system.

4.6 Software Specification:

4.6.1 Adafruit:
Adafruit.io is a cloud service that just means we run it for you and you don't
have to manage it. You can connect to it over the Internet. It's meant primarily
for storing and then retrieving data but it can do a lot more.
The Adafruit connection and output screen shown in figure.3.6.1.

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Fig.4.10: Adafruit Mechanism

Adafruit IO:
 Display your data in real-time, online
 Make your project internet-connected: Control motors, read sensor
data, and more!
 Connect projects to web services like Twitter, RSS feeds, weather
services, etc.
 Connect your project to other internet-enabled devices
 The best part? All of the above is do-able for free with Adafruit IO.

4.6.2 Blynk App:

A multi-tenancy environment with configurable access levels. Manage clients,
distributors, contractors, installers, and anyone you work with a multi-tenancy
environment with configurable access levels. Manage clients, distributors,
contractors, installers, and anyone you work with Blynk application.
 Fig.4.11: Blynk Application

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Blynk makes complex IoT technology simple. We designed, developed, and

tested the building blocks of a complete IoT solution.

4.6.3 Thinkspeak:
An open source cloud platform application thinkspeak is used. Which
retrieves and stores the data from the sensor or the things connected to the
systems through the internet that uses hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
from the local network to the cloud? It updates all the data logs received
from the sensors, tracking location applications, and the status application
giving to the users and taken from the users. To use this user has created
an account which contains different channels for monitoring of different
parameters in the system or in monitoring the parameters in a remote
device.

Fig.4.12: Think Speak

 This cloud enables the administrator or the user to visualize the data
in graphical representation. With internet-based monitoring, energy output
data is transferred to a router, making it available through an online
interface. The main advantage of systems like these is that your solar
panel output information is readily available anywhere you can get an
internet connection.

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CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE DESIGNING
5.1 Block Diagram Explanation:
5.1.1 Block Diagram:
The block diagram of the whole system is shown in the figure.

Fig.5.1: Block diagram

5.1.2 Generating Station:
For generation of electricity we used different solar panels on the
generating station. In one solar panel two LDR are connected for tracking the
direction of sun rays in order to get the highest efficiency of sunlight. Solar
photovoltaic modules generate electricity from sunlight which can be fed into
the mains electricity supply of buildings or sold to the public. Reducing the
need for fossil fuels generation, the growing grid-connected solar PV sector
across the globe is helping create jobs, enabling families’ business to save
money, and cut greenhouse emission.

5.1.3 Monitoring System:

Solar panel monitoring systems are built to help you understand your
system’s performance. Through this, you can stop relying on what someone
else tells you about it.
With a solar monitoring system, you will be able to get real-time
information about the various aspects of your solar systems operation. A
monitoring system offers you information about energy production and
consumption, any damage on your solar system, optimization of energy use,
and more. When you monitor your order, it ensures that you are not caught
off-guard in case of any eventuality. There are also modern solar systems
monitoring methods available for you. These methods offer convenient options
to track everything, including hardware setting, efficiency, long-term usage, and
more.

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A solar monitoring system works through the solar system’s inverter. In

most cases, companies sell their inverters with a patented, built-in monitoring
software setup. The monitoring system works in a straightforward manner. In
the process of converting DC (direct current) from the panels to an AC
(alternating current) by the inverter, the system collects data about production
and power levels. The information is then sent to a cloud-based monitoring
system and its related apps. You can then access this information either using
your mobile apps, or your paired smart home gadgets. Also, there are some
monitoring systems which offer on-site monitoring. Instead of the data being
sent to a cloud-based system, it is sent to an installed monitoring device on
your property. In addition, a large number of systems can be set up to include
cellular capabilities. This means that even without a Wi-Fi connection, you can
still access the systems information available in the cloud. Through this, it
means that you can access the solar monitoring system even when your
internet connection is down. Also, systems that have power optimizers allow
for continuous solar monitoring even during internet outages, as they don’t rely
on Wi-Fi connection. However, some solar panel monitoring systems won’t
operate in the absence of a Wi-Fi connection. For example, the micro inverter
monitoring systems require an internet connection to be able to monitor every
solar panel separately, and in real-time. There are various methods of
monitoring solar power generation, consumption, and performance.

5.1.4 Utilization:
In analyzing the likely evolution of electricity and energy-consuming
sectors, buildings, industry and transport – it explores the prime role solar
energy could play in the long-term future of our energy system. Applications of
the monitoring system are in the Rooftop Solar, Ground mounted Solar, Solar
cities, Smart villages, Micro grids and Solar Street lights. Consumer Products
like solar water heating systems; Solar home lighting systems; solar lanterns;
solar pumps; solar mobile chargers; solar cookers; LED solar torch; solar RO
plant; solar fan, solar Inverters, etc. can be monitored through this project.
Commercial Products like Solar traffic signals, solar road studs/blinkers are
also to be monitored through the proposed system. India, where frequent
power cuts are very common. Due to which it is important to use renewable
energy and monitor it. By monitoring the energy forecast, households and
communities using solar power can time their energy production and
consumption during good weather. This paper is organized consisting of these
sections: Section II discusses the literature survey in this area.

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Section III discusses the proposed work done. Section IV discusses the
Results and Discussions. Section V summarizes the conclusion and lastly, the
references used in writing this paper.

5.2 Design Stage:

The figure 4.2 shows the connections of each LDR with Arduino Nano
and solar panels.
 Fig 5.2 Circuit Diagram of Sun Tracking System

In this circuit the main controlling components Arduino Nano are used.6
LDR are used to detect the light intensity at all 180 degree angles at the step
of 30 degree each LDR. The resistors are used to limit the current flowing
through the LDR & protect to burn. Since the output of LDR is in analog signal
hence we provided it to the analog pins A0, A1.... A6.The servo motor
operates on the PWM pulses hence it is connected to the PWM pin D2. Six
different analog signal comparing programs are used to detect the maximum
angle of generation by measuring the light intensity using LDR. Once the
comparison completes the servo motor is set to the respective high intensity
angle automatically using the program. This all program is continuously
repeated at intervals of 5 minutes. The Arduino NANO is supplied by 12 volts
coming from the solar source. In this circuit Servo MG995 is used because it
has 12 kg/cm of torque which can handle a good amount of load. The 5mm
LDR is sufficient to measure the intensity of sun light hence it is included in this
project. Since the servo motor has to bear heavy load hence it is separately
supplied by the 5 volt, 2 amp charging adapter. The solar panel shaft is

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connected to the servo motor to rotate it easily. Six 3 watt, 9 volt panels are connected in
parallel to the sun tracking circuit as well as monitoring circuit to supply all the system
including tracking, monitoring.
5.3 Connection Diagram:

Fig 5.3: Component Connection Diagram on Breadboard for practice purpose

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Fig 5.4: Component Connection Diagram on Breadboard for practice purpose

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 IoT SOLAR POWER MONITORING

CHAPTER: 6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE:
6.1 Conclusion:
Use of internet of things for monitoring of power harnessed by solar PV
modules is a basic requirement as renewable power obtained is facilitated with
a grid. Remote monitoring of plants reduces the human efforts and increases
the reliability of energy obtained from solar. Monitoring also reduces faults in
the system and operation and maintenance activities can be scheduled on the
basis of data obtained. Use of raspberry Pi provides a reasonably cost
effective Internet of Things platform for connecting and interconnecting various
sensors and electrical devices to monitor the plant performance. Power
generated by the plant thus can be monitored in CAPEX and especially in the
BOOT module where the investor is investing his money to sell the power to
the consumer or a client. In future, the plant monitoring phase will be enhanced
by remote controlling the entire plant to do various tasks like Inverter turning
ON/OFF, remote isolation of plant under faulty situations etc.

6.2 Future Scope:

Automatic solar tracking system offers a prototype for implementing a
large array type solar tracker. This will be an expansion of mechanical as well
as electronic system following additions can be made to the prototype to
maximize the power conversion:

• By connecting the solar panels in an array more energy can be extracted. •

Using aluminum type of material for the assembly set up the weight upon the
motors can be reduced which will automatically reduce the power consumption
of the system. • With the monocrystalline PV panel in use the efficiency of the
project can be increased. Monocrystalline PV panels have also more lifetime
than polycrystalline panels. • In ZigBee transmitter- receiver pair by interfacing
range extension modules signal range can be extended up to 10 miles.
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REFERENCES

1. R.L.R. Lokesh Babu, D Rambabu, A. Rajesh Naidu 3, R. D. Prasad, P.

Gopi Krishna, “IoT Enabled solar power monitoring
system.”International Journal
of Engineering & Technology.08/2017.

2. Manish Katyarmal Suyash Walkunde, Arvind Sakhare, Mrs. U. S. RawandaleDepartment of

Electronics and Telecommunication MIT College of Engineering, Kothrud, Pune, “ Solar power
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3. Suprita Patil, M. Vijayalashmi and Rakesh Tapaskar School of Computer
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Department of Computer Science & Engineering SJBIT, Bangalore, India,
“IoT based Solar Monitoring System.” IJSTE - International Journal of
Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 3 | Issue 02 | August 2016
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October 2014 ISSN: 2348 9510
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 Venkatesh5,1,2,3,4Student, Dept. of EEE, Valliammai Engineering College,
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Valliammai Engineering College, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India, “IoT
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Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal (M.P.), India, “Solar

Photovoltaic Remote Monitoring System Using IOT.” Proceeding
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Mahale4 1,2,3,4B.E Students, Department of Electronics and
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