UNIT-6

Z-Transform

Introduction
A linear system can be represented in the complex frequency domain
(s-domain here s =  + j) using the LaPlace Transform.
x(t) h(t)
y(t) = x(t) * h(t)

X(s)
H(s) Y(s) = X(s)H(s)

Where the direct transform is:

L x(t)  X s t 0 xt stdt

And x(t) is assumed zero for t ≤ 0. The Inversion integral is a contour integral
in the complex plane (seldom used, tables are used instead)
1
L1X (s) xt   j Xs ds
 st

2j s   j

Where  is chosen such that the contour integral converges. If we now

assume that x(t) is ideally sampled as in:

Sample x(t, T s) Re-Sample Reconstruct y(t)

x(t)
(Ts sec.) Analog (Ts sec.)
System

x  x n *T  x(t) yn  yn *Ts   y(t)

Where: n  s  tn*T s and tn*T s

Analyzing this equivalent system using standard analog tools will establish
the z-Transform.

ampling
Substituting the Sampled version of x(t) into the definition of the
LaPlace Transform we get

L x(t,Ts ) XT s t0 xt,Ts  stdt

But


xt,Ts    xt * pt  n *Ts 

n0 (For x(t) = 0 when t < 0 )
 Therefore

X s     xn *T * t  n *T   stdt

T  t 0  s s 
n0 
Now interchanging the order of integration and summation and using the
sifting property of -functions

T  xn *T    t  n *T  stdt

X s  
 s t0
s
n0


X
T s   xn *Ts nT s s

n0 (We are assuming that the first sample occurs at

t = 0+)

if we now adjust our nomenclature by letting:

z = sT , x(n*Ts) = xn , and X (z)

X
T sz  sT



X z xn z n
n0

Which is the direct z-transform (one-sided; it assumes xn = 0 for n < 0).

The inversion integral is:


x   1
X zzn 
1 dz

n 2j c
(This is a contour integral in the complex z-plane)
(The use of this integral can be avoided as tables can be used to invert
the transform.)

To prove that these form a transform pair we can substitute one into the other.
1 n  k 1
x    x z
 c  n
 z dz
k 
 2 j n0 
Now interchanging the order of summation and integration (valid if the
contour followed stays in the region of convergence):

1 k n1

xn
xk 2j n0 cz dz
If “C” encloses the origin (that‟s where the pole is), the Cauchy
Integral theorem says:
 k n1 o for n k
z
 c dz  2 j for nk

Properties of the z transform

For the following

n n

Zf n  f nz n  F z Zgn   gn z n  Gz

n0 n0

 Linearity:
Z{afn+ bgn} = aF(z) + bG(z). and ROC is Rf Rg

which follows from definition of z-transform.

 Time Shifting
If we have f n Fz then f n  n   z n Fz 0
0

The ROC of Y(z) is the same as F(z) except that there are possible
pole additions or deletions at z = 0 or z = .

Proof:

Let yn f n  n0 then


Y z   f n  n0 z n
n


Assume k = n- n0 then n=k+n0, substituting in the above equation we have:



Y z   f k z kn0 zn0Fz

k 


 Multiplication by an Exponential Sequence

n  z 


Let yn z0 f n then Y z  X  

z
 0 


The consequence is pole and zero locations are scaled by z0. If the ROC of
FX(z) is rR< |z| <rL, then the ROC of Y(z) is

rR< |z/z0| <rL, i.e., |z0|rR< |z| < |z0|rL

 Proof:  

 n n 
z n 
z 
  

Y z  z 0 xnz   xn z



Xz 
n n 0  0 


The consequence is pole and zero locations are scaled by z0. If the ROC of X(z)
is rR<|z|<rL, then the ROC of Y(z) is

rR < |z/z0| <rL, i.e., |z0|rR < |z| < |z0|rL

 Differentiation of X(z)
z dF  z
f n Fz then nf n z  and ROC
= Rf z

Proof:

F z   f nz n
n
dF z  
  n f nz n
z
z dz  n f n  z 
n 1
n
dF z z
n

z  nf n
dz




 Conjugation of a Complex Sequence

f we have f n Fz then f n  F  z

z
  and ROC = Rf
Proof:
Let y[n] = f * [n], then

    n  n    


Y z   f nz fn z F z
n  n 
  Time Reversal
If we have f n Fz then f  n  F  1 z
z
 


Let y[n] = f * [n], then

 
 n n  

  
k 

 If

Yz
 nf nz fnz
 n
    f k 1
  k 

z 


F1z

the ROC of F(z) is rR< |z| <rL, then the ROC of Y(z) is
1 z 1
rR  1 z rL i.e.,
rR rL

When the time reversal is without conjugation, it is easy to show

f  n F1 z 1  z  1
and ROC is

z
rR rL

A comprehensive summery for the z-transform properties is shown in Table 2

Table 2 Summery of z-transform properties

Example 3: Find the z transform of 3n + 2 × 3n.

SolutionFrom the linearity property

Z{3n + 2 × 3n} = 3Z{n} + 2Z{3n}

and from the Table 1

Zn z and   z 

Z 3n 
2

z  1 z 3
(rnwith r = 3). Therefore
   
2z
Z{3n + 2 × 3n}=  3z 2

z  1 z3

Example 4: Find the z-transform of each of the following sequences:

(a) x(n)= 2nu(n)+3(½)nu(n)

(b) x(n)=cos(n 0)u(n).
Solution:

(a) Because x(n) is a sum of two sequences of the form  nu(n), using the
linearity property of the z-transform, and referring to Table 1, the z-
transform pair
13
 4  z 1
1 31 2 1
X z  1  2z 1  1  z 1  1  2z1  z 1


  

2  2
(b) For this sequence we write
jn 0
x(n) = cos(n 0) u(n) = ½(e + e -jn 0) u(n)

Therefore, the z-transform is

1
X z  1 1 1

21  e jn0 z 1 2 1  e jn0 z 1
with a region of convergence |z| >1. Combining the two terms together, we have
  1  cos 0  z 1

X z  1  2cos 0  z 1  z 
2

The Inverse z-Transform

The z-transform is a useful tool in linear systems analysis. However, just as

important as techniques for finding the z-transform of a sequence are methods
that may be used to invert the z-transform and recover the sequence x(n)from
X(z). Three possible approaches are described below.

 Partial Fraction Expansion

For z-transforms that are rational functions of z,

a simple and straightforward approach to find the inverse z-transform is to

perform a partial fraction expansion of X(z). Assuming that p >q, and that all of
the roots in the denominator are simple,  i k for ik, X(z) may be expanded
as follows:

Eq(3)

for some constants Ak for k = 1,2, . . . , p. The coefficients Ak may be found by

multiplying both sides of Eq. (3) by (1 -  kz1) and setting z =  k . The result is

If pq, the partial fraction expansion must include a polynomial in z1of order
(p-q). The coefficients of this polynomial may be found by long division (i.e.,
by dividing the numerator polynomial by the denominator). For multiple-order
poles, the expansion must be modified. For example, if X(z) has a second-order
pole at z =  k, the expansion will include two terms,
where B1,and B2are given by

Example 5: Suppose that a sequence x(n)has a z-transform

Solution:

With a region of convergence |z|> ½ . Because p = q = 2, and the two poles

are simple, the partial fraction expansion has the form

The constant C is found by long division:

Therefore, C = 2 and we may write X(z) as follows:

Next, for the coefficients A1and A2we have

and

Thus, the complete partial fraction expansion becomes

Finally, because the region of convergence is the exterior of the circle |z| >
1, x(n) is the right-sided sequence

 Power Series
The z-transform is a power series expansion,

where the sequence values x(n)are the coefficients of z -n in the expansion.

Therefore, if we can find the power series expansion for X(z), the sequence
values x(n)may be found by simply picking off the coefficients of z –n.

Example 6: Consider the z-transform

olution:

The power series expansion of this function is

Therefore, the sequence x(n) having this z-transform is

  Contour Integration
Another approach that may be used to find the inverse z-transform of X(z) is to
use contour integration. This procedure relies on Cauchy's integral theorem,
which states that if C is a closed contour that encircles the origin in a
counterclockwise direction,

With

Cauchy's integral theorem may be used to show that the coefficients x(n) may be
found from X(z) as follows:

where Cis a closed contour within the region of convergence of X(z) that
encircles the origin in a counterclockwise direction. Contour integrals of this
form may often by evaluated with the help of Cauchy's residue theorem,

If X(z) is a rational function of z with a first-order pole at z =  k,

Contour integration is particularly useful if only a few values of x(n)
are needed.

Example 7:

Find the inverse of each of the following z-transforms:

Solution:
a) Because X(z) is a finite-order polynomial, x(n) is a finite-length sequence.
Therefore, x(n) is the coefficient that multiplies z-1 in X(z). Thus, x(0) = 4
and x(2) = x(-2) = 3.
b) This z-transform is a sum of two first-order rational functions of z.
Because the region of convergence of X(z) is the exterior of a circle, x(n)
is a right-sided sequence. Using the z-transform pair for a right-sided
exponential, we may invert X(z) easily as follows:

c) Here we have a rational function of z with a denominator that is a

quadratic in z. Before we can find the inverse z-transform, we need to
factor the denominator and perform a partial fraction expansion:

Because x(n) is right-sided, the inverse z-transform is

d) One way to invert this z-transform is to perform a partial fraction

expansion. With
 the constants A, B1, and B2are as follows:

Inverse transforming each term, we have

Example 7:
Find the inverse z-transform of the second-order system

Here we have a second-order pole at z = ½. The partial fraction expansion

for X(z) is

The constant A1 is

and the constant A2 is

Therefore,

and

Example 8:

Find the inverse z-transform of X(z) = sin z.

Solution

To find the inverse z-transform of X(z) = sin z, we expand X(z) in a Taylor

series about z = 0 as follows:

Because

we may associate the coefficients in the Taylor series expansion with

the sequence values x(n). Thus, we have
Example 8:

Evaluate the following integral:

where the contour of integration C is the unit circle.

Solution:

Recall that for a sequence x(n) that has a z-transform X(z), the sequence may
be recovered using contour integration as follows:

Therefore, the integral that is to be evaluated corresponds to the value of

the sequence x(n) at n = 4 that has a z-transform

Thus, we may find x (n ) using a partial fraction expansion of X(z) and then
evaluate the sequence at n = 4. With this approach, however, we are finding the
values of x(n) for all n. Alternatively, we could perform long division and divide
the numerator of X (z ) by the denominator. The coefficient multiplying z-4
would then be the value of x(n) at n = 4, and the value of the integral. However,
because we are only interested in the value of the sequence at n = 4, the easiest
approach is to evaluate the integral directly using the Cauchy integral theorem.
The value of the integral is equal to the sum of the residues of the poles of
X(z)z3 inside the unit circle. Because

has poles at z =1/2 and z =2/3,

and