Teacher’s Guide

We’re Free… Let’s Grow!

Time Needed: 1—2 Class Periods Learning Objectives. Students will be able to:
Materials Needed:  Identify the Northwest Territory as new territory the U.S.
Student worksheets acquired from Great Britain as part of the Treaty of Paris
Projector (optional)  Describe the role of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the
Northwest Ordinance in incorporating the Northwest Territory
Copy Instructions: into the United States
Anticipation Activity (1 pg; class set)  Use maps to depict the new territory’s incorporation
Reading (2 pages; class set)  Explain the tension between U.S. and Native Americans in the
Class Activity (1 copy, cut up) territory, including U.S. policy toward native tribes
Map Booklet (4 pages; class set;  Distinguish incorporation of the Northwest Territory as an
copy so it folds into a booklet) accomplishment of the U.S. government under the Articles of
Worksheet (2 pages; class set) Confederation

STEP BY STEP
 PREPARE by cutting out the word squares for the class activity.
 ANTICIPATE by having students label the 13 original states on the anticipation activity map. See
how many students can identify without help, then project a map if necessary. Ask
students to point out anything about this map that is different from current maps
of the United States.
 DISTRIBUTE the reading AND the map booklet to the students. Have students fold the booklet.
 READ the reading pages with the class, pausing to fill out the map booklet as follows:

After “Party Like It’s 1783”: Fill out the front page of the map booklet.
After “New Country in a New Country”: Fill out p. 2, Activity A
After “So… How Do We Do This?”: Fill out p. 3, Activity B
After “Operation Get Out”: Fill out p. 4, Activity C

 CONTINUE the rest of the reading. Project the “Northwest Territory: An Articles of
Confederation Accomplishment” timeline and use it to reinforce that the process of
incorporating the Northwest Territory happened before the Constitution took
effect—and the Confederation Congress was taking care of business even as the
Constitution was being written!
 REVIEW by giving each student a word square from the Class Activity: Alphabet Words.
Follow the directions on the Class Activity page.
 DISTRIBUTE the worksheet to the class.
 ASSIGN students to complete the worksheet activities.
 GO THROUGH the worksheet answers with the class if you wish.
 CLOSE by asking students to complete one of the following sentences on a scrap of paper.
Have them trade papers with a partner and discuss and/or hand the papers to you
as an exit ticket.
I was surprised to learn that ___ because I wouldn’t have imagined ____.
I was not surprised to learn that ___ because I already knew ____.
This lesson plan is part of the Road to the Constitution series by iCivics, Inc. a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing civic education. Please visit
www.icivics.org/teachers, for more resources and to access the state standards aligned to this lesson plan. Send feedback to [email protected].
©2015 iCivics, Inc. You may copy, distribute, or transmit this work for noncommercial purposes if you credit iCivics. All other rights reserved.
We’re Free — Let’s Grow! Name:

Atlantic
Ocean

Find Those States! The United States started out with just thirteen states. Use the list below
to correctly identify each one on the map. Watch out: Things were a little different back then!

Connecticut New Hampshire Rhode Island

Delaware New Jersey South Carolina
Georgia New York Virginia
Maryland North Carolina
Massachusetts Pennsylvania

Anticipation Activity
We’re Free — Let’s Grow! Name:

Party Like It’s 1783

When the Revolutionary War ended, Americans had won their liberty
from Great Britain—and that wasn’t all! The America that emerged
victorious from the war in 1783 was twice the size of the America
that declared independence in 1776. As part of the agreement to end
the war, the British gave the United States control of all the land
between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River. Included was
a huge section of land that had been part of Britain’s province of
Quebec. This was a major score for the Americans. Party time!

New Country in a New Country

In the first few years after the Revolutionary War, the Confederation
Congress was America’s only central government. Congress had to decide
what to do with this vast area the U.S. had just acquired. The decision was
easy: Sell it! War is expensive, and the United States had borrowed a lot of
money it needed to pay back. The U.S. government wasn’t allowed to
collect taxes from citizens, so selling parcels of land seemed like a great
way to raise money. But opening the doors to the new territory wasn’t as
easy as putting up a “For Sale” sign. For one thing, the U.S. government
didn’t actually own the land. Several states claimed the territory as their
own. The first few years were spent making deals with states to cede
(pronounced “seed”) ownership of the land to the United States.

So… How Do We Do This?

With the land free and clear, what next? No new land had ever
been incorporated into the United States before. How should it
be done? The area would need to be divided into smaller pieces.
But how many pieces? And would those pieces actually become
new states?
These questions and more sparked a hot debate. But to get
started, Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785. This
law directed the new territory to be divided into square townships
measuring six miles on each side. Each township would be
divided into sections measuring one mile on each side. As the
Surveyors would have used a compass and
surveyors began measuring and Congress debated the rest of the chain like these to measure the sections.
details, another piece of business was taking place—clearing
unwanted residents from the area.
Operation Get Out
The Northwest Territory was not empty land. It was inhabited by Native
Americans who had lived there for centuries. There were also
unauthorized American squatters living in the territory on land they hadn’t
paid for. Congress needed these people out. After all, nobody wanted to
buy land someone was already living on. In addition to not being able to
collect taxes, the early government also wasn’t allowed to keep an army
Gen. Josiah Harmar was the first standing by. So they put together a small militia of military volunteers from
man sent to talk with squatters a few states and sent the men to the Northwest Territory to get rid of the
and Native Americans. squatters and negotiate with the Native Americans. It didn’t go very well.
Reading p.1
We’re Free — Let’s Grow! Name:

This Land is Our Land

The squatters complained and resisted. They’d built homes, planted
crops… Where were they supposed to go? Native Americans resisted,
too—sometimes violently. The American government considered
possibilities for getting the Native Americans to leave. War? Too Little Turtle,
expensive. Not only that, many believed it would be wrong to attack chief of the
the Native Americans. So the United States decided to negotiate a Miami people,
treaty with each tribe, paying the tribe for its rights to the land. The led successful
battles against
tribes would move, and the land would be open. Easy, right?
U.S. troops.
Meanwhile, Back in the States...
For a government with few resources, confronting people in the huge
new territory wasn’t so easy. But Americans were afraid to give their
new government too much money or power because they had just
won their freedom from an abusive government. However, the weak-
government approach was causing a lot of problems. So in May 1787,
a group of men met in Philadelphia to work on a solution. The raging
debate that summer was how much power individual states should
The U.S. Constitution was written in the give up to a central government. While they argued, it was business as
summer of 1787. George Washington
led the meeting, then was elected
usual for the Confederation Congress. Miles away in New York,
president. In office, he faced challenges Congress passed a law for the Northwest Territory that would give the
with the Northwest Territory. United States government power over all of America’s future growth.

A Plan for All Time

The July 1787 Northwest Ordinance made the rules for how the new
territory would be incorporated into the United States:
 The new land would come under control of the United States
government. It would not become part of any existing states.
 The land would eventually be divided up and become brand new
states—at least three, but no more than five.
 Congress would appoint a temporary government for each territory
formed in the region.
For a nation debating whether to give the central government more power,
this was a big deal! For the first time, the United States government would
actually control and govern territory all by itself. Although Congress didn’t
say it was making a plan for all time, that’s what ended up happening. Slavery existed in many states but
was prohibited in the new territory.
Move or Be Moved
With a plan in place, settlers flooded into the new territory. Negotiations
were underway with the Native American tribes, but they weren’t too
excited about being restricted to small areas of land. Treaties were
signed—sometimes under threat of war from America—and treaties fell
apart. Violence increased as the tribes realized the bad deal they were
The Road to Fallen Timbers, by H.
getting and fought to keep their land. The white settlers fought to protect
Charles McBarron. The U.S. overcame their new homes, and American soldiers fought to assert American control
most Native American resistance at the of the land. One thing was clear: The United States wasn’t going away.
Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Native Americans in United States territory would move or be moved.
Reading p.2
We’re Free — Let’s Grow!

1785

1775
1790

1780
The Northwest Territory:
An Articles of Confederation
Accomplishment

Projection Master
We’re Free — Let’s Grow! Name:

CLASS ACTIVITY: ALPHABET WORDS

Directions: Cut out the cards below. Each card shows a word beginning with a different letter of the
alphabet. (We had to fudge on X.) Give each student a card. Give students two minutes to figure out how
their word relates to the lesson. Then, go in alphabetical order, asking students to share their word and
explanation.
 Try keeping students involved by having them guess what the next word might be.
 Ask students if they can think of other ways each word relates to the topic.
 The first 26 words below follow the alphabet; words after that are extras in case you need them.
Note: The words “Knowledge” and “Zero” do not appear in the reading and may be appropriate for
students who need a challenge.

Class Activity
We’re Free — Let’s Grow! Name: ** TEACHER GUIDE **
CLASS ACTIVITY: ALPHABET WORDS
Sample Answers (accept all reasonable answers)
Americans — Got ownership of the new land; forced Native Americans out
British — Owned the Northwest Territory before 1783; America fought them during Revolutionary War
Confederation Congress — America’s only central government in the first years after the Revolution
Debate — People debated what should happen to the new territory
Expensive — War was expensive, so America hoped the Native Americans would sign treaties
Five — the maximum number of states the new territory could be divided into
Government — The Northwest Ordinance set up a government for the new territory
Harmar — Gen. Josiah Harmar was the first man sent to talk with squatters and Native Americans
Incorporate — Making the new territory part of the United States
July — the month the Land Ordinance of 1785 was passed
Knowledge — (challenge) Americans probably lacked knowledge about Native American values
Little Turtle — chief of the Miami people who led successful battles against U.S. troops.
Money — the U.S. government needed money, so it decided to sell land in the new territory
Negotiate — the U.S. tried to negotiate with the Native Americans
Ownership — at first, there were issues about ownership of the new territory
Power — many people feared a central government with too much power
Quebec — the new territory used to be part of this British province
Resistance — both squatters and Native Americans resisted moving off the land
Slavery — not allowed in the new territory
Treaty — agreements where the Native Americans agreed to give up their claims to the land
Unauthorized — squatters were unauthorized settlers living in the new territory
Violence — Native Americans sometimes resorted to violence to defend their land
War — new territory was obtained after war w/Great Britain; U.S. didn’t want war with Native Americans
taXes — the early U.S. government did not have the power to collect taxes from citizens
Year — Northwest Ordinance passed in the year 1787
Zero — (challenge) the number of squatters the U.S. wanted in the territory
Cede — individual states had to cede their claims to the new land to the U.S.
Measure — surveyors measured the divisions using a compass and chain
Native Americans — had lived in the new territory for centuries; did not want to leave their lands
Ordinance — Land Ordinance of 1785 & Northwest Ordinance were laws passed about the new territory
Restricted — the U.S. restricted Native Americans to smaller areas of land
Sell — the U.S. wanted to sell pieces of the new territory
Settlers — as soon as the land was available, many settlers moved there
Squatters — lived on the new land without authorization and didn’t want to leave
Surveyor — surveyors divided the new territory into townships and sections
Township — divisions 6 miles square, directed by the Land Ordinance of 1785

Class Activity
We’re Free — Let’s Grow! Name:

A. Survey the Settlers. The surveying directed by the Land Ordinance of 1785 led to the Public Land
Survey System still used by the United States today! A group of settlers decided to build near each
other on the banks of the Peaceful River. Use the reading and the diagrams to answer the questions.

Township

6 5 4 3 2 1
Section 12
(Divided into quarters)
7 8 9 10 11 12
NW ¼ NE ¼
18 17 16 15 14 13

SW ¼ SE ¼
19 20 21 22 23 24

30 29 28 27 26 25

31 32 33 34 35 36

B. Identify the Issues. Adding new territory raised a lot of issues for the U.S. government. Match each
situation with the issue it relates to. But watch out… Only 8 are real situations and issues! Cross out
the two fake situations and issues.

Worksheet p.1
We’re Free — Let’s Grow! Name:

C. The Northwest Ordinance. Read each excerpt from the Northwest Ordinance
and answer the questions.

5. Who do you think this excerpt is talking

about?

1. If Congress appointed the governor, who was a) Free male inhabitants

really in control of the territory’s government? b) Runaway slaves
c) People accused of a crime
_____________________________
d) People who work a lot
2. Underline the length of the governor’s term.
6. Fill in the blanks to paraphrase what this is
3. Underline the number of residents who had to saying:
live in the district before the citizens could
elect their own general assembly. _______________ who _____________ into this
4. The district has 5,103 women and 4,998 men. territory will be ______________ to their owners.
Time to elect representatives?
 Yes  No

11. There are nine rights listed in this excerpt.

Find and circle them:

7. Underline the number of people required for a

state to be admitted.
8. Did women count toward this number?
 Yes  No
9. Would a runaway slave count toward this
number?
 Yes  No
Circle the evidence for your answer.
10. Would the people still have the government
Congress appointed for them?
 Yes  No
Box the evidence for your answer.

Worksheet p.2
We’re Free — Let’s Grow! Name: ** TEACHER GUIDE **

Atlantic
Ocean

Find Those States! The United States started out with just thirteen states. Use the list below
to correctly identify each one on the map. Watch out: Things were a little different back then!

Connecticut New Hampshire Rhode Island

Delaware New Jersey South Carolina
Georgia New York Virginia
Maryland North Carolina
Massachusetts Pennsylvania

Anticipation Activity
 We’re Free… Let’s Grow!
A

C
F
D
G
 
(Your Name Here)
E
H I

K
J

C. This Land is Occupied. Use the clues to find the location of ten
Native American tribes that lived in the region. (Just realize these are
not all the tribes, and the areas shown only give a general idea of
where they lived.) Write the letter of each tribe’s location in the box.
0 Miles 500

Between Wisconsin R. and L. Michigan, below the Menominee

Northwest side of L. Michigan, above the Ho-Chunk  Shade in the state where you live.
In the area of the Wabash and Ohio rivers
 Was it a state in 1783?  Yes  No
Around the west, south, and east sides of L. Michigan
 Draw lines through the Northwest Territory like this:
Around the shores of L. Superior and along L. Huron (2 letters)

Along the Muskegon River and the east shore of L. Michigan  Was your state part of that territory?  Yes  No
Along the Mississippi River, from the Illinois to Wisconsin rivers  If not, draw a line connecting your state to the old Northwest
North of the St. Louis River. Territory.
In the area of the Scioto, Ohio, and Muskingum rivers
 About how many miles away is your state? __________ miles
4 Along the south shore of Lake Erie
 B. I’ve Got a Plan. As Congress debated how many states the new
territory should become, Thomas Jefferson made a suggestion. (It was
rejected.) Connect dots with the same numbers to draw the
boundaries of his proposal. Skip over lakes! Then, use the clues below
to label each proposed state with the names Jefferson thought of.

West of L. Michigan, east of Mississippi R., south of Michigania

Lake Michigan and Lake Huron form two sides of the state

East of Mississippi River, north of Polypotamia

East of Lake Michigan, West of Lake Erie

East of Mississippi River, west of L. Michigan, south of Sylvania

South of Ohio River, made completely from Virginia territory

East of Mississippi River, contains part of the Ohio River

North of Ohio River, west of Washington, east of Illinoia

Bordered by Mississippi R., Lake Superior, and L. Michigan

Bordered by Ohio River, Pennsylvania, and Lake Erie

A. Hey, That’s Ours! When America won its freedom, several states
already claimed parts of the new territory! Follow the directions to
draw each state’s claim on the map. Label which state claimed each
area.

2 3
We’re Free — Let’s Grow! Name: ** TEACHER GUIDE **
A. Survey the Settlers. The surveying directed by the Land Ordinance of 1785 led to the Public Land
Survey System still used by the United States today! A group of settlers decided to build near each
other on the banks of the Peaceful River. Use the reading and the diagrams to answer the questions.

Township
36
6 5 4 3 2 1
Section 12
(Divided into quarters) 6 mi
7 8 9 10 11 12
NW ¼ NE ¼
1 mi
18 17 16 15 14 13

F SW ¼ SE ¼ C
19 20 21 22 23 24

30 29 28 27 26 25 B

31 32 33 34 35 36

B. Identify the Issues. Adding new territory raised a lot of issues for the U.S. government. Match each
situation with the issue it relates to. But watch out… Only 8 are real situations and issues! Cross out
the two fake situations and issues.

Activity p.1
We’re Free — Let’s Grow! Name: ** TEACHER GUIDE **
C. The Northwest Ordinance. Read each excerpt from the Northwest Ordinance
and answer the questions.

5. Who do you think this excerpt is talking

about?

1. If Congress appointed the governor, who was a) Free male inhabitants

really in control of the territory’s government?  b) Runaway slaves
c) People accused of a crime
_________Congress_________
d) People who work a lot
2. Underline the length of the governor’s term.
6. Fill in the blanks to paraphrase what this is
3. Underline the number of residents who had to saying:
live in the district before the citizens could
elect their own general assembly. ___Slaves____ who ___escape____ into this
4. The district has 5,103 women and 4,998 men. territory will be ___returned___ to their owners.
Time to elect representatives?
 No
 Yes 

11. There are nine rights listed in this excerpt.

Find and circle them: (answers are underlined)

7. Underline the number of people required for a

state to be admitted.
8. Did women count toward this number?
 Yes  No
 2 3
9. Would a runaway slave count toward this 4
number?
5
 Yes 
 No
6
Circle the evidence for your answer. 7
8
10. Would the people still have the government
Congress appointed for them?
9
 Yes 
 No
Box the evidence for your answer.

Activity p.2
 We’re Free… Let’s Grow!
A

C
F
D
G

** Teacher Guide ** 
(Your Name Here)
E
H I

K
J

C. This Land is Occupied. Use the clues to find the location of ten
Native American tribes that lived in the region. (Just realize these are
not all the tribes, and the areas shown only give a general idea of
where they lived.) Write the letter of each tribe’s location in the box.
0 Miles 500

D Between Wisconsin R. and L. Michigan, below the Menominee

C Northwest side of L. Michigan, above the Ho-Chunk Shade in the state where you live.
J In the area of the Wabash and Ohio rivers
Was it a state in 1783?  Yes  No
H Around the west, south, and east sides of L. Michigan
Draw lines through the Northwest Territory like this:
B,G Around the shores of L. Superior and along L. Huron (2 letters)
Was your state part of that territory?  Yes  No
F Along the Muskegon River and the east shore of L. Michigan

E Along the Mississippi River, from the Illinois to Wisconsin rivers If not, draw a line connecting your state to the old Northwest
A North of the St. Louis River.
Territory.

K In the area of the Scioto, Ohio, and Muskingum rivers About how many miles away is your state? __________ miles
4
I Along the south shore of Lake Erie
 B. I’ve Got a Plan. As Congress debated how many states the new
territory should become, Thomas Jefferson made a suggestion. (It was
rejected.) Connect dots with the same numbers to draw the
boundaries of his proposal. Skip over lakes! Then, use the clues below
to label each proposed state with the names Jefferson thought of.

West of L. Michigan, east of Mississippi R., south of Michigania

Lake Michigan and Lake Huron form two sides of the state

East of Mississippi River, north of Polypotamia

East of Lake Michigan, West of Lake Erie

East of Mississippi River, west of L. Michigan, south of Sylvania

South of Ohio River, made completely from Virginia territory

East of Mississippi River, contains part of the Ohio River

North of Ohio River, west of Washington, east of Illinoia

Bordered by Mississippi R., Lake Superior, and L. Michigan

Bordered by Ohio River, Pennsylvania, and Lake Erie

SYLVANIA

MICHIGANIA
A. Hey, That’s Ours! When America won its freedom, several states
already claimed parts of the new territory! Follow the directions to
draw each state’s claim on the map. Label which state claimed each
area. METRO-
POTAMIA

SARATOGA
ILLINOIA

“Poly” means
many. “Potamos” POLY-
PELISIPIA
POTAMIA
is the Greek word
for river.
2 3