Unit 2

Climate
 Difference between climate and weather

Weather Climate
Mon
Weather is what conditions Climate is how the atmosphere
Tue of the atmosphere are over "behaves" over relatively long
Wed a short period of time. periods of time
Thu

Fri
Four Climatic zones of Pakistan
 Climatic Elements

The four climatic elements which are responsible for the regional and
seasonal variations in the climate are:
Mon
Temperature
Tue

Wed
Rainfall
Thu

Fri
Pressure and winds
Temperature: PG NO 30 (TEMP KEY}

○ Line graphs shows the temperature of an area

Types of Temperature PG NO 30
 Factors affecting temperature PP NO 31
Latitudinal Effect

Mon Continental Effect(martitime)

Tue

Wed
Altitude and temperature
Thu
Cloud Cover
Fri

Latitude and angle of Sun

 Latitudinal Effect
The areas closer to the Equator receive
relatively direct rays of the sun resulting
in high temperature. The sun rays don’t fall
Mon at the same angle everywhere. Areas near
the equator encounter more amounts of
Tue
sun rays. Southern Pakistan receives more
Wed amounts of sun rays as compared to
Northern Pakistan.
Thu

Fri
 Continental effect & maritime
● Large landmasses away from the
moderating influence of sea experience
Mon
extreme winter and summer
temperatures.
Tue
● The continents are located further away
Wed
from the sea therefore, the
Thu temperatures are not influenced by the
sea water, thus remain unaffected by
Fri maritime influence
 Maritime influence

Maritime influence means the influence of

Mon the sea on temperature
Tue Along coastal areas, ocean currents and
Wed prevailing winds have a moderating effect on
temperature
Thu

Fri
Mon

Tue

Wed

Thu

Fri
Discuss MARITIME VS CONTINENTAL TEMPERATURE
MARITIME CONTINENTAL

● Near Water ● Inland

● Moderating Influence ● Extreme influence
● Summers are cooler and ● Warm, hot summers and
winters are milder. cold winters
● Cyclonic precipitation ● Convectional
● Smaller temperature precipitation
Range. ● Bigger range of
temperature.
Lesson #2
 Altitude and Temperature
The air is densest at sea level because it absorbs most water vapour
dust particles and solar radiation.
Mon
Air is least dense at high altitude because less solar radiation is
Tue absorbed at this level.
Wed
There is average drop of 6.5 C in temperature for each 1000 metre
Thu increase in altitude, so less air to absorb heat at higher altitude.
Fri
 Cloud Cover
affects temperature

Mon reduces the amount of incoming solar radiation by reflecting

Tue back into outer space in daytime, resulting in drop in day temperature
Wed
at night, cloud cover traps the outgoing heat. As a result, temperature
Thu
on a cloudy night does not drop as low as temperature on a clear night
Fri
 Latitudinal Effect and angle of sun
Winter

Mon

Tue

Wed

Thu

Fri

Summer
Mon

Tue

Wed

Thu

Fri
 Oral Questions

● Name the four elements of the Climate ?

● What is Maritime Influence ?
● Give three differences between maritime
and continental temperature?
● Discuss video .
ORAL QUESTIONS
● How many factors do we know
now?

Let’s recall
Wear your Thinking caps
Now… for the next slide…
Can you please help Ahmed understand why he felt different
amount of hotness or coldness in different countries during
his world tour?

He is also confused about

what could be the reason
of these countries being
extremely hot almost all the
time.
 He is also confused about what could be
the reason of these countries being
extremely hot throughout the Year.

Help him know the reason so he will not visit these countries next time.
 ORAL QUESTIONS
• What are the factors influencing the
temperature with cloud cover?
• What are the factors influencing the
temperature WITHOUT cloud cover?
 Lesson 3
Students presentation on Monsoon Rainfall
 Rainfall PG NO 32-36
The quantity of water, expressed in inches, precipitated as
rain, snow, hail, or sleet in a specified area and time interval.

Sources of rainfall in Pakistan:

Monsoon winds

The Western Depression

Convectional Currents

Relief rainfall

Tropical cyclones
 Monsoon winds pp no 32-33 fig no 2.11 a 2.11 b
 Monsoon winds are seasonal winds which blow during summer
and winter. The summer winds are called South-west monsoons
and the winter winds are called North-east monsoons.

 South-west monsoon are giant sea breezes which bring rainfall.

when the oceans are less heated and land is more heated. The air
from the land rises developing a low pressure and it attracts the
cool air causing heavy rainfall.

 North-east monsoons blow from the land towards the sea.

These winds are generated on dry land, hence causing slow
shower rainfall.
 Discuss video

What are Important factors in

video?
 Lesson no 4

Students presentation on Sources of rainfall

 Rainfall PG NO 32-36
The quantity of water, expressed in inches, precipitated as
rain, snow, hail, or sleet in a specified area and time interval.

Sources of rainfall in Pakistan:

The Western Depression

Convectional Currents

Relief rainfall

Tropical cyclones
 Western Depression BOOK PG N0 33 with fig
2.14 & fig 2.2.4 on pp 37

Western Depression are the cyclones

which originate in Mediterranean Sea.

travel across Afghanistan and Iran and

then reach the western part of Pakistan.
 .
 Oral questions :
✓ What south-western and north-eastern
monsoon?
✓ Which areas in Pakistan receive more
rainfall from monsoon?
✓ Why western areas of Pakistan receive
more rainfall from western depressions?
 Convectional Currents BOOK PG 35
Hot air rises during summer and when it
reaches the high layer of atmosphere,
condensation takes place causing
rainfall.

Only northern and north western areas of

Pakistan receive rainfall from
Convectional currents.
Southern Pakistan despite being more
hot then the northern areas experience
less rainfall because of temperature
inversion layer.
 .
 Temperature Inversion layer PG NO 35 FIG 2.19

 A temperature inversion layer exists

over Sindh and areas of Makran coast
 .
during the monsoon season (July-
August), around the height of 1-2 km.
 The presence of this layer means that
moist air is not allowed to rise due to
presence of dense cold air above.
 Thus the moist air can’t rise further so
can’t be cooled and as a result these
areas receive little rainfall during the
monsoons
 .
 Relief Rainfall BOOK PG NO 35

It occurs when moist unstable air moves

up a mountain edge and it is chilled,

heavy condensation takes place.

 Tropical Cyclones PG NO 36
Tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall for

few hours and can cause a lot of

destruction.

They originate in Arabian Sea quite often

but rarely reach the coast of Pakistan.

This source of rainfall is totally

unreliable
 Pressure and Winds PG 36
The high temperature in summer causes
the hot air to rise up and form a
low-pressure zone.
At the same time oceans and seas have
comparatively low temperature
because water absorbs and discharges
heat slowly as compared to the
land. The air pressure over the oceans
and seas is higher than the land
which leads to the movements of
monsoon
winds from sea to land which
are moisture-laden and bring heavy
rainfall
to the upper and lower Indus Plain in
the months of July and August.
During winter the whole situation
is reversed because the
pressure over the land gradually
increases and a high-pressure
area is created in the north-west
of Pakistan.
The summer monsoons gradually
retreat in autumn and are replaced
by land winds blowing out from the
high-pressure area. These winds are
Called the winter monsoon or the
North-east monsoon.
Shiza lives in Punjab Pakisatn. Every Summer Vacations she insists her
parents to move to their beach house near Karachi Coast.

Her parents never understood the reason. Please help them Know why she says so.
 ● Yayyy ! Don’t you all also enjoy rainfall as much as they are
doing?
● Time to recall the types of rainfall.
● How many can you name and define successfully?

✓ Discuss Different sources of rainfall. ( convectional , western

depression )
✓ What areas of Pakistan receive rainfall from Convectional
currents?
✓ Temperature inversion layer exists over which region of
Pakistan?
 Lesson no 5

Students presentation on Flood and storms

River flood pp no 42

● Overflow of large amount of water beyond its

normal limit, especially over what is normally
dry land.
● Excessive water in rivers bring flood
Reasons of floods refer to pp no 42 fig.2.36

● climate change.

● Heavy rainfall

● Excessive melting of snow

● excessive cutting of tress which increases surface run off, t

● Increased water pollution is increasing threatening mangroves

● The embankments around the river are not heightened, water easily reaches the

settlements.

● Less capacity in dams

Ways to reduce the risk of floods
Effects of flood
BENEFITS OF FLOOD PP NO 43

● return nutrients to the land

● contribute to the health of wetlands
● distribute rich sediments and refresh stream.
● A flooded field could be used to cultivate rice
● Allowing rivers and streams to overflow can prevent more
serious flooding
● The high level of fish production because of nutrients
● recharge the ground water supplies.
Storms PP NO 43 -44

● any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere especially

affecting its surface, and strongly implying severe.

● It may be marked by
strong wind, hail, thunder and/or lightning (a thunderstorm),
● heavy precipitation (snowstorm, rainstorm), heavy freezing rain (ice
storm),
● strong winds (tropical cyclone, windstorm)
 Questions
● Which areas in Pakistan are hit by tropical cyclones?
● What are natural and human causes of flood ?
 Lesson no 6

Students presentation on drought

Drought AND ITS TYPE
● Drought is an extended period when a region notes a deficiency in its water
supply. A drought can last for months or years, or may be declared after as
few as 15 days. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently
below average precipitation
● Types of Droughts in Pakistan:
Effects of drought PP NO 45
● the land is turned into a desert
● soil is exposed leading to soil erosion,
● many species are extinct.
● There’s rise in temperature and loss of vegetation,
● drought affect
● Population
● Loss of life because of widespread famines, malnutrition, health
problems and starvation
● Nomadic lifestyle
Drought management PP NO 47
● Water storage schemes:
● reservoirs and dams should be built.
● The areas that receive heavy rainfall can utilize the water
through perennial canal system.
● desalination process should be used,
● conversion of waste water in to clean water through
chemical treatment
● Drought resistant seeds should be used
● High priority should be given to the allocation of water to
industrial areas and to meet the basic needs of people.
 Lesson no 7

EFFECTS ON CLIMATE ON ECONOMIC

Climatic REGIONS of Pakistan and life and economic activities of people
 Climatic Zones of Pakistan PG NO 28 -29 & 38-42
Pakistan’s topographical features range from lofty mountains in the north
to the coastal plains in the south which leads to a variety Of climates.

Due to divisions of different types of climates, Pakistan is divided into

four climate zones.

A Highland zone

B Lowland zone

C Coastal zone

D Arid zone
Highland Zone
 Highland zone
Region:northern, north-western and western Mountains.

Areas: Chitral, Murree, Muzzafarabad, Drosh, Quetta, Kalat, Parachinar,

Waziristan
Climate:
winters are long, cold and snowy
summers remain short and mild
Relief Rainfall
Rainfall in Northern Mountain is highest.
Rainfall in the western mountain is less
The temperature conditions also vary from north to west depending on the
altitude.
North:
summers are short and mild
Winters are very cold

West:
summers are dry and warm
Winters are mild warm

Sources of Rainfall :

Relief rainfall
Monsoon rainfall
Thunderstorms
Western Depression
Effects of climate on life and economic activities:

Highland zone:
● The growth of trees is retarded because of severe cold
winters.
● At some places rivers and torrents also freeze
● During winter farming is not practiced
● people are involved in indoor activities.
● Transhumance is also practiced
● Some tribes live there as nomadic herdsman
● Many northern areas are not accessible
● Lack of water supply discourages human settlements
Lowland Zone
 Lowland Zone
Region: Indus plain except the Coastal
areas.
Areas: Islamabad, Sialkot, Sarghoda,
Multan, Jacobabad, and Sukkur.
Climate:
hot summers, cool winters and summer
monsoon rainfall.
Thunderstorms are also common in north
and north-west of the Indus plain.
Winters are cool-mild
Summers are hot
Sources of Rainfall:

Convectional rainfall in northern Punjab

Western depression in northern Punjab

Monsoon rainfall
Effects of climate on life and economic activities:
Lowland Zone:
● The plain is drained through four tributaries of
Indus River
● It is the most productive region of Pakistan.
● There is a well developed canal system to grow
crops such as millet, wheat, cotton and
sugarcane
● Population is high and there’s moderate rainfall
and tolerable temperature.
● Agro - based Industries are present.
LESSON NO 8
Arid Zone
 Arid Zone
Regions: South-eastern desert, and South-
western Balochistan
Areas: Kharan Desert South-western
Balochistan, South-eastern desert.
Climate:
dry and hot.
Hot dusty winds prevail continuously
from mid –May to mid-September,
rainfall takes place during winter season
in south-western Balochistan.
extreme heat, dust storms are the main
features of this arid climate.

winters are cool-mild

summers are hot

summers are very hot during the day

little rainfall from Western Depression

and monsoon winds.
Effects of climate on life and economic activities:

Arid Zone:
● The region is deficient of moisture.
● the temperature is so extreme that it isn’t suitable for habitation or
cultivation.
● The majority of people are nomadic.
● Karez system is practiced.
● Through perennial canals many areas are irrigated.
● People there wear thick and rough clothes.
Coastal Zone
Coastal zone
● Region: Indus Delta, Karachi and Makran coast
● Areas: Karachi, Jiwani, Pasni, Ormara and Gwadar
● Climate:
● the maritime influence keeps the daily temperature low.
● The humidity level is usually high, more than 50% from
April to September.
● Means monthly temperature is 32۫C and May, June and
October are the hottest month.
● During October the climate is dominated by dry winds
from south-eastern desert.
● Rainfall is scanty; the rainfall is experienced during
monsoon season.
 Sources of Rainfall

Rainfall is scanty; the rainfall is

experienced during monsoon season.

Monsoon rainfall

Western depression

Tropical cyclones
Effects of climate on life and economic activities:

Coastal Zone:
● The rainfall takes place during monsoon season,
● many tourist visit Karachi in November and February.
● The development of Gwadar port had made is a major district of
Pakistan and had contributed in the economic development of
Balochistan.
● Economic activities could be carried out throughout the year because
of moderate climate.
● Farming is possible.
● the sea ports are operational throughout the year
● air flights are rarely cancelled.
● all types of industries are present there.
● during summer months, tropical cyclones sometimes cause coastal
flooding in low-lying areas causing damage to infrastructure.
● Fishing is nearly impossible when the sea is wild and fishing
communities face losses.
Can you quickly name all four regions again?
LESSON NO 9 & 10

WORKSHEET NO 1 & 2