Tugas TTT (GIS) Hafiz Patria Akbar 1910952028

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TUGAS TEKNIK TEGANGAN TINGGI

KELAS A

OLEH:
HAFIZ PATRIA AKBAR
1910952028

JURUSAN TEKNIK ELEKTRO


FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS
PADANG
2021
1. Please describe how the gas insulation work in the gas insulated switchgear (GIS) in detail.
Complete you you argument/explanation with at least 5 refrences form IEEExplore.
Answer :

The GIS insulation system is a mixed insulation, consisting of both SF6 and solid insulation
materials. Besides the insulation properties of the gas, the behaviour of the solid insulation has to
be considered. Normally support insulators are made of epoxy resign filled with a filler like
alumina or silica material. There are different design for insulators regarding shape and inserts
for electrical field steering[1].

Presently, the Gas insulated switchgears (GIS) are used extensively in the power transmission
and distribution systems worldwide. The compactness and durability of Gas insulated switchgear
is the key reason for their popularity. The compactness is mainly because of presence of SF6 gas,
having the best characteristics as an insulating and quenching medium. SF6 gas, though provides
a good insulation resistance, it is also considered harmful to the environment because of its
greenhouse effect. Though it is not a major contributor to global warming, it has got long term
footprints on the environment. Thus, it has become a necessity to have a solution which protects
environment and provides resource efficiency without comprising the operational benefits. Clean
air & vacuum technologies in high voltage switchgears have been developed in recent times as an
alternative to the existing SF6 technology. This provides a completely environmental friendly
solution[2].

With the use of SF6 the modern technology the world’s first SF6 high-voltage gas-insulated
switchgear was introduced into the market 1968, using SF6 as the insulating and arc-quenching
medium for the first time ever. SF6 switchgear installed in Canada in a 550kV substation with
100kA as the highest breaking capacity ever achieved in one of the steps of development since
then. Consistent research and development and innovative energy led to the third generation of
nowadays compact and overall optimized switchgear. GIS technology is typically of modular
design and filled with a minimum of SF6. It has low- LCC cost and can be used for indoor and
outdoor application[3].
Gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) is composed of circuit breakers, disconnectors, grounding
switches, transformers, surge arresters, busbars, connectors and outlet terminals, etc. These
devices or components are all enclosed in a metal-grounded shell and filled with SF6 gas that has
excellent insulation performance, so it is also called SF6 fully enclosed combined electrical
appliance. If GIS fault is not detected and repaired in time, it may further affect the safety of the
entire power system and cause greater losses. Therefore, fast and accurate GIS fault diagnosis is
a prerequisite for repairing faults in time and avoiding greater losses. However, traditional GIS
fault diagnosis mainly relies on personal experience, so both efficiency and accuracy need to be
improved. With the development of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and big
data, traditional methods are being replaced by advanced technologies, such as expert systems,
machine learning, and deep learning[4].

Based on the high reliability and superior benefit of GIS, many HV components in the electric
power system have been studied to use SF6 gas as an insulating medium. Gas insulated
transmission line (GITL) which was already used in service, could be applied economically for
short transmission lines instead of power cables. GITL has a large current capacity compared
with oil power cable, and application of GITL will increase further because of the growth in
current rating. An SF6 gas transformer was developed to meet the non-flammable requirement of
urban substations and has been working in service since 1982. Forced gas cooling temperatures
cover up to 40 MVA. For higher rating, gas-vapor cooled type gas transformers are applied. A
275 kV, 300 MVA SF6 gas-insulated transformer has been developed and successfully passed a
long-term energization test. SF6 gas insulating substation equipment such as reactors, power
capacitors and neutral (grounding) resistors are also developed recently. SF6 gas insulation is
quite promising for totally oilfree gas insulated substations and to meet the environmental
restrictions of urban underground substations[5].
2. Why the gas insulation could fail in the GIS and how the process take part starting from the
beginning until complete discharge taken place, at least 5 refrences from IEEExplore.
Answer :

Despite of the high reliability of modern gas insulated switch gear and substations (GIs), failures
still occur in their long term operation. Some of these failures are preceded to small variations of
gas compositions within the shielded compartments of a GI S.Thus the prediction of the gas
quality within the compartment should be attainable on the basis of a sensitive analytical
monitoring system by sensing the insulating gas continuously. Such a monitoring system for GIS
and SF6-filted circuit breakers was realised on the basis of ion mobility spectrometers (IMS).
Especially, partial discharge IMS provides power utilities a diagnostic tool able to perform on-
site monitoring and event controlled inspections of the sF6 gas.
During the past few decades the use of sulphur hexafluorid (SF6) filled gas insulated substations
increased considerably. This design of the switchgear is more compact, has the potential to
increase system reliability, and has less maintenance and longer service life. In spite of the high
reliability achieved, failures still occur during long term operation which can cause severe
damages and be costly to repair. Partial discharge (over a long period), sparcs and power arcs
which belong to the normal operation of high voltage 0-7803-7337-5/02/$17.0002002 IEEE.
switches lead to a decomposition of the insulating gas SF6 . The products formed are highly
corrosive (e.g. HF) and some of them extremly toxic (e.g. S~FIO). Accordingly, insulating
spacers and other components could be exposed to a corrosive medium for long time periods.
With a diagnostic tool like the Ion Mobility Spectrometer it is possible to provide an on-site and
on-line analysis of the insulating gas SF6. This technique was developed for environmental
monitoring using a low cost, rugged and highly mobile instrument. In the following ,paper results
of an supervision of a substation will be summerised with the respect to the question that full
recombination of decomposition products in a switchgear will be achieved or additional
maintenance will be necessary[6].
Mechanical malfunction or failure is the principal failure type of gas insulated switchgear(GIS)
within transformer substations. Therefore, on-line monitoring of the mechanical characteristics of
GIS is of utmost significance to achieve safe, stable and reliable operation of power systems. a
simulated GIS is constructed in laboratory and two common GIS faults like screws loosening and
free particle vibration are built on it. In addition to discharging fault, mechanical failure is one of
the main failure of GIS in practice. Research results of China Electric Power Research
Institute(CEPRI) show that abnormal vibration does great harm to the equipment. Abnormal
vibration will damage the insulator and insulating column and effect the strong of ground point
of shell. The long-term vibration may cause bolt looseness, gas leakage, reduced pressure and
insulated accidents. Therefore, it is an important means to ensure the safe operation of GIS by
strengthening the detection of GIS mechanical failure. Foreign scholars believe that it is feasible
to detect abnormal contact adopting the method to measuring the vibration signals on the shell.
Domestic scholars carry out the research to diagnose the GIS faults through vibration detection
and it is considered that typical vibration signal analysis can be used to detect the potential faults.
However, a systematic and comparative study on this topic has not been reported yet. common
GIS mechanical failures like screw loosening and free particle vibration are set and the Kullback-
Leiber divergences (hereafter referred to as K-L divergence) between signals are calculated.
Then the change of K-L divergence values between signals is discussed when GIS appear screw
loosening or free particle vibration[7].

Two common GIS failure like screws loosening and particle vibration are built, which has proved
its effectiveness and precise. Despite its many advantages, practical experiences show that there
are still in–service failures happened in it. For example, the encapsulation of each GIS
component makes fault location difficult; once the facilities are breakdown, it is difficult to
achieve on-site maintenance given its complex structure. Therefore, it is necessary to real-time
monitor GIS operation, which increases the dependability of the power supplies. The conductor
and the shell have their own vibration mechanism frequency during operation of the GIS
equipment. When GIS faults happen in the actual operation, they are usually accompanied by
abnormal vibration signals. The variety of each vibration signals emitted during GIS abnormal
operation indicates that signals analysis may be adopted to detect GIS abnormal vibrations,
including screws loosening, particle vibration. In this paper, vibration measurement is chosen to
detect the defects, because of its relatively better and anti-interference ability. In recent years, the
detection technology of vibration has been progressed rapidly with the development and
application of sensor technology. Vibration is a suitable parameter when monitoring the
mechanical condition of GIS. However, vibrations from a working GIS are often readily
available, but obtaining them from a defective GIS is not as easy. In this paper, the GIS vibration
measurement system is set up and scale models of GIS is structured under simulated condition in
laboratory. Two common GIS failure like screws loosening and particle vibration are built on the
scale models of GIS, it indicates that based on the analysis of different conditions, the typical
defects in GIS can be identified exactly. In former researches, many efforts have been made to
study the partial discharge (PD) by imitate the defects in a GIS online. However, there is little
research about GIS mechanical failure. In this paper, Empirical Mode Transform (EMD) is
proposed to analyze the vibration signal, then Intrinsic Mode Function is obtained. Feature
matrix and similarity matrix are defined based on the power spectral density function and vector
space model, forming the criterion of GIS mechanical failure. Its representation in this study
demonstrates that this method is effective[8].

Partial discharge (PD) and partial over-thermal (POT) are the major failure modes of gas
insulated switchgear (GIS), the measurement of which are among the most important methods of
diagnosing insulation failure in GIS. . Failure analysis reveals that insulation failure is the root
cause for more than 60% of high voltage equipment damage. The occurrence of partial discharge
(PD) and partial over-thermal (POT) are key indicators of insulation failure. Therefore, it is
important to detect PD and POT to prevent a serious power failure. PD could be caused by
various inner insulation defects, which will result in different degrees of destruction to GIS. POT
is often induced by poor contact between plum prods, uneven silver of contacts et al. These
insulation defects may be harmless initially and not easy to be detected by routine testing,
however, with the prolongation of operation, they will reduce the insulation performance of the
equipment seriously. Techniques for PD detection and recognition include acoustic, chemistry,
and electricity et al. Although these techniques can effectively detect PD, but still have their
drawbacks. The pulse current technique has a weak capacity for resisting interference, which is
not suitable for online detection. When PD and POT occur, the energy generated by these two
kinds of failures will lead to the decomposition of SF6 . Researches show that the decomposed
component information can not only be used to reveal the development process of PD, but also
can be used to diagnose POT.This offers an idea that these two kinds of failures both can be
detected through analyzing SF6 decomposition products. It is actually a chemical method, and it
is rarely affected by noise and electromagnetic interferences[9].

Many power failures are produced directly or indirectly because of the insulation system of
utility components. The selection of the insulation should ensure power plant operational
continuity along with completely resolving or significantly limiting the actual power system’s
failures. Gas insulated substations (GIS) have the best insulation performance which ensures
achieving minimum failure incidents, although at high installation cost. The most common
insulating gas used in GIS is Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas, which is widely used as an effective
electrical insulation as well as an arc-quenching medium. Basic GIS and gas insulated
transmission lines (GITL or GIL) consist of a conductor supported by solid insulators inside an
enclosure filled with SF6 gas or its mixture. As components of GIS installations are enclosed in
metal tanks filled with pressurized SF6, possibilities for their visual inspections are limited. So,
diagnostics of GIS, unlike conventional switchgear, mainly rely on real-time monitoring of
partial discharge (PD) activity, without a need to shut down and remove the insulating gas.
Although failure incidents in GIS are sporadic, they become extremely critical and destructive
when occurring. The development in GIS tends to reduce the SF6 utilization, size, and chances of
leakages. However, flashover happens in GIS resulting in significantly longer outage times and
greater costs as compared with conventional AIS. Most of these failures and power outages are
due to the presence of metallic particles, either moving freely or attached to the surface, which
appear during installation, mechanical vibration, and surface roughness inside the assembly on
the surfaces of support insulators, enclosures, or HV conductors. By-products produced with
decomposition of insulating gases during the pre-breakdown process are toxic and reactive in
nature which creates further problems in the operation of GIS. Therefore, different diagnostic
techniques have been used to check and regulate its operation and to provide timely services and
preventive measures[10].
References :
[1] Meinecke, H. (1995). High voltage gas insulated switchgear: an overview. IEE
Colloquium on GIS (Gas-Insulated Switchgear) at Transmission and Distribution
Voltages.
[2] Thummapal, D., Kothari, S., & Thirumalai, M. (2019). Emerging Technologies in High
Voltage Gas Insulated Switchgear-Clean Air GIS and NCIT. 2019 International
Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Technology (ICHVET).
[3] Bolin, P., & Koch, H. (2008). Gas insulated substation GIS. 2008 IEEE/PES
Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition.
[4] Meng, F., Liu, H., & Wang, J. (2020). Research and Analysis on Fault Diagnosis of Gas
Insulated Switchgear. 2020 12th International Conference on Computational Intelligence
and Communication Networks (CICN).
[5] Hayashi, K., Yamauchi, T., Marutani, T., & Sasamori, K. (1986). Gas-Insulated
Switchgear and Interrupter. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, EI-21(6), 975–
979.
[6] Pilzecker, P., & Baumbach, J. I. (n.d.). Evaluation of gas insulated substations and circuit
breakers using partial discharge - IMS. Conference Record of the the 2002 IEEE
International Symposium on Electrical Insulation (Cat. No.02CH37316).
[7] Hou, Y., Zhao, T., Zheng, H., Shi, L., & Zou, L. (2016). Discriminant approach to the
GIS mechanical fault diagnosis based on the K-L divergence of vibration signals. 2016
IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Application (ICHVE).
[8] Wu, Z., Liu, B., Wu, L., Ma, S., Ren, B., Su, J., & Hou, Y. (2016). Analysis of GIS
Mechanical Vibration Signal Based on EMD Algorithm. 2016 3rd International
Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE).
[9] Dai, D., Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, J. (2017). GIS Insulation Fault
Diagnosis Based on Detection of SF6 Decomposition Products. 2017 9th International
Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA).
[10] Khan, Q., Refaat, S. S., Abu-Rub, H., & Toliyat, H. A. (2019). Partial discharge
detection and diagnosis in gas insulated switchgear: State of the art. IEEE Electrical
Insulation Magazine, 35(4), 16–33.

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