Bedok South Secondary School

Additional Mathematics

Name: ______________________________ ( ) Date: ___________

Class: __________

Concept Mastery Worksheet - Polynomials

Question 1
5 3 2
Given that, for all values of x, x −2 x +x −3≡( x−1)( x +1)Q( x )+Ax +B ,
where Q(x) is a polynomial, find the value of A and of B.

Question 2
10 3 2
It is given that for all values of x, x −px +q=( x −1 )Q( x )+4 x+3 where Q(x) is
a
polynomial.
(a) State the degree of the polynomial Q(x).
(b) Find the value of p and of q.

Question 3
4 2 2 2
(a) Given the identity x + x + x+1=( x + A )( x −1 )+Bx +C , find the value of A,
of B and of C.
(b) By substituting a suitable value for x in the identity, find the remainder when
100 010 101 is divided by 101.

Question 4
4 3 2 2 2
Given that x −x +3 x −3 x +7=( x + 4 )( x −x + A )+ Bx+ C for all values of x,
find the values of A, B and C. Hence, or otherwise, write down the remainder when
4 3 2
x −x +3 x −3 x +7 is divided by x2 + 4.

Question 5
(a) Find the numerical values of the constants A, B and C such that
x 4 + Ax 3 +5 x 2 + x+3≡( x 2 +4 ) ( x 2−x + B )+Cx−1 for all values of x.
(b) Hence, or otherwise find the remainder when x4 + Ax3 + 5x2 + x + 3 is divided by
(x2 + 4).

Question 6
The expression x3 + ax2 + bx + c, where a, b and c are constants, leaves a remainder of
2x−1 when divided by x 2−x−2 and a remainder of 9 when divided by x−1 .
Find the values of a, b and c.

Question 7
3 2
The expression px +qx −7 x+q , where p and q are constants, leaves a remainder
of R when divided by x+1 and a remainder of 2R + 4 when divided by x−2 .

1
(a) Show that 10 p+q=32 .
(b) Given that pq=6 and p > q, find the value of p and of q.
Question 8
3 2
It is given that f (x )=2 x +9 x −2 x +2 .
(a) Find the remainder when f(x) is divided by x 2 +4 x−3 .
(b) Hence solve the equation f (x )−5=0 , leaving your answers in exact form.

Question 9
3 2
When the expression 3 x + px −5 x+q is divided by x + 2, the remainder is 7R.
When it is divided by x−1 , the remainder is R. Given also that the expression is
exactly divisible by x−2 ,
(a) find the values of p and q,
3 2
(b) hence, solve the equation 3 x + px −5 x+q=0 .

Question 10
The polynomial f(x) = 2x3 + ax2 + 4x + b , where a and b are
constants, leaves the same
remainder when divided by ( x−1) and (x+2) respectively. f(x) is also
exactly divisible
by (x + 1).
(a) Find the value of a and of b.
(b) Using the values of a and b found in part (a), solve the equation
2x3 + ax2 + 4x + b = 0 , expressing non-integer roots in the
form c±√ d , where c and d are integers.
(c) Hence find the values of y which satisfy the equation
2(y + 1)3 + a(y + 1)2 + 4(y + 1) + b = 0 .

Question 11
3 2
Given that f (x )=2 x −x −15 x +18 .
(a) Show that x + 3 is a factor of f(x).
3 2 2
(b) Given that 2 x −x −15 x +18=( x +3)( Ax +Bx+C ) where A, B and C are
constants, find the values of A, B and C.
(c) Hence solve the equation f(x) = 0.
6 4 2
(d) Use the solutions of f(x) = 0 to solve this equation 2 x −x =15 x −18 .

Question 12
4 2 2 2
(a) Given the identity x + x + x+1≡( x + A )( x −1 )+Bx +C , determine the
numerical value of A, of B and of C.
(b) By giving x a suitable value and using the answers found in (a), find the remainder
when 100010101 is divided by 9999.

Question 13
The coefficient of the term containing the highest power of x in the polynomial f(x)
is −2 . The roots of the equation f(x) = 0 are 0,−1, 3 and a , where a is an integer.
2
Given that f(x) has a remainder of 40 when divided by x + 2, find the value of a.

Question 14
2n
The expression x − p is exactly divisible by (x + 3). When it is divided by (x + 1),
there is a remainder of −80 . Calculate the positive integral value of p and of n.
With these values of p and n, factorize the expression completely.

Question 15
The highest-order term of a polynomial f(x) is 3x4. Three of the roots of the equation
1
f (x )=0 are 0, and −1
3 respectively. When f(x) is divided by ( x−2) , the
remainder is
30. Find an expression for f(x) in descending powers of x.

Question 16
The cubic polynomial f(x), is such that the coefficient of x3 is 6 and the roots of the
1 1
f (x )=0 are ,− and m
equation 3 2 . Given that f(x) has a remainder of −6 when
divided by ( x−1) , find the value of m.

Question 17
4 3
The polynomial f(x) is defined by x −5 x + px+q . When f(x) is divided by
x 2−x−2 , the remainder is −9 x+3 .
(a) Find the value of p and q.
(b) With these values of p and q, find also the remainder when (x + 2)3f(x) is divided by
x 2−1 .

Question 18
When a polynomial f (x) is expressed in descending powers of x, the first term is 6x4.

It is given that
( 12 )=0 , f (3)=0 and x −4 x +1
f − 2

is a factor of f (x).
Find
(a) an expression for f (x) in descending power of x.
(b) the number of real roots of the equation f (x) = 0, justifying your answer.
(c) the remainder when f (x) is divided by x−2 .

Question 19
2
The remainder when ax +5 x−2 is divided by x−1 is twice the remainder when
2
x +ax−1 is divided by the same divisor. Find the value of a and hence find the
2
remainder when ax +5 x−2 is divided by 2x + 1.

Question 20
3 2
When the expression 3 x +hx −5 x +k is divided by (x + 2), the reminder is 7R.
When it is divided by ( x−1) , the remainder is R.

3
(a) Show that h=−2 k .
(b) It is also given that the expression is exactly divisible by ( x−2) . Find the value
of h and of k.
3 2
(c) Hence, find the number of real roots of the equation 3 x +hx −5 x +k =0 ,
justifying your answer.
End of Worksheet

4
[Answer Key]
Question 1
A=−1, B=−2
Question 2
(a) 8 (b) p=−4 ,q=2
Question 3
(a) A=2, B=1 , C=3 (b) 2
Question 4
x + 11
Question 5
(a) A=−1, B=1 and C=5 (b) 5 x−1
Question 6
a=−6 , b=5, c=9
Question 7
(b) p = 3, q = 2-
Question 8
(a) 5 (b) x=−2± √7
Question 9
1
x=2 , or −1
(a) p=−4 ,q=2 (b) 3
Question 10
(a) a=10 ,b=−4 (b) −1,−2± √6 (c) −2,−3±√ 6
Question 11
(b) A=2, B=−7 , C=6 (c) x=−3, 1.5, 2 (d) x=±1.22, ±1.41
Question 12
(a) A = 2, B = 1, C = 3 (b) 103
Question 13
−4
Question 14
p=81 , n=2; f ( x )=( x−3)( x +3 )(x 2 +9)
Question 15

Question 16
2
Question 17
(a) p = 1, q = 7 (b) R = 48x + 60
Question 18
4 3 2
(a) 6 x −39 x +57 x +21 x−9 (b) 4 roots (c) 45
Question 19
3
a=3 , Remainder=−3
4
Question 20
(b) k =2 ,h=−4 (c) 3

5
[Solution]

Question 1
5 3 2
x −2 x +x −3≡( x−1)( x +1)Q( x )+Ax +B

Let x= 1, A+B=−3

Let x=−1 ,− A +B=−1

2B=−4
B=−2
A=−1
Question 2
(b) When x = 1,
1− p+q=4+3
p=q−6 −(1)

When x=−1 ,
1+p +q=−4 +3
p+q=−2 −(2)

Sub (1) into (2), q−6+q=−2

q=2
Sub q = 2 into (1),
p=q−6
=2−6
p=−4
∴ p=−4,q=2
Question 3
(a)
x 4 + x2 + x+1=( x 2 + A )( x 2−1 )+Bx +C
x 4 + x2 + x+1=( x 2 + A )( x−1)( x +1)+Bx+C

Let x = 1, 4=B+C
Let x=−1 , 2=−B+C

∴C=3, B=1
Let x = 0.

6
 1( A )(−1)(1 )+C
1=− A+3
A=2
(b)
100010101=1+100+10000+100000000
=(100)4 +(100 )2 +(100 )+1
9999=10000−1
¿(100 )2−1
By letting x = 100,
4 2 2
(100) +(100 ) +(100)+1=((100 ) +2)(100−1)(100+1 )+(100)+3

Remainder = 2

Question 5
(a) Comparing coefficient of constants,
3=4 B−1
B=1
3
Comparing coeff . of x , A=−1
Sub. x = 1,
1−1+5+1+3=5(1)+c −1
9=4+c
c=5
Question 6
Using the division algorithm,
x 3 +ax 2 +bx +c=Q1 ( x )( x 2−x−2)+2 x −1
¿ Q 1 ( x )( x−2 )( x +1 )+ 2 x−1

Sub. x = 2,
8+4 a+2 b+c=3
4 a+2 b+c=−5 −(1)

Sub. x=−1 ,
−1+a−b+c=−3
a−b+c=−2 −(2)

Using the division algorithm,

x 3 +ax 2 +bx +c=Q2 ( x )( x−1)+ 9

7
Sub. x = 1,
1+a+b+c=9
a+b +c=8 −(3)

(2)−(3), −2b=−10
b=5

Sub. b=5 into (2 ), a+c=3 −( 4 )

(1)−(4 ), 3a+2 b=−8 −(5 )

Sub. b = 5 into (5),

3a=−18
a=−6
From (3),
−6+5+c=8
c=9
Question 7
3 2
(a) Substitute x=−1 into px +qx −7 x+q .
p (−1 )3 +q (−1)2 −7(−1)+q=R
− p+q+7 +q=R
− p+2 q+7=R −(1)
3 2
Substitute x = 2 into px +qx −7 x+q .
p( 2)3 + q( 2 )2−7 ( 2)+q=2 R+4
8 p +4 q−14+q=2 R+4
8 p +5 q−14=2 R+ 4 −( 2)

Substitute (1) into (2),

8 p +5 q−14=2(− p+2 q+7)+4
10 p+q=32 (shown )

(b) 10 p+q=32 −(1)

pq=6
6
q= −(2 )
p
Substitute (1) into (2),

8
 6
10 p+ =32
P
10 p2 −32 p+ 6= 0
2( 5 p2 −16 p+3 )=0
( 5 p−1)( p− 3)= 0
1
p= ( rejected ) or 3
5

q=2
Question 8
(a)
2 x+1
x 2 +4 x−3 3 2
|2x +9x −2 x+2
2 x3 +8 x 2−6 x
x 2 +4 x+2
x 2 +4 x−3
5
Remainder = 5

Alternatively,
2
Let f (x )=( x +4 x−3 )(ax+b )+c

2
By comparing coefficients, f (x )=( x +4 x−3 )(2 x +1)+5

Remainder = 5

(b)
From ( x2 +4 x−3)(2 x+1 )=0
( x 2 +4 x−3 )=0 or (2 x+1)=0

1 −4±√ 4 2 −4 (1)(−3)
x=− or x=
2 2(1)
−4±√28
x=
2
x=−2± √7
Question 9
3 2
(a) Let f (x )=3 x + px −5 x+q

f (−2 )=7 R
9
 3(−2)3 p(−2)2 −5(−2)+ q=7 R
−24+ 4 p+10+q=7 R
4 p+ q−14=7 R
q=7 R−4 p+14
f (1 )=R
3(1)3 + p (1)2 −5(1)+q=R
3+ p−5+ q=R
R= p+ q−2
f (2 )=0
3( 2)3 + p ( 2)2 −5( 2)+ q=0
24+ 4 p−10+ q=0
14+ 4 p+q=0
q=−4 p−14

Sub.(2 ) into (1), q=7( p +q−2)−4 p+14

q=7 p +7 q−14−4 p+14
q=3 p+7 q
−6 q=3 p
1
q=− p
2
1
Sub.(3) into (4 ), −4 p−14=− p
2
1
−3 p=14
2
p=−4

1
q=− (−4 )
2
=2

(b) 3 x3 −4 x 2−5 x +2=0

Since ( x−2) is a factor.

10
 3x 2 +2x−1
x−2
| 3 x 3−4 x 2 −5x+2
3x 3 −6 x 2
2
2 x −5 x
2 x2−4 x
−x+2
−x+2
0

3 x 3 −4 x 2 −5 x+ 2=0
( x−2)(3 x 2 +2 x−1)=0
( x−2)(3 x−1)( x +1)=0
1
x=2, or −1
3

Question 11
(a)
f (x )=2 x3 −x 2 −15 x +18
f (−3 )=−54−9+45+18
¿0

Since f (−3 )=0 , x + 3 is a factor of f(x).

(b)
2 x 3 −x 2 −15 x +18=( x +3)( Ax 2 +Bx+C )
18=3 C
C=6
By observing coefficient of x3, A = 2

Sub x = 1,
2−1−15+18=4(2+B+6 )
4=4(8+B )
B=−7

2 x 3 −x 2 −15 x+18=( x+3)(2 x 2−7 x+6 )

(c) f (x )=( x +3 )(2 x−3 )( x−2)

( x+3)(2 x−3)( x−2)=0

x=−3 , 1 . 5 , 2

11
 6 4 2
(d) Rewriting equation, 2 x −x −15 x +18=0

Let x = x2.
2
x =−3 , 1 .5 , 2

x 2=−3 , 1. 5 , 2
x=±√−3 ( NA ), ±√ 1. 5 , ±√ 2
x= ±1. 22 , ±1. 41
Question 12
4 2 2 2
(a) x + x + x+1≡( x + A )( x −1 )+Bx +C

By comparing the coefficients of x2:

1=−1+ A
A=2
By comparing the coefficients of x:
B=1

Taking x = 0:
1=− A+C
1=−2+C
C=3

(b) x 4 + x2 + x+1≡( x 2 +2 )( x 2 −1)+ x +3

Take x = 100,
100010101 = (10002)(9999) + 103

The remainder is 103.

Question 13
f (x )=−2 x( x+1)( x−3)( x−a )

f (−2)=40
4(−1)(−5)(−2−a)=40
a=−4

Question 14
f (x )=x 2n − p

f (−3 )=0 ,

12
 (−3 )2 n− p=0
p=(−3 )2n −( 1)

f (−1 )=−80
(−1 )2n − p=−80
1−p=−80
p=81 −(2)

(1) = (2),
(−3)2 n=81
9n=92
n=2

f ( x )=x 4 −81
¿( x 2 −9)( x 2 + 9)
¿( x−3 )( x+3 )( x 2 +9 )

Question 17
(a)
x 4 −5 x3 + px+q=( x−2)( x +1) A ( x )−9 x+3
24 −5(2 )3 +2 p +q=−9(2 )+3
−24+2 p+q=−15
2 p+q=9 −(1)

(−1)4 −5(−1)3 + p(−1)+q=−9(−1)+3

6− p+q=9+3
− p+q=6 −(2)

(1)−(2), 3 p=3
p=1
Sub p = 1 into (1), q = 7

∴ p=1,q=7
(b)
( x+2 )3( x 4 −5 x 3 +x+7 )=(x−1)( x+1)P (x )+ Ax+B
27 (4 )= A +B
A+B=108
12=−A +B

13
 A = 68, B = 60

R = 48x + 60

Question 18
(a)
1
( )
f ( x )=6 x+
2
( x−3 )( x2 −4 x+ 1)

1 3
( )
¿ 6 x 2 −2 x− ( x 2 −4 x+1 )
2 2
1 1 1 3
(
¿ 6 x 4 −6 x 3 + 9 x 2 + 3 x−
2 2 2 2 )
¿ 6 x 4 −39 x3 +57 x 2 +21 x −9

1
x=− , x=3
(b) 2

4± √ 12
x=
2
=3 . 73 ,0 . 27

(c)
f (2 )=6 (2)4 −39(2 )3 +57 (2)2 +21(2 )−9
¿ 45

Question 19
Remainder1 = a + 3

Remainder2 = a

2 a=a+3
a=3

1 3
Sub. x=− , remainder=−3
2 4

14