Republic of Iraq
Ministry Of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Al kitab University College / 3rd stage
Department of Medical Instruments Technical
Engineering.
MEDICAL DEVICES
Report on:
ECG
Supervised by:
Dr.HASSAN SABRI
Written by:
الحارث فخري فياض
محمد خالد محمد
يحي عل
محمد ى
محمود فاضل قاسم
2021 – 2022
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) :
is a test that records the timing and strength of electrical signals that produce
a heartbeat. The doctor can see this chart to get information about the
heartbeat and monitor any disturbance in its rhythm.
Electrocardiogram components:
Electrocardiographs all share the same principle, but differ slightly in terms
of components.
When an ECG is used?
An ECG is often used alongside other tests to help diagnose and monitor
conditions affecting the heart.
It can be used to investigate symptoms of a possible heart problem, such as chest
pain, palpitations (suddenly noticeable heartbeats), dizziness and shortness of
breath.
An ECG can help detect:
• arrhythmias – where the heart beats too slowly, too quickly, or irregularly
• coronary heart disease – where the heart's blood supply is blocked or
interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances
• heart attacks – where the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked
• cardiomyopathy – where the heart walls become thickened or enlarged
A series of ECGs can also be taken over time to monitor a person already
diagnosed with a heart condition or taking medication known to potentially affect
the heart.
The device generally consists of the following parts:
1. Calibration:
This part works effectively to adjust the device and calibrate it properly
before starting the electrocardiogram, so it makes a square wave.1mv)) It
turns out that the device is in good condition.
2. Sensitivity point:
This part is very important in maintaining the sensitivity of the device, since
in its normal state it emits (1mv) and by using the sensitivity point, the wave
can be enlarged or reduced according to the patient's condition.
3. Location:
And the entirety of his work to adjust the thermal indicator.
4. Sign:
This wave is used at an abnormal wave in the planning so that the doctor can
know the disease. It can also be used to differentiate between one conductor
and another.
5. Thermal indicator:
The thermal indicator in the ECG device draws the wave on the paper, and it
is precisely a thermal resistance in which a limited current passes, which
raises the temperature of the tracer, to perform the required drawing
process.
6. Speed setting:
The ECG device contains two speeds (25-50 mm/s), each speed is used
according to the existing situation and determined by the doctor back to the
heart. If the patient is old, his pulse is somewhat weak, so we use the low
speed (25 mm/s). And if the young age has a fast pulse, the high speed is
used until we get to keep pace with the planning of the patient's condition.
7. Screen:
This is when the doctor dispenses with paper or does not need it, to obtain
a continuous reading of the heart.
8. The Separator:
One of the protection circuits in the device, as it uses a protection circuit
from high currents and voltages, and it is truly a successful method in all
devices.
9. Candidate:
Its currency is limited to filtering the wave from external influences that can
affect the electrocardiogram, because side effects such as neon and other
devices in the same examination room have a major role in obtaining a
wrong electrocardiogram.
10. Cable connection poin:t
And through it, we connect the body and the device.
11. Ground:
It is used as usual for leakage of excess charges, and protection against
electric shocks.
12. Electrodes:
The device consists of five electrodes that are placed in specific places in the
body.
Types of ECG
There are 3 main types of ECG:
• a resting ECG – carried out while you're lying down in a comfortable
position
• a stress or exercise ECG – carried out while you're using an exercise bike
or treadmill
• an ambulatory ECG (sometimes called a Holter monitor) – the
electrodes are connected to a small portable machine worn at your waist so
your heart can be monitored at home for 1 or more days
The type of ECG you have will depend on your symptoms and the heart problem
suspected.
For example, an exercise ECG may be recommended if your symptoms are
triggered by physical activity, whereas an ambulatory ECG may be more suitable
if your symptoms are unpredictable and occur in random, short episodes.
The main stages of the planning process:
1. Signal amplification stage.
2. The motor speed regulation stage.
3. The time management stage.
4. Stage processing capacity.
5. Phase voltage regulation.
6. The stage of body temperature regulation.
How does the electrocardiogram work?
The patient is laid down on a comfortable table and completely relaxed. The
contact between the tubes and the skin must be good. This is done by
applying a special ointment. The chart is done on chart paper, and the chart
reflects the electrical events that occur in the heart and all its parts
