NAME- Arghya Mishra

Semester – 3rd
Year – 2nd
Subject – Computer science
Subject code – BSFS304
Shri Vaishnav Institute of Forensic Science

1.What Is Computer? Types of Computer

Ans- COMPUTER- A computer is an

electronic device which accept data,
process it according to stored set of
instructions and gives us results.

Types of computer

1) Microcomputers - desktop, laptop,

notebook and palmtop personal computers
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- used in businesses, schools/colleges and

homes
- cost from a few hundred pounds to a few
thousand
2)Minicomputers- often used as multi-
user systems, with 100’s
of workstations or terminals attached to a
central computer.
- cost from $10,000 to about $150,000.
3)Mainframe computers- used by large
organisations which
may have 1000’s of terminals.
- cost in hundreds of thousands
4) Supercomputers- largest category
of computer used mostly by scientific
& industrial research departments,
NASA, the Weather Centre, stock
exchanges
- cost in millions
2. Explain Generations of Computer
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Ans- The five generations of computers and the
advances in technology that have led to the
development of the many computing devices that
we use today. Our journey of the five generations
of computers starts in 1940 with vacuum tube
circuitry and goes to the present day and beyond
with artificial intelligence (AI) systems and
devices.

FIRST GENERATION: VACUUM TUBES (1940-1956)

The first computer systems used vacuum tubes for

circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were
often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These
computers were very expensive to operate and in
addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first
computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the
cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language,

the lowest-level programming language understood by
computers, to perform operations, and they could only
solve one problem at a time. It
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 Arwould take operators days or even weeks to set-up a
new problem. Input was based on punched cards and
paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts.

The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of

first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was
the first commercial computer delivered to a business
client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

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SECOND GENERATION: TRANSISTORS (1956-1963)

The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the

second generation of computers. The transistor was invented
at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see widespread use in
computers until the late 1950s.

The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing

computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-
efficient, and more reliable than their first-generation
predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal
of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast
improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation
computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts
for output.

From Binary to Assembly

Second-generation computers moved from

cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly,
languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions
in words. High-level programming languages were also being
developed at this time, such as early versions
of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first
computers that stored their

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instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic
drum to magnetic core technology.

The first computers of this generation were developed for the

atomic energy industry.

THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED

CIRCUITS (1964-1971)
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of
the third generation of computers. Transistors were
miniaturized and placed on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed
and efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with

third generation computers
through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with
an operating system, which allowed the device to run many
different applications at one time with a central program that
monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became
accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and
cheaper than their predecessors.

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FOURTH GENERATION:
MICROPROCESSORS (1971-PRESENT)
The microprocessor ushered in the fourth generation of
computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto
a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an
entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel
4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of
the computer from the central processing unit and memory to
input/output controls on a single chip.

In 1981, IBM introduced its first computer for the home user,

and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors
also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into
many areas of life as more and more everyday products began
to use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could

be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to
the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers
also saw the development of GUIs,
the mouse and handheld devices.

FIFTH GENERATION: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

(PRESENT AND BEYOND)

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Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial

intelligence, are still in development, though there are some
applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used
today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is
helping to make artificial intelligence a reality.

Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will

radically change the face of computers in years to come. The
goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning
and self-organization.

3. Functions of Computer

Ans - At a fundamental level, computers

operate through these four functions: input,
output, processing, and storage. Input: the
transfer of information into the system (e.g.,
through a keyboard). Output: the
presentation of information to the user (e.g.,
on a screen). Processing: the retrieval or
manipulation of information into a new form
(e.g., results from a search
engine). Storage: the storing or
preservation of information for later use
(e.g., files stored on a hard drive).

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Input function and devices
A computer is a data processing machine. It does nothing until
a user (or a script or a program) provides the data that needs to
be processed and the instructions that tell it how to process the
data.

Any standard device or component that a user uses to instruct a

computer is known as the standard input device. In other
words, a computer uses its standard input devices or
components to get instructions from a user.

The most common input devices are the keyboard and mouse.
Almost all modern computers have these devices. Other
common input devices are scanners, microphones, USB drives,
and webcams.

Input data and instruction can also be generated from a non-

standard input device such as the hard disk and CD/DVD. For
example, a batch file in the Windows system may instruct the
CPU to execute a program or a script at a particular time.

Installation disks are another good example of non-standard

input devices. Usually, they contain a script or an executable
program that automatically starts the installation process as
soon as the disk is read.
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Process function and devices

Once the data and instructions are received by the

input function, the computer starts the processing
function. In this function, a computer processes the
received data according to the instructions.

To process the input data according to the

instructions, the computer uses the CPU. A CPU is
the main processing component of a computer. It
processes user instructions, executes scripts and
programs, and runs commands of the OS that
provide a platform for installing and using
application software.

Other important processing components are

auxiliary processors. Auxiliary processors are also
known as onboard processors. Auxiliary processors
are used in devices to enhance their functionalities.
You can think of an auxiliary processor as the
private CPU of a device.
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Only components or devices that provide the

complex functionality such as Graphics cards, I/O
devices, and network interface cards use auxiliary
processors. For example, if a user draws an image,
the auxiliary processor on the graphics card
performs all calculations that require in drawing
the image on the display device.

Output function and devices

After processing the input data, the CPU,
auxiliary processor, or the process
function sends the processed data to the
output function or to the default or
configured output device. By default,
computers use monitors as the default
output device.
Aside from monitor, a variety of output
devices are also available. Each output
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device presents the processed data in a
different form, for example, a monitor, a
printer, and a speaker displays, prints, and
plays the processed data, respectively.
A user, based on his requirement, can
connect and use two, three or more
output devices to the computer. For
example, after viewing the processed data,
a user can send it to the printer for
printing.

Storage function and devices

Storing data and information is the
fourth major function of a computer.
This function allows us to save the
processed data for later use. To store
data and information, a computer uses
two types of storage components:
temporary and permanent.
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Temporary storage components are

used to store data temporarily. Data
stored in a temporary storage
component is erased when the system
is shutdown. RAM is a compulsory
temporary storage component. A
computer uses the ram to store the
running applications and their data.
Permanent storage components are
used to store data permanently. Data
stored in a permanent storage
component is not erased when the
system is shutdown. The hard disk is
the most common permanent storage
component. Usually, all computers
have at least one hard disk to store
data.
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Other common permanent storage
components or devices are external
drives, USB drives, and CD/DVD.

4. Brief Computer Devices

Ans-
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INPUT DEVICE-It is used by input
unit. input unit performs three
functions-
1) It takes data from outside
world.
2) Convert these data into
machine language
 3) Transfers these data to CPU
for further processing.

OUTPUT DEVICE-It is used by

Output unit. output unit performs
three functions-
1) It takes data from CPU.
2) Convert these data into human
readable form
3) Displays these data to the outside
world through output device.
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Storage Devices
Storage devices are the computer
hardware used to remember/store data.
It is used to

store information in computer system. Any storage

unit of a computer system is ranked according to
the

following criteria-

1) Access time 2) Storage capacity and

3) Cost per bit of storage

Computer’s memory hierarchy can be defined into

three fundamental types, namely-

1) Internal processor memory

2)Primary memory
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2) Secondary memory.
 5. What is virtual memory?
Ans -v irtual memory is a feature of an
operating system that enables a computer
to be able to compensate shortages of
physical memory by transferring pages of
data from random access memory to disk
storage.
This process is done temporarily and is
designed to work as a combination of
RAM and space on the hard disk.
This means that when RAM runs low,
virtual memory can move data from it to a
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space called a paging file. This process

allows for RAM to be freed up so that a
computer can complete the task.
Occasionally a user might be shown a
message that says the virtual memory is
running low, this means that either more
RAM needs to be added, or the size of the
paging file needs to be increased.

6.How is Network types classified?

Ans- Network: A wide variety

of systems of interconnected
components are called networks.

It is a group of stations
(computers, telephones, or
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other devices) connected by

communications facilities to
exchanging information.
Connections between computing
devices can be physical using
wires or cables or wireless using
radio waves or infrared signals.

A computer network is a group of computers

linked to each other that enables the computer to
communicate with another computer and share
their resources, data, and applications.

A computer network can be categorized by their

size. A computer network is mainly of four types:

o LAN(Local Area Network)

o PAN(Personal Area Network)
o MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
o WAN(Wide Area Network)

LAN(Local Area Network)

o Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a
small area such as building, office.
 o LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers through a
communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, etc.
o It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as hubs, network
adapters, and ethernet cables.
o The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network.
o Local Area Network provides higher security.

PAN(Personal Area Network)

o Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically
within a range of 10 meters.
o Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer devices of personal use
is known as Personal Area Network.
o Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the idea of the Personal
Area Network.
o Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
o Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are
the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.

There are two types of Personal Area Network:

o Wired Personal Area Network

o Wireless Personal Area Network

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Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is

developed by simply using wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is
a low range network.
Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the
USB.

Examples Of Personal Area Network:

o Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves with a

person. For example, a mobile network moves with a person. Suppose a
person establishes a network connection and then creates a connection with
another device to share the information.
 o Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the home, so it is
also known as a home network. A home network is designed to integrate the
devices such as printers, computer, television but they are not connected to
the internet.
o Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to the internet
and to a corporate network using a VPN

MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

o A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger geographic area
by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network.
o Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private
industries.
o In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a telephone
exchange line.
o The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN,
OC-3, ADSL, etc.
o It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network:

o MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
o It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
o It can be used in a college within a city.
o It can also be used for communication in the military.

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WAN(Wide Area Network)

o A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area
such as states or countries.
 o A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
o A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a
large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite
links.
o The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
o A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and
education.

7. Define different types of network topology

Ans- The pattern of interconnection
of nodes in a network is called Topology.
Networks are broken into following 4
topologies:
1. Bus topology 2. Star topology
3.Ring topology
4.Branching tree topology
Bus topology- In this topology nodes are
connected to a single communication line
that carries messages in both directions.
Each node is connected one after the other
(like Christmas lights). Thus Nodes
communicate with each other along the
same path called the backbone. It carries
Lots of binary collision though.

Star topology Is the most common type

used. All computers are attached to a hub.
 Each node/computer is connected to a
device in the center of the network called
a hub. The hub simply passes the signal
arriving from any node to the other nodes
in the network and it does not route
(direct) the data. Less collisions and most
efficient.

Ring topology- The ring network is like a bus

network, but the “end” of the network is
connected to the first node. Thus it connects
all nodes in a closed loop on which messages
travel in one direction. It uses a token-
passing method, where in sender would
attach a message with each token to identify
which computer should Receive the
message. As the message moves Around the
ring, each computer examines The token. If
the computer identifies the token As its own,
then it will process the Information.
Branching Tree Topology- It is similar to
linear bus topology, except that tree networks
can contain branches with multiple nodes. in
this topology all the nodes will be connected
in a tree like structure.

8. Explain logic gates with their applications.

Ans- Logic gates are the basic building

blocks of any digital system. It is an
electronic circuit having one or more
than one input and only one output.
The relationship between the input and
the output is based on a certain logic.
Based on this, logic gates are named as
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AND Gate - A circuit which

performs an AND operation is
shown in figure. It has n input
(n >= 2) and one output.

There are mainly two applications of

AND gate as Enable gate and Inhibit
gate. Enable gate means allowance of
data through a channel and Inhibit gate
is just the reverse of that process i.e.
disallowance of data through a channel.

OR Gate – A circuit which

performs an ORoperation is
shown in figure. It has n input (n
>= 2) and one output.
Wherever the occurrence of any one or
more than one event is needed to be
detected or some actions are to be taken
after their occurrence, in all those cases
OR gates can be used.
NOT Gate
NOT gate is also known as
Inverter. It has one input A and
one output Y.

NOT gates are also known as inverter

because they invert the output given to
them and show the reverse result. Now the
CMOS inverters are commonly used to
build square wave oscillators which are
used for generating clock signals. The
advantage of using these is they consume
low power and their interfacing is very easy
compared to other logic gates.

NAND Gate-
A NOT-AND operation is known
as NAND operation. It has n
input (n >= 2) and one output.
 NAND Gates are used in Burglar
alarms and buzzers.
 NOR Gate
 A NOT-OR operation is known as NOR
operation. It has n input (n >= 2) and
one output.
NOR gate is used to construct the basic
gates similar to AND gate. By combining
NOT gate and OR gate, NOR gate can be
constructed. The output of NOR gate is
reversal of OR gate.

XOR Gate
XOR or Ex-OR gate is a special type
of gate. The exclusive- OR gate is
abbreviated as EX-OR gate or
sometime as X- OR gate. It has n
input (n >= 2) and one output.

It is used in simple digital addition circuits

which calculate the sum and carry of two
(half-adder) or three (full-adder) bit numbers.
 XOR gates are also used to determine the parity
of a binary number, i.e., if the total number of 1's
in the number is odd or even.

XNOR Gate
XNOR gate is a special type of gate. The
exclusive-NOR gate is abbreviated as
EX-NOR gate or sometime as X-NOR
gate. It has n input (n >= 2) and one
output.
The XNOR logic gates are used in error
detecting circuits which are to detect
Odd parity or even parity bits in digital
data transmission circuits. XNOR gate is
mainly used in arithmetic and encryption
circuits.

9. Explainbasic logic gates with their

truth tables.
Ans- AND Gate - A circuit which
performs an AND operation is
shown in figure. It has n input
(n >= 2) and one output.

OR Gate – A circuit which

performs an ORoperation is
shown in figure. It has n input (n
>= 2) and one output.

NOT Gate
NOT gate is also known as
Inverter. It has one input A and
one output Y.

NAND Gate-
A NOT-AND operation is known
as NAND operation. It has n
input (n >= 2) and one output.
 NOR Gate
 A NOT-OR operation is known as NOR
operation. It has n input (n >= 2) and
one output.

XOR Gate
XOR or Ex-OR gate is a special type
of gate. The exclusive- OR gate is
abbreviated as EX-OR gate or
sometime as X- OR gate. It has n
input (n >= 2) and one output.
XNOR Gate
XNOR gate is a special type of gate. The
exclusive-NOR gate is abbreviated as
EX-NOR gate or sometime as X-NOR
gate. It has n input (n >= 2) and one
output.

10.Explain file system management.

Ans - A file management system is used for
file maintenance (or management)
operations. It is is a type of software that
manages data files in a computer system.
A file management system has limited
capabilities and is designed to manage
individual or group files, such as special
office documents and records. It may
display report details, like owner, creation
date, state of completion and similar
features useful in an office environment.
A file management system is also known as
a file manager

File management tools are utility software that

manages files of the computer system. Since
files are an important part of the system as all
the data is stored in the files. Therefore, this
utility software help to browse, search,
arrange, find information, and quickly
preview the files of the system.

A utility software or system utilities is a type of

system software that helps in the proper and
smooth functioning of a computer system.
Moreover, they assist the operating system to
manage, organize, maintain and optimize the
functioning of a computer system. A file
management system has a limited amount of
capabilities. Furthermore, they work on files or
a group of files. We can also call them file
manager.

Windows Explorer is a default file

management tool present in the system. Some
other examples of file management tools are
Google Desktop, Double Commander,
Directory Opus, etc.

Features of the File Management System

A file management system has the following features:

 Arranging the files and folders hierarchically.

 Report generation
 Notes
 Status
 Assigning documents for processing in a queue.
 Add or edit metadata of files.
 Create, modify, delete, or manage other file operations.
 Simple interact to access and manage files.
 Managing different types of files with extensions .xls, .pdf,
.doc etc
Functions of the File Management System
Functions of a file management system are as follows:

 Store, arrange, or accessing files on a disk or other storage

locations.
 Creating new files.
 Displaying the old files.
 Adding and editing the data in files.
 Moving files from one location to another.
 Sorting files according to the given criteria. For example, file
size, file location, modified date, creation date, etc.

Q. Computer Moniter is also known as :

A.DVU
B.UVD
C.VDU
D.CCTV

Answer- VDU

Q. Arrange in ascending order the units of memory TB, KB, GB, MB

A.TB>MB>GB>KB
B.MB>GB>TB>KB
C.TB>GB>MB>KB
D.GB>MB>KB>TB

Answer- TB>GB>MB>KB

Q. Which one of these stores more data than a DVD ?

A.CD Rom
B.Floppy
C.Blue Ray Disk
D.Red Ray Disk

Answer- Blue Ray Disk

Q. Eight Bits make up a

A.byte
B.megabyte
C.kilobyte
D.None

Answer- byte

Q. Which one is the result of the output given by a computer

A.Data
B.Istruction
C.Information
D.Excursion

Answer- Information

Q. Which one of these also known as read/write memory ?

A.ROM
B.RAM
C.DVD
D.Hard Disk

Answer- RAM

Q. The printed output from a computer is called

A.Copy
B.Soft Copy
C.Hard Copy
D.Paper

Answer- Hard Copy

Q. MS-Word is an example of _____

A.An operating system

B.A processing device
C.Application software
D.An input device

Answer- Application software

Q. ________ is the process of dividing the disk into tracks and sectors

A.Tracking
B.Formatting
C.Crashing
D.Allotting

Answer- Formatting

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