Vitillo Phdthesis Presentation DAMPE 2011
Vitillo Phdthesis Presentation DAMPE 2011
Vitillo Phdthesis Presentation DAMPE 2011
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 4
Cosmic-ray production
Galactic Sources
Supernova
Remnants (SNR)
Pulsars
Extra Galactic
Sources
Active Galactic
Nuclei
Dark Matter
annichilation
χ+χ̄ → SM+SM
Photos from www.nasa.gov and https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap040908.html, scheme from
https://physics.aps.org/articles/v6/40
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 5
The Evidence of Dark Matter
dence for DM
distance for stars and gas in spiral
galaxies.
ves
Begeman et al., MNRAS 249 (1991) Clowe et al., APJ (2006) 109-113
104
N(E, E + dE)
10-19
FN
CE
10-22 Ankle
AL
RN
(1 particle/km2-year)
Te
LH
va
C
tro
(1
10-25
4T
n
(2
eV
T
(1 particle/km2-century)
)
eV
)
10-28
9 10 13 15 16 18 19 20
10 10 1011 1012 10 1014 10 10 1017 10 10 10
Energy (eV)
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 7
Existing proton flux measurements
JETP 108 (2018) 5
PRL 114 (2015) 171103
NUCLEON (2018)
AMS-02 (2015)
CREAM (2017)
The proton flux was measured
with great precision at low energy.
At high energy an unexpected
“knee” seems to appear, but the
uncertainties in this region are
very high ⇒ additional
measurements are needed.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 8
DArk Matter Particle Explorer
The experimental challenge
Stratospheric balloons, like ATIC and CREAM, were pioneers of the space
detection of cosmic rays: they had several pros but also cons, for example
the exposure time limited to some months.
Long payloads ⇒ really strong demand for a detector that could acquire
cosmic rays outside of the atmosphere for many years, like for example
PAMELA, AMS-02, CALET, NUCLEON.
NUD
scintillator serving as
Energy resolution : <25%@30MeV
e/p separation BGO ECAL a NeUtron Detector
E, e/p separation
Weight:12.4 Kg (NUD);
Power:0.5W
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 11
Plastic Scintillation Detector (PSD)
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 12
The Bismuth Germanium Oxide imaging calorimeter (BGO)
Performances
14 layers, 7 along the x axis and 7
along the y axis alternatively, to
allow a 3D reconstruction of the
shower development.
Each layer: 22 BGO bars,
25 mm × 25 mm × 600 mm, total
active area of 60 cm × 60 cm.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 13
Silicon-Tungsten Tracker
Converter (STK)
The Silicon-tungsten TracKer converter
STK has been designed to measure charged particle tracks, to measure the
gamma-ray direction through conversion into e+ e− pairs and to measure the Z
of cosmic rays. y x
z
STK consists of: Charged particle
!
7 support planes, 3 with 1mm
thick tungsten inside, forming W
converter
6 tracking double layers;
192 ladders, 16 on each
sensitive face (12). Each Each ladder is r/o by 6 VA 140 ASIC chips.
ladder is made by 4 SSD 1 ladder has
320µm × 9.5µm × 9.5µm. 768 strips; VA Chip
every other
strip is
read-out,
for a total VA chips of one ladder that read
the 6×64 strips.
of 384.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 15
Metrology of the STK - the tungsten plates
After the trays, tungsten and ladders production for STK, these various
components were measured to ensure the high quality of the detector.
We started from selecting the tungsten plates for three planes of STK,
each of those equipped with 16 188 × 188 mm2 plates.
TRAY Assembly
An X-ray scan was performed of the plates assembled in the trays.
Al honeycomb
CFRP frame
Tungsten plates
Table 1: Design values and maximum accepted deviations from the design
parameter for a tungsten plate (t stands for thickness). The lengths are
expressed in mm.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 16
Planarity of the STK trays
100 points on the top and bottom surface of each tray were measured.
These measurements were performed before and after a thermal cycling
on each tray at 50◦ for eight hours.
Y-axis
Circle 1 (base)
1 The thermal cycling does not affect the surface of the trays.
2 The planarity appears to be contained within 0.35 mm for each tray,
inside the tolerance of 0.4 mm.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 17
Ladders and planes production
30
20
25
15 20
15
10
10
5
5
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
linearity [μm] linearity [μm]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 18
Final STK assembly
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 19
Calibration of the STK
1 equalizing the response of all the chips that read-out the silicon ladders
(VA equalization);
2 correcting the cluster amplitude in dependance of the impact position of
the particle on the sensor and on its impact angle (charge-loss correction).
Strategy:
We studied the response of the STK on-ground with cosmic muons (Z = 1) and
then we applied the method developed on-ground to orbit-data for
all signals in STK (VA equalization);
proton and helium charges in case of the charge-loss correction;
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 20
VA gain on-ground and equalization procedure
S1
RMS 28.44 40
30 χ 2 / ndf 46.28 / 62
χ2 / ndf 63.64 / 67
η=
Prob 0.5939 Prob 0.932
20 LWidth 5.122 ± 0.439 LWidth 5.64 ± 0.40
20 MPV 36.62 ± 0.43
MPV 38.01 ± 0.52
S1 +S2
10 Area 1234 ± 51.3 Area 1591 ± 58.6
GWidth 4.364 ± 0.928 GWidth 1.622 ± 1.567
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
ADC counts ADC counts
Energy ladder 60 X VA 4
ADC counts
Entries 2353
Energy ladder 60 X VA 5
ADC counts
Entries 2038
A correction factor is computed for the
Mean 67.17 Mean 64.24
120 RMS 26.47 RMS 25.3
Eq.param.(η)
Prob 0.9994 Prob 0.4262
LWidth 4.649 ± 0.257 LWidth 4.79 ± 0.44
20 MPV 34.04 ± 0.31 20 MPV 33.16 ± 0.49
Area 2346 ± 70.3 Area 1784 ± 61.8
MPVi (η)
Cluster charge distribution in the 6 VAs of one ladder for η region 0
(read-out strip) and η region 1 (floating strip). Each distribution is ⇒ The correction factors are the same
fitted with a Landau convoluted with a Gaussian noise function [1].
in both regions, as expected.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 21
Application of the VA equalization
The correction factors were applied to the cluster charge distribution in the
read-out and in the floating region of each i -th VA, with i =1,...1152 in the
following way:
ADCi (corr) = ADCi · corrfactori (0). (3)
Maximum after and before VA corr (η region 0) Maximum after and before VA corr (η region 1)
400
Entries 1152 Max E in all FM VAs (MIPs) before VA eq Entries 1152
Max E in all FM VAs (MIPs) before VA eq 350 Mean 35.22
Mean 56.2
350 RMS 0.5631 RMS 0.9428
Max E in all VAs (MIPs) after VA eq
Max E in all VAs (MIPs) after VA eq χ2 / ndf 64.54 / 23 χ2 / ndf 78.63 / 35
300
Prob 8.223e−06 Prob 3.372e−05
300 375.6 ± 14.5
Constant 389.5 ± 15.2 Constant
Mean 56.22 ± 0.01 250 Mean 35.21 ± 0.01
250 Sigma 0.2782 ± 0.0069 Sigma 0.2781 ± 0.0064
Two conclusions:
1 The chip properties do not change with the read-out region.
2 The VA correction factors of both η regions can be used. For statistics
reasons we adopted η = 0.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 22
Charge collection in all the STK ladders on-ground
The charge collected in the STK ladders depends on the impact position and the
hit angle of the particle on read-out and on floating strips.
After equalizing the response of all the VA chips, it was possible to
combine the behavior of all 192 ladders.
The cluster charge distribution in STK was simultaneously studied as a
function of η and impact angle, with a maximum inclination of 35◦ in
|θx,y |.
Energy vs η for all ladders after VA eq and before η corr (-4.97° < θ < -2.46° && 2.46° < θ < 4.97°) Energy vs η for all ladders after VA eq and before η corr (-20.00° < θ < -17.48° && 17.48° < θ < 20.00°)
xz,yz xz,yz
xz,yz xz,yz
h2Energyladders_vs_EtaAll_beforeEta192
200 h2Energyladders_vs_EtaAll_beforeEta192
ADC
200
ADC
Entries 1028959 Entries 432187
180 Mean x 0.4999 Mean x 0.5015
Mean y 180
57.59 Mean y 66.38
160 RMS x 0.2311102 RMS x 0.2787
RMS y 160
30.41 RMS y 29.34
140 140 10
120 120
100 10 100
80 80
1
60 60
40 40
1
20 20
0 0 10−1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
η η
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 24
VA equalization on-orbit
We selected |Z| = 1 in STK using
Smax before VA eq. (01-02/2016)
the combined information of all Smax after VA eq. (01-02/2016)
µ = 52.02 ± 0.05
the clusters associated to the 102
before
σbefore = 1.65 ± 0.04
RMSbefore = 1.77
track;
µ = 52.06 ± 0.01
after
The signal of the cluster is 10 σafter = 0.36 ± 0.01
RMSafter = 0.56
corrected for the path length
inside the silicon.
1
Energy ladder 112 VA 0 Z = 1 Energy ladder 112 VA 1 Z = 1
5000 5000
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
4000 4000 SMax [ADC]
3000 Smax = 52.42 ADC 3000 Smax = 52.20 ADC
2000 2000 Smax before VA eq. (01-02/2016)
1000 1000 Smax after VA eq. (11-12/2017)
µ = 52.02 ± 0.05
00 00 before
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Cluster Charge [ADC] Cluster Charge [ADC]
102 σbefore = 1.65 ± 0.04
RMSbefore = 1.77
Energy ladder 112 VA 2 Z = 1 Energy ladder 112 VA 3 Z = 1
5000 5000
4000 4000
µ = 52.52 ± 0.01
after
3000 3000
Smax = 52.42 ADC Smax = 52.20 ADC
10 σafter = 0.46 ± 0.01
2000 2000
RMSafter = 0.69
1000 1000
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Cluster Charge [ADC] Cluster Charge [ADC]
1000 1000
Plots in The on-orbit calibration of DArk Matter Particle Explorer,
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
submitted to Astroparticle Physics.
Cluster Charge [ADC] Cluster Charge [ADC]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 25
Charge collection in STK for p and He on-orbit
We used more than one year of Proton
on-orbit data, adding the PSD
identification for the charge.
r
PSDx + PSDy
PSDglobal =
2 · EMIP
(6)
A sample of events containing
tracks with 5 or 6 reconstructed
points is selected. Helium
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
PSDglobal [a.u.]
Example fit of the cluster charge distribution for helium at 3D plots for 25◦ < |θx,y | < 30◦
η ∈ [0.38, 0.40].
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 27
Charge-loss correction on-orbit for p and He
1 The correction factors for proton and helium in the first point of
STK were computed for various inclinations within the range
0◦ < |θx,y | < 35◦ , with 5◦ step;
2 These correction parameters were applied to the cluster charge in
ADC (∝ energy loss dE/dx of the particle) of all the 192 STK
ladders.
corrparam = MPV(Zi )/fun(ηZ i , θx,y ) ⇒ ADCcorr = ADC · corrparam
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 28
Tracker charge performance for proton and helium
√
ST ∝ Z ⇒we can obtain the
To obtain the average charge preliminary charge resolution:
value that combines all the
measurements of the clusters σp (c.u) σHe (c.u)
belonging to the track, we used 0.04 0.07
the truncated mean ST defined as:
P#clu
i=1 Si − SMax
ST = (7)
#clu − 1
where Si is the signal of cluster i
and SMax is the maximum signal
among the clusters associated to
the track.
Charge resolutions
The charge resolutions have improved after the charge-loss correction by
≈ 13% for protons and ≈ 21% for helium nuclei.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 29
Measurement of the Proton Flux
Definition of particle flux
Np (E, E + dE)
Φ(E, E + dE) = (8)
∆T × AGeom × dE
Np (E, E + dE) is the number of candidate protons selected minus the
background events between E and E+dE, unfolded with the selection
efficiency ε in the same energy interval:
1 X
Np (E, E + dE) = P(E |Emeas,i ) · Np, meas,i (9)
ε(E, E + dE) i
∆T is the effective data collection time (called live time) of DAMPE for
the analyzed data during 1/01/2016-30/06/2018: 5.95 ·107 s, equivalent
to 689 days.
AGeom is the geometrical acceptance of DAMPE, dE is the energy bin.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 32
STK track selection
1 BGO-STK match
STK track with χ2 /ndof < 25 and at least one cluster in the first
plane;
∆(θSTK , θBGO ) < 25 ◦ ;
the difference between the projection of the STK track and the BGO
track on the first BGO layer is less then 60 mm;
the difference between the projection of the BGO track on the first
STK track point and the first STK track point should be lower than
200 mm.
The multiplicity in the reconstructed 2D STK tracks complicates the
combination of them in 3D tracks for the track reconstruction
algorithm ⇒ additional check based on the χ2 and the # of clusters
of the track.
2 STK-PSD match
PSD fiducial cut: the size of PSD should contain entirely the STK
track;
we select the PSD bar crossed by the STK track in both XZ and YZ
views. The charge of the PSD bar is corrected for the light
attenuation in the PSD bar and the allignment;
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 33
Example events after the pre- and the STK track selection
2 On the other hand, if the particle interacts only in the BGO, the chance
to not activate the trigger used in the analysis is higher.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 34
Trigger and charge selection
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 35
Effective acceptance of the selection steps
HE trigger: asks for a threshold of ∼ 10 MIPs in each hit bar of the first
three layers of BGO and a threshold of ∼ 2 MIPs in each hit bar in the
fourth layer (with a density ρBGO = 7.13 g/cm3 , a MIP in 2.5 cm of BGO
loses ∼ 5.7 MeV.)
The BGO has a thickness that corresponds to 32 X0 and 1.6 λ.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 36
Electron contamination
Template fit example and overall view
1800
MC Proton The binning in energy is chosen
1600
1400
according to the flux
1200
1000
measurement.
800
600
400
A signal region compatible with a
200
0
low helium background at all the
0 1 2 3 4 5
PSDglobal [ MeV]
5
1.5
1
0 0.5
0 1 2 3 4 5
PSDglobal [ MeV]
0 3
102 10 104
BGO Energy [GeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 38
High Energy Trigger efficiency (HET)
Unbiased trigger: signals in the Nevt (UB and HET)
εHET = (12)
first two BGO layers greater than Nevt (UB)
Note: the UBT is pre-scaled with a ratio 512 : 1, in the latitudes
∼ 0.4 MIPs in each hit BGO bar. [−20◦ , 20◦ ]. At higher latitudes, with a ratio 2048 : 1.
Efficiency
1 p MC QGSP 1 p MC FTFP
p Data p Data
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
Data/MC
Data/MC
1.8 1.8
1.6
BGO Energy [GeV] 1.6
Energy [GeV]
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
3 3
102 10 104 102 10 104
BGO Energy [GeV] BGO Energy [GeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 39
Track reconstruction efficiency in STK for protons
With the PSD measurements of this
Selection trough BGO and PSD selection, it is possible to select a pure
proton sample, both in data and in MC.
1 The BGO preselection cuts of
slide 28 are applied; 1.1
Efficiency
1.08 STK track reco for p
2 events not in the SAA region; 1.06
p MC
p Data
1.04
3 activation of the HET;
1.02
0.98
at least one PSD bar has to
0.96
be hit in x and in y; 0.94
Data/MC
1.06
⇒The track reconstruction efficiency does not affect the track selection
efficiency calculation.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 40
Track selection efficiency in STK for protons
The compatibility of the chosen
STK track associated to a proton
with the proton analysis
requirement od slide 29, is used to
estimate the track selection
efficiency.
1.2 p MC
Efficiency
p Data
1
0.8
0.6
The difference is less than 5%
0.4
below 100 GeV and ∼1% above.
0.2 Since the difference is not
0
constant in energy, we unfolded it
1.3
Data/MC
1.2
1.1
to compute the systematic error
1
0.9 related to the track selection
0.8
0.7
102 10
3
104 10
5 efficiency.
BGO Energy [GeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 41
Charge selection efficiency in PSD
Efficiency
p MC p MC
1 p Data 1 p Data
0.95 0.95
0.9 0.9
0.85 0.85
0.8 0.8
0.75 0.75
0.7 0.7
Data/MC
Data/MC
1.1 1.1
1.08 1.08
1.06 Energy [GeV] 1.06
1.04 1.04
1.02 1.02
1 1
0.98 0.98
0.96 0.96
0.94 0.94
0.92 0.92
0.9 3 0.9
102 10 104 102 103 104
BGO Energy [GeV] BGO Energy [GeV]
P
Nrec,i = i Mij Npri,j , where Mij is the bin
to bin migration matrix.
Method description (FTFP)
Energyrec BGO
Ratio =
Energytruth
106
104
10−3
103
102
10−4
10
1 3 5 6
1 10 102 10 104 10 10
MC true energy (GeV)
3
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 43
Systematics related to the Unfolding
Validation of the method
1 We convoluted the AMS energy spectrum (evaluated in the chosen bins)
with the migration matrix of the selection (DAMPE response matrix)
obtaining a“pseudo-data” reconstructed spectrum.
2 The pseudo-data reconstructed spectrum is unfolded and compared to the
input spectrum. ⇒The pseudo-data spectrum in truth energy is the same
as the input spectrum so that no systematic bias is applied to the final
measurement due to the unfolding procedure.
14 ×10
3
107
AMS-02 in DAMPE bins, extrapolated after 350 GeV
13
6 AMS-02 (2015)
10
12
5
10
11
104
10
3 10
102 9
3 5 6
1 10 102 10 104 10 10 8
Reconstructed Energy (GeV)
102 103 104 105
True Energy (GeV)
Left: AMS-02 proton flux spectrum in DAMPE bins convoluted with the DAMPE response matrix. Right: unfolded pseudo-data spectrum
(blue) compared to the input spectrum (black), calculated from the AMS-02 spectrum.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 44
Effective acceptance for protons and selected events
Number of Entries
7
10
Acceptance 6
10
5
10
Effective Acceptance [m2×sr]
0.035
4
10
0.03
3
10
0.025
2
0.02 10
0.015
3 5 6
1 10 102 10 104 10 10
0.01
BGO Energy [GeV]
0.005
Energy [GeV] Events
0
102 103 104 105
True Energy [GeV] 24.9 (8.033 ± 0.003) · 106
54.2 (6.739 ± 0.003) · 106
Obtained from MC applying the 171 (9.68 ± 0.01) · 105
same selection as to flight data; 542 (1.354 ± 0.003) · 105
Systematic uncertainty obtained 1714 (2.10 ± 0.01) · 104
from the difference in trigger, 5419 (3.16 ± 0.06) · 103
track selection and charge 17135 (3.63 ± 0.19) · 102
selection efficiency between data 54186 (29 ± 5)
Total number of proton events collected in 30 months: 1.59006 ·107
and MC:
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment
. 45
Error breakdown
18
Error [%] 16 Statistical
Trigger (HET)
14 Charge slection
12 Track selection
PSD smear
10 MC until 251 TeV
8
3 5
102 10 104 10
Energy [GeV]
Flux statistical errors less are than 2% below 10 TeV, so the accuracy is
defined by the systematic errors on the trigger, track and charge selection.
The validity of the MC after 300 TeV is under investigation and it was
decided to use the MC sample until 251 TeV.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 46
Proton spectrum measured by DAMPE with this analysis
18000
16000
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
3 5
102 10 104 10
Energy (GeV)
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 47
Proton spectrum measured in this analysis in comparison with
other experiments
24000
20000
AMS-02 (2015)
18000 CREAM III (2017)
NUCLEON (IC) (2018)
16000
NUCLEON (KLEM) (2018)
14000 DAMPE, this work
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
3 5
102 10 104 10
Energy (GeV)
The DAMPE data confirms the spectral hardening at ∼ 300 GeV observed by
ATIC02, CREAM, PAMELA and AMS-02, and reveals a spectral softening
above ∼ 10 TeV that is much more clear now in the current measurements
scenario.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 48
Conclusions and outlooks
Cosmic-ray detection with DAMPE
We saw how the DAMPE detector is designed to pursue this task, in particular:
1 only the best components were chosen during the construction of the
DAMPE Silicon Tungsten tracKer (STK), starting from selecting the
tungsten plates and measuring the planarity of the trays, evaluating also
the effects of thermal cycles on them;
2 all the silicon ladders were tested after the production and individually
characterized, so that a final selection could be made to choose the best
samples.
STK calibration
The signals of the read-out chips of the silicon ladders were calibrated
with an analysis based on ground and orbit data.
A charge-loss correction of the tracker response was performed on-ground
and on-orbit.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 50
Proton flux measurement with DAMPE
Outlooks
This softening should be rigidity dependent and be visible in all other
nuclear species, like for the hardening [2].
Looking at the flux of other nuclei species above 10 TeV will give a clearer
picture. Future space missions, like HERD [3], plan to contribute to the
cosmic-ray flux measurements, reaching energies up to 1 PeV.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 51
THANKS FOR THE ATTENTION!
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 53
564 Cosmic-ray propagation
The acceleration of high energy particles
(a) (b)
Fig. 17.1 Illustrating the collision between a particle of mass m and a cloud of mass M: (a) a head-on collision; (b) a following
collision. The probabilities of head-on and following collisions are proportional to the relative velocities of approach of
the particle and the cloud, namely,First
v + V cos θ for (a)Fermi
order and v − acceleration
V cos θ for (b). Since v ≈ c, the probabilities are
proportional to 1 + (V/c) cos θ where 0 < θ < π.
* + Z π/2
∆E V 2V
17.3 Fermi 2 cos–2 original
= acceleration θ sin θdθversion
= . (13)
E c 3 c
0
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 55
Position resolution in STK
Position resolution
measured for the
candidate protons in data
(top) and the proton MC
(middle) for the X and Y
layers of the STK.
The first layer is relative
to the STK point closer to
PSD.
(2018) 43-56
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 56
Data acquisition in STK
The 192 ladders of the STK are electronically read-out by 8 Tracker Readout
Boards (TRB). Each ladder is connected with flexible cables to a TRB and each
TRB reads out one quarter of each STK sensible layer for a total of 24 ladders.
Submitted to ‘Chinese Physics C’
Ladder TFH
x
y z
TRB
ADCij is the ADC value in the channel i for the event j, and n = 1024. The
CNj is the common noise, attributed to the common behavior of the channels
of the same chip, mainly due to the fluctuating bias voltage. For the event j
the CN is defined as:
Nch
1 X
CNj = (ADCij − pedi ) (17)
Nch i=1
where Nch is the number of channels per chip (64). Noisy channels (strips in
short circuit that give always a large ADC value) are excluded from this
computation as well as a potential signal, requiring ADCij − pedi > 30 ADC.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 58
Monitoring the noise in STK from the beginning of the DAQ
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 59
The temperatures in STK from the beginning of the DAQ
Radiators (top left) and ladders (top right) temperatures. The average
difference between the two temperatures is plotted as a function of the time
period in the bottom left panel. The distribution of these differences is shown
as a histogram in the bottom right plot.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 60
The Neutron Detector (NUD)
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 61
BGO track reconstruction
Eq. 19 can be generalized in case more bars are used in the CoG computation.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 62
Energy resolution
Electrons Protons
Left: energy resolution for vertical and tilted electrons impinging DAMPE. The
simulation for the two cases is shown in black and the vertical electron beam
test data is shown with red points. Right: energy resolution for protons
crossing vertically DAMPE.
Pictures taken from Astropart. Phys. 95 (2017) 6-24
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 63
Data acquisition and trigger logic scheme
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 64
On-board triggers
With a density ρbgo = 7.13 g/cm3 , a MIP in 2.5 cm of BGO loses ∼ 5.7 MeV.
1 Unbiased trigger: signals in the first two BGO layers greater than ∼ 0.4
MIPs in each hit BGO bar.
2 MIP triggers: signals greater than ∼ 0.4 MIPs in each hit bar is required
in the first two (second two) and penultimate two (last two) BGO layers.
It aims to select particles crossing all the BGO layers without interacting.
3 HE trigger: asks for a threshold of ∼ 10 MIPs in each hit bar of the first
three layers of BGO and a threshold of ∼ 2 MIPs in each hit bar in the
fourth layer.
4 LE trigger: similar to the HET, it requires an energy deposition in the
first four layers of BGO, but with a threshold of ∼ 0.4 MIPs in the first
two layers and ∼ 2 MIPs in layers three and four.
The UB, MIP and LE triggers are pre-scaled with the ratios of 512 : 1, 4 : 1, 8
in the lat.s [−20◦ , 20◦ ]. At higher latitudes, the prescale ratios are 2048 : 1
and 64 : 1, respectively for the UB trigger and the LE trigger. The MIP
triggers are disabled.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 65
X-ray scan at CERN
X-Ray Scan
At CERN
A = 5 m, B = C = 0.5 m
2-3 minutes of exposure
Ax =
30 5 m,
40 cm Breusable
digital =C= films0.5 m;
films scanned with resolution 50µm/pixel, can be increased but then it takes too
2-3 minutes of exposure
much time to scan (15 minutes per film) and file size is too big (500 MB per file)
12
30films
×cover
40 cmthe whole tray
digital reusable films
one tray can be scanned in 2 hours (with 50µm resolution)
films scanned with resolution 50µm/pixel, 12 films cover the whole
tray.
Ruslan Asfandiyarov, University of Geneva DAMPE Group Meeting, June 17, 2014
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 66
Trays metrology: planarity of the trays
Figure 1: Location on the top surface of the 100 points measured for tray 11
after the thermal cycling. The blue square shows the reference plane, the two
green planes are the tolerance surfaces (zmin,max = ±0.200 mm). Points with z
coordinate more negative than that of the reference plane (but in the
tolerance) are shown in light grey, more positive in black. Points on the
tolerance plane are marked with a cyan circle and points outside the tolerance
planes are marked in red.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 67
Ladder Metrology [1/3]
1.4
2 2
1.2
1.5 1 1.5
0.8
1 1
0.6
0.4
0.5 0.5
0.2
0 0 0
−40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20 −20 −15 −10 −5 0 5 10 15 20
residuals (µm) residuals (µm) residuals (µm)
LGFM013
81 µ m 64 µ m 82 µ m
94.161 mm 94.161 mm 94.160 mm 94.160 mm
94.298 mm
94.298 mm
94.298 mm
94.298 mm
94.300 mm
94.300 mm
94.299 mm
94.300 mm
Si 4 Si 3 Si 2 Si 1
97 µ m 55 µ m 87 µ m
Geneva/Ladders/LGFM013B26-01-2015-08-52-11.dat
Residual distribution between the measured points on one ladder and their design values for respectively the points measured on the top
side, the bottom side and the two sides together. Bottom: display of the information obtained from the measured points (the four crosses
on each SSD).
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 68
Ladder Metrology [2/3]
y(mm)
94.308
94.306
94.304
94.302
94.3
94.298
94.296
94.294
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
x(mm)
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
− 0.002
− 0.004
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Geneva/Ladders/LGFM013B26-01-2015-08-52-11.dat
x(mm)
LGFM013 - Thickness
hthick
5 Entries 16
Mean 701.3
RMS 12.26
0
600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800
thickness ( µ m)
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 69
Ladder Metrology [3/3]
14
10
12
8
10
8
6
6
4
2
2
0 0
600 620 640 660 680 700 720 740 760 780 800 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
thickness [µm] thickness RMS [µm]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 70
List of variables stored and analyzed of each ladder
Variable Units
Separation between 1st and 2nd SSD on top side mm
Separation between 2nd and 3rd SSD on top side mm
Separation between 3rd and 4th SSD on top side mm
Linearity top: The RMS of the distribution of the residuals (diff.
between the measured point and the design point) µm
Linearity bot: The RMS of the distribution of the residuals (diff.
between the measured point and the design point) µm
Separation between 1st and 2nd SSD on bottom side mm
Separation between 2nd and 3rd SSD on bottom side mm
Separation between 3rd and 4th SSD on bottom side mm
The average thickness µm
The RMS of the average thickness µm
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 71
Cluster-finding algorithm in STK
The raw data in one STK ladder is made by ADC signals present in
the 384 channels (6 VA × 64 channels).
Among the 384 channels, the algorithm looks for “seeds” in which
S/N > 4 and S/N > 1.5 on the neighbor channels.
If moving away from a neighbor channel, the signal encountered is
five times higher than the noise, the cluster is split in two.
A center of gravity of the channel number weighted with the signal ratio in
all channels i belonging to the cluster is used to get the cluster coordinate:
P
iSi
CoGStkj = Pi . (20)
i Si
Once the clustering is performed, the track reconstruction can start.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 72
Particle track reconstruction
An indicative region to start the track algorithm is given by the BGO track
direction that is computed slightly differently than described on slide 57.
The BGO track is projected to the PSD and the track finding algorithm
starts from the closest STK cluster to PSD. This cluster is called “seed”.
The track is reconstructed by the seed and the BGO track with a Kalman
filter algorithm.
A χ2 /ndof test is performed, where ndof corresponds to the number of
hits of the track, and a threshold rejects candidate tracks according to its
value.
The seed is removed from the cluster list and the Kalman filter starts to
look for an other track until the seeds in the first layer of STK are all
used. Then the seeds in layer 2 and 3 are used in the same way. For the
last three layers an inverse track finding method is used, looking for seeds
in layer 6, 5 and finally 4.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 73
VA gain on-groud
40 20
30 10
0
20 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
ADC count
10
∆ (corr factors)
0
30 40 50 60 70 80
ADC count
160 Entries 1152
Mean 0.005702
140 RMS 0.03149
In Eq. 2, Eq.param.(0) = 56.73 ADC, 120
χ 2 / ndf
Prob
17.1 / 22
0.7577
Constant 148.7 ± 5.6
80
MPVi (η) is the most probable value of 60
20
0
−0.5 −0.4 −0.3 −0.2 −0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
∆
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 74
Daily events acquired by DAMPE
Data set: 01/01/2016- 30/06/2018, excluding the days 8-13/09/2017 due to an intense solar flare and 29-30/12/2017 due to a high
voltage reset in the detector. During 22/02/2016, the STK σ was updated and the normal data acquisition was suspended. During the
days 23-24/02/2016, the STK pedestals were monitored in latitude, resulting in a lower rate of acquired events. An extended electronics
linearity calibration in the BGO and in the PSD took place in the days 07-09/09/2016, occupying a significant part of the data taking time.
During the first two months of data acquisition the unbiased trigger (UBT) was not enabled, resulting in a lower trigger rate. The analysis
does not suffer from this since it does not require the UBT. For the trigger efficiency study we used the UBT only when it was enabled.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 75
Live time calculation
∆T = (Tlast ev. − Tfirst ev. ) − (TSAA last ev. − TSAA first ev. )−
(21)
−(Nev. − Nev. SAA ) · TDT − Top.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 76
MC samples used (GEANT)
Table 2: Summary of the number of events used for protons, helium nuclei and
electrons in various energy ranges and for the two different physics lists.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 77
MC samples used (GEANT+DPMJET)
Table 3: Summary of the number of events simulated for protons in the two
ultra-high energy rangee for the DPMJET+FTFP physics lists.
We used the FTFP sample until 100 TeV in combination with the CRMC
sample until 251 TeV.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 78
High energy MC validation
The comparison of the CRMC sample with the FTFP sample was
performed at lower energy, through the energy deposition ratio
(reconstructed energy divided by true energy) as function of the primary
energy of the particle.
The agreement between the two samples is quite good in the overlap
region and this validates the use of the CRMC sample.
CRMC website: https://web.ikp.kit.edu/rulrich/crmc.html
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 79
PSD difference cut
Data Proton MC
20 GeV < E < 100 GeV 100 GeV < E < 250 GeV 250 GeV < E < 500 GeV
0.022
0.025 0.018
0.02
0.018 0.016
0.02
0.016 0.014
0.014 0.012
0.015 0.012
0.01
0.01
0.008
0.01 0.008
0.006
0.006
0.005 0.004
0.004
0.002 0.002
0 0 0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
∆(PSDx -PSDy ) [ Mev ] ∆(PSDx -PSDy ) [ Mev ] ∆(PSDx -PSDy ) [ Mev ]
500 GeV < E < 1000 GeV 1000 GeV < E < 5000 GeV 5000 GeV < E < 7000 GeV
0.014
0.016 0.045
0.012 0.04
0.014
0.01 0.035
0.012
0.03
0.01 0.008
0.025
0.008
0.006 0.02
0.006
0.015
0.004
0.004
0.01
0.002
0.002 0.005
0 0 0
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −4 −2 0 2 4
∆(PSDx -PSDy ) [ Mev ] ∆(PSDx -PSDy ) [ Mev ] ∆(PSDx -PSDy ) [ Mev ]
7000 GeV < E < 9000 GeV 9000 GeV < E < 15000 GeV E > 15000 GeV
0.045
0.045 0.04
0.04
0.04 0.035
0.035
0.035 0.03
0.03
0.03
0.025
0.025
0.025
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.015
0.015 0.015
0.01
0.01 0.01
0.005
0.005 0.005
0
0 0
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4 −4 −2 0 2 4
∆(PSDx -PSDy ) [ Mev ] ∆(PSDx -PSDy ) [ Mev ] ∆(PSDx -PSDy ) [ Mev ]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 80
PSD spectrum
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
102
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PSD global MeV
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 81
Example events after all the cuts except the charge selection
in PSD
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 82
Correction in the PSD for protons and helium nuclei
The MC simulation and the data were used to study the response of protons
and helium nuclei in the two layers of PSD. The demands in the selection listed
in section 2 were modified after the requirement of the trigger and the electron
rejection, removing all the PSD related cuts. In order to select a proton and a
helium sample without the charge information in PSD, we ask that:
1 the cluster charge in the first point of STK (STKFP ) belongs to the
interval [20, 120] ADC for protons and [120, 600] ADC for helium to help
the particle identification;
2 for E ∈ [20, 250] GeV #tracks < 4, E ∈ [250, 5000] GeV #tracks < 6, E
> 5000 GeV #tracks < 15, where E is the reconstructed energy in the
BGO, and #tracks refers to the number of tracks in the event.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 83
Distributions examples for protons
PSDy for 133.35 GeV < Erec < 177.83 GeV PSDy for 5623.41 GeV < Erec < 7498.94 GeV
14000 χ2 / ndf 1916 / 40
30
χ2 / ndf 57.56 / 53
Constant 6.718e+04 ± 2.633e+02 Constant 88.84 ± 6.24
MPV 1.428 ± 0.000 MPV 1.663 ± 0.021
12000
Sigma 0.07902 ± 0.00027 25 Sigma 0.1865 ± 0.0131
10000
20
8000
15
6000
10
4000
5
2000
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Eney × pathlength( MeV ) Eney × pathlength( MeV )
PSDy for 133.35 GeV < Erec < 177.83 GeV PSDy for 5623.41 GeV < Erec < 7498.94 GeV
1200 χ2 / ndf 121.1 / 37 χ2 / ndf 249 / 124
Constant 5677 ± 69.2 Constant 1432 ± 19.8
MPV 1.443 ± 0.002 250 MPV 1.816 ± 0.006
1000 Sigma 0.09566 ± 0.00106 Sigma 0.258 ± 0.003
200
800
150
600
100
400
200 50
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Eney × pathlength( MeV ) Eney × pathlength( MeV )
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 84
Evolution of the Landau fit parameters on the PSD distribution
MPVy MeV
p MC FTFP+CRMC p MC FTFP+CRMC
2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.2 2.2
2 2
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 3 5
1 3 5
102 10 104 10 102 10 104 10
BGO Energy [GeV] BGO Energy [GeV]
σ y MeV
p MC FTFP+CRMC p MC FTFP+CRMC
0.7 0.7
Data Data
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
3 5 3 5
102 10 104 10 102 10 104 10
BGO Energy [GeV] BGO Energy [GeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 85
Observed differences and correction procedure adopted for the MC
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 86
Distributions examples for protons after correction
PSDy for 133.35 GeV < Erec < 177.83 GeV PSDy for 5623.41 GeV < Erec < 7498.94 GeV
14000 χ2 / ndf 1916 / 40
30
χ2 / ndf 57.56 / 53
Constant 6.718e+04 ± 2.633e+02 Constant 88.84 ± 6.24
MPV 1.428 ± 0.000 MPV 1.663 ± 0.021
12000
Sigma 0.07902 ± 0.00027 25 Sigma 0.1865 ± 0.0131
10000
20
8000
15
6000
10
4000
5
2000
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Eney × pathlength( MeV ) Eney × pathlength( MeV )
PSDy for 133.35 GeV < Erec < 177.83 GeV PSDy for 5623.41 GeV < Erec < 7498.94 GeV
χ2 / ndf 158.8 / 37 χ2 / ndf 351.5 / 124
1400 Constant 6806 ± 82.4 400 Prob 1.223e− 23
MPV 1.426 ± 0.001 Constant 2190 ± 29.4
1200 Sigma 0.0798 ± 0.0008 350 MPV 1.652 ± 0.003
Sigma 0.165 ± 0.002
300
1000
250
800
200
600
150
400
100
200 50
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Eney × pathlength( MeV ) Eney × pathlength( MeV )
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 87
Evolution after the smear procedure
MPVx as a function of Energy MPVy as a function of E
3 3
MPVx MeV
MPVy MeV
p MC FTFP+CRMC p MC FTFP+CRMC
2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.2 2.2
2 2
1.8 1.8
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 3 5
1 3 5
102 10 104 10 102 10 104 10
BGO Energy [GeV] BGO Energy [GeV]
σ y MeV
p MC FTFP+CRMC p MC FTFP+CRMC
0.7 0.7
Data Data
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
3 5 3 5
102 10 104 10 102 10 104 10
BGO Energy [GeV] BGO Energy [GeV]
where Poscore j is the weighted average of the position of the bar with the
maximum energy and the two neighbors in the BGO layer j. So we can define ζ:
13
X E13 1
ζ= (RMSBGO Lj )4 · · (23)
Lj =0
Etot 8000000
where E13 is the deposited energy in BGO layer 13 (if it is 0 we look for layer
12, 11 ... until we find a layer that has energy different from 0) and Etot is the
total energy deposited in BGO.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 89
Electron contamination: template fits
⇒ after 3 TeV the electrons in this selection are much less then 0.1% in the
templates, much more negligible than at lower energy.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 90
Helium contamination: template fits
PSDglobal for 177.83 GeV < Erec < 316.23 GeV PSDglobal for 5623.41 GeV < Erec < 10000.00 GeV
DATA DATA
18000 MC Proton+Helium 180 MC Proton+Helium
MC Helium MC Helium
16000 160
MC Proton MC Proton
14000 140
12000 120
10000 100
8000 80
6000 60
4000 40
2000 20
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
PSDglobal [ MeV] PSDglobal [ MeV]
PSDglobal for 1000.00 GeV < Erec < 1778.28 GeV PSDglobal for 17782.79 GeV < Erec < 31622.78 GeV
DATA 45 DATA
800 MC Proton+Helium MC Proton+Helium
MC Helium 40 MC Helium
700 MC Proton MC Proton
35
600
30
500
25
400
20
300 15
200 10
100 5
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
PSDglobal [ MeV] PSDglobal [ MeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 91
Helium background estimation from Toy MC
To use correctly the error on the background when computing Np − Nb , we
generated 1000 PSD global distributions for data with bin content a random
number extracted from a Poissonian distribution with mean the real data
content in the bin;
5
Helium contamination [%]
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0 3
102 10 104
BGO Energy [GeV]
20 GeV < E < 100 GeV 100 GeV < E < 250 GeV 250 GeV < E < 500 GeV
0.035
0.018
p MC QGSP 0.025
p MC QGSP p MC QGSP
0.016 0.03
0.008 0.015
0.01
0.006
0.01
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.002
0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3
500 GeV < E < 1000 GeV 1000 GeV < E < 5000 GeV 5000 GeV < E < 7000 GeV
0.045
0.06
0.04 p MC QGSP p MC QGSP 0.1 p MC QGSP
0.035 0.05
p Data p Data 0.08 p Data
0.03
0.04
0.025
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.015 0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01 0.02
0.005
0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3
7000 GeV < E < 9000 GeV 9000 GeV < E < 15000 GeV E > 15000 GeV
0.16 0.2
0.14
p MC QGSP 0.14
p MC QGSP 0.18 p MC QGSP
0.12 0.16
p Data 0.12 p Data 0.14 p Data
0.1
0.1 0.12
0.08
0.08 0.1
0.06 0.08
0.06
0.06
0.04 0.04
0.04
0.02 0.02
0.02
0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 93
(E0 + E1 )/(E2 + E3 ) for various energy intervals for data and
proton MC FTFP
20 GeV < E < 100 GeV 100 GeV < E < 250 GeV 250 GeV < E < 500 GeV
0.016 0.035
p MC FTFP 0.025 p MC FTFP p MC FTFP
0.014 0.03
0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3
500 GeV < E < 1000 GeV 1000 GeV < E < 5000 GeV 5000 GeV < E < 7000 GeV
0.045
0.12
0.04 p MC FTFP 0.06 p MC FTFP p MC FTFP
0.1
0.035
0.05
p Data p Data p Data
0.03
0.08
0.04
0.025
0.06
0.02 0.03
0.015 0.04
0.02
0.01
0.01 0.02
0.005
0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3
7000 GeV < E < 9000 GeV 9000 GeV < E < 15000 GeV E > 15000 GeV
0.2
0.12
p MC FTFP 0.14 p MC FTFP 0.18 p MC FTFP
0.1 0.16
0.12
p Data p Data 0.14 p Data
0.08 0.1
0.12
0.08 0.1
0.06
0.06 0.08
0.04 0.06
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.02
0 0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3 E0+E1/E 2+E3
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 94
Check STK track selection efficiency
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 95
PSD spectrum for the STK track efficiency study
6
10
5
10
104
3
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PSD global [ MeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 96
Difference between the projection of the BGO track on the first four layers of BGO
and the position of the BGO bar with the maximum energy in that layer
−2 p MC QGSP p MC QGSP
10 −2
10
p MC FTFP p MC FTFP
p Data p Data
−3 −3
10 10
−4 −4
10 10
−5 −5
10 10
−6 −6
10 10
− 200 − 150 − 100 −50 0 50 100 150 200 − 200 − 150 − 100 −50 0 50 100 150 200
∆ [mm] ∆ [mm]
p MC QGSP p MC QGSP
−2 −2
10 p MC FTFP 10 p MC FTFP
p Data p Data
−3 −3
10 10
10− 4 10− 4
−5 −5
10 10
−6 −6
10 10
− 200 − 150 − 100 −50 0 50 100 150 200 − 200 − 150 − 100 −50 0 50 100 150 200
∆ [mm] ∆ [mm]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 97
Systematics due to the track efficiency: method
To evaluate the systematic error in one truth energy bin of the track selection,
Eq. 9 is modified to:
where
1 X
Np track (E, E + dE) = P(E |Emeas,i ) · Rtrack · Np, meas,i (25)
ε(E + dE) i
and Rtrack is the ratio in track selection efficiency observed between data and
proton MC.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 98
Systematics due to the track efficiency
12000
10000
8000
6000
3
102 10 104
Energy (GeV)
The difference in the flux measurement due to the difference in the track
selection efficiency for data and proton MC varies from 4.3% at 50 GeV and
reduces progressively reaching a constant 1% after 2 TeV. This difference is
taken into account in the final flux measurement.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 99
Helium contamination in PSDx : template fits
PSDx for 31.62 GeV < Erec < 56.23 GeV PSDx for 562.34 GeV < Erec < 1000.00 GeV
3
× 10
400
DATA 2000 DATA
MC Proton+Helium MC Proton+Helium
350 1800
MC Helium MC Helium
MC Proton 1600 MC Proton
300
1400
250
1200
200 1000
150 800
600
100
400
50
200
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
PSDx [ MeV] PSDx [ MeV]
PSDx for 1778.28 GeV < Erec < 3162.28 GeV PSDx for 10000.00 GeV < Erec < 17782.79 GeV
300 90
DATA DATA
MC Proton+Helium 80 MC Proton+Helium
250 MC Helium MC Helium
MC Proton 70 MC Proton
200 60
50
150
40
100 30
20
50
10
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
PSDx [ MeV] PSDx [ MeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 100
Helium contamination in PSDy : template fits
PSDy for 31.62 GeV < Erec < 56.23 GeV PSDy for 562.34 GeV < Erec < 1000.00 GeV
3
× 10
DATA 2500 DATA
400 MC Proton+Helium MC Proton+Helium
MC Helium MC Helium
350 MC Proton 2000 MC Proton
300
250 1500
200
1000
150
100
500
50
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
PSDy [ MeV] PSDy [ MeV]
PSDy for 1778.28 GeV < Erec < 3162.28 GeV PSDy for 10000.00 GeV < Erec < 17782.79 GeV
DATA 90 DATA
300 MC Proton+Helium MC Proton+Helium
MC Helium 80 MC Helium
MC Proton MC Proton
250 70
60
200
50
150 40
30
100
20
50
10
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
PSDy [ MeV] PSDy [ MeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 101
Helium contamination in PSDx and in PSDy : overall view
PSDx PSDy
5 5
Helium contamination (PSDx) [%]
y
4.5
4 4
3.5 3.5
3 3
2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 3 0
102 10 104 102
3
10 104
BGO Energy [GeV] BGO Energy [GeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 102
Z > 2 removal efficiency with STK
Efficiency
p Data
released by the particle in the first 1
point of STK, so that it is not
0.95
affected from the presence of the
tungsten in layer 2, 3 and 4 of the 0.9
tracker; 0.85
10 TeV;
0.7
Data/MC
1.04
ADC in STK FP for 1778.28 GeV < Erec < 3162.28 GeV 1.03
1.02
1.01
1
p MC 0.99
0.98
102 0.97
p Data
0.96
0.95 3
102 10 104
BGO Energy [GeV]
10
After 10 TeV, the difference appears to
be more important even if the
1 statistical uncertainties are large⇒
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
STK FP [ADC] helium contamination.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 103
Systematic uncertainty related to the PSD smear [1/2]
We varied the PSD proton charge selection to
Changing the selection with this tighter cut, changes the helium background
computation (assuming that the electron contamination is negligible as before).
We fitted MC proton and helium templates to data and for this cut we
computed the helium contamination in reconstructed energy bins. The total
efficiency as a function of the true energy of the particle (from MC) will be
affected as well.
−3
×10
5
Helium contamination [%]
Efficiency
0.9
4.5
0.8
4
0.7
3.5
3 0.6
2.5 0.5
2 0.4
1.5 0.3
1 0.2
0.5 0.1
0 3
0
102 10 104 102 103 104 105
BGO Energy [GeV] True Energy [GeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 104
Systematic uncertainty related to the PSD smear [2/2]
16000 DAMPE
Flux × E2.7 (GeV1.7 s-1 m-2 sr-1) DAMPE tighter PSD
global
cut
14000
12000
10000
8000
6000
3 5
102 10 104 10
Energy (GeV)
The difference in the flux is of less than 1% until 7.8 TeV. For higher energies
the difference starts to be bigger reaching a maximum of ∼ 6% at 49 TeV.
This difference was taken as systematic uncertainty on the final measurement
related to the smear.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 105
Estimate the contribution from protons to the unfolded flux
until 100 TeV
Projection for 15848.92 GeV < E < 25118.87 GeV Projection for 25118.87 GeV < E < 39810.71 GeV
rec rec
0.018
0.014 χ / ndf
2
0.001427 / 2
0.016
χ2 / ndf 0.001225 / 3 Prob 0.9993
0.012 0.09362 ± 0.52954
Prob 1 Constant
0.014
Constant 0.08854 ± 0.54467 MPV 1.118e+05 ± 4.685e+05
0.01
MPV 6.222e+04 ± 2.225e+05 0.012 Sigma 2.961e+04 ± 3.257e+05
Sigma 1.551e+04 ± 2.503e+05
0.008 0.01
0.008
0.006
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.002
0 3 5 6 3 5 6
1 10 102 10 104 10 10 1 10 102 10 104 10 10
MC true energy (GeV) MC true energy (GeV)
Projection for 39810.71 GeV < E < 63095.76 GeV Projection for 63095.76 GeV < E
rec
< 100000.00 GeV
rec
0.02
0.003
0.018
χ2 / ndf 5.113e− 07 / 0
0.016 0.0025
Prob 0
0.014 χ2 / ndf 0.0004791 / 1 Constant 0.01728 ± 0.43765
Prob 0.9825 0.002 MPV 2.296e+05 ± 6.351e+06
0.012 Constant 0.11 ± 0.67 Sigma 5.091e+04 ± 2.803e+05
MPV 1.96e+05 ± 1.06e+06
0.01
Sigma 5.188e+04 ± 3.979e+05 0.0015
0.008
0.001
0.006
0.004
0.0005
0.002
0 3 5 6
0 3 5 6
1 10 102 10 104 10 10 1 10 102 10 104 10 10
MC true energy (GeV) MC true energy (GeV)
Projection on the truth energy axis of the migration matrix for several
reconstructed energy bins. The distributions are fitted with a Landau function.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 106
R 100 TeV
fproj dE
Cont. = R 0
1000 TeV
(27)
fproj dE
0
X
N(Eeffecti ) = P(Eeffecti |Ecausej )N(Ecausej ). (28)
j
P(Eeffecti |Ecausej ) is obtained from the ratio between the selected events in MC
and the total generated events:
N(Eeffecti |Ecausej , sel)
P(Eeffecti |Ecausej ) = . (29)
Ngen(Ecausej )
1 X
N(Ecausej ) = P(Ecausej |Eeffecti )N(Eeffecti ). (31)
εj i
For the first iteration a trial spectrum with a spectral index of -2.7 is assumed
and a χ2 test is performed between the N(Ecausej ) events at each iteration.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 108
Efficiency and χ2 evolution
2
ncbins
2
X Nnow
j − Nbefore
j
χ = q
j Nbefore
j
102
Efficiency
0.001
0.0008 10
χ2/ndf
0.0006
0.0004
0.0002 10− 1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
102 103 104 105 Number of iterations
True Energy [GeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 109
Statistical error calculation
The statistical error on the true number events in bin j N(Ecausej ) was
calculated in two ways:
We compared the two methods on one and two years of data with the
ratio between the two.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 110
20 20
statistical error [%]
10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 3 5
0 3 5
102 10 104 10 102 10 104 10
Energy [GeV] Energy [GeV]
ratio 1y/2y
1.6 1.6
1.4 1.4
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
3 5 3 5
102 10 104 10 102 10 104 10
Energy [GeV] Energy [GeV]
Only with the toy MC method the result was ∼ 1.4 and we adopted it for
30 months of data.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 111
Statistical error for 30 months of on-orbit data
24
Stat. Error [%]
22
20
18 Sta. Error in 30 months
16 toy MC (data unfolded)
14
raw data (not unfolded)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0 3 5
102 10 104 10
Energy [GeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 112
Interaction study
The reason of the difference in the energy deposited in PSD was understood in
terms of the position along the z axis of the primary particle interaction in
DAMPE.
We selected two samples using the same cuts listed used but with a
different trigger requirement. For one sample we ask the activation of the
standard high energy trigger (HET) and for the second sample it is
required the MIP trigger (at least one of the two MIP triggers) excluding
the HET.
The MC has access to all the information regarding the original simulated
particle, also where it interacts (or “stops”) in DAMPE.
Stop Z, 1778.28 GeV < E < 2371.37 GeV Stop Z, 56234.13 GeV < E < 74989.42 GeV
truth truth
Entries 62361
h_StopZ_enebin_26 Entries 13715
h_StopZ_enebin_38
800
p MC MIPT Mean 164.2 180 p MC MIPT Mean 171
Entries
RMS 24331
73.93 Entries
RMS 11860
67.88
p MC HET p MC HET
700
Underflow
Mean 3.1380 160 Underflow
Mean 52.58 0
401
Overflow 14 Overflow
RMS
Integral 100.3
6.235e+04 140 RMS
Integral 92.23
1.331e+04
600
120
500
100
400
80
300
60
200 40
100 20
0 0
− 300 − 200 − 100 0 100 200 300 400 − 300 − 200 − 100 0 100 200 300 400
stop z [mm] stop z [mm]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 113
Selecting different samples in DAMPE
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 114
Cross-check with a parallel proton flux analysis
Assuming that the proton flux is isotropic at the studied energies, the
data in the latitude range [-20◦ , 20◦ ] allows us to perform a nearly
independent proton flux measurement.
In this case in Eq. 8 ∆T is 1.138·107 s, equivalent to 131 days.
We decided to perform an analysis using the MIP trigger in a less tight way,
applying the cuts described in slide 28, 29, and changing only partially the cuts
of slide 31. We require at this stage:
1 the activation of at least one of the MIP triggers (we will refer to the MIP
trigger sample for simplicity, as in the previous section);
2 the first-point STK cluster charge measured by the tracker is asked to be
less than 600 ADC to reduce the contribution of |Z| higher than 2
particles;
3 to use the combined information of longitudinal and transversal shower
shape (same cut as with the HET sample using ζ) in order to remove the
electron component in cosmic rays;
4 select the proton sample as function of energy.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 115
Effective acceptance of the two samples
0.12
0.1
0.08
MIPT
0.06
ADCFP < 600
0.04 Xtrl > funxtrl(Erec)
Z sel for p
0.02 MIP
0 3 5
102 10 104 10
True Energy [GeV]
Notes
Requiring the HET reduces of ∼ 1/3 the effective acceptance at lower
energy, for higher energies this reduction decreases but the acceptance
seems not to reach any plateau.
The MIP sample, not vetoing the activation of the HET, still shows a
dependence of the energy when we select the proton sample (to keep the
helium contamination low in the selection).
a PSD smear is needed not vetoing the HET in the MIP sample
(otherwise not).
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 116
Raw data and migration matrix using the MIP sample
5
105
10
10−2
104 104
3
10
103
102 10−3
102
10
10
1
10−4
3
10 102 10 104
Energy [GeV] 102
3
10 104 10
5
rec BGO
MC true energy (GeV)
Left: selected proton events with the MIP trigger in the period
(01/01/2016-30/04/2018) as a function of the reconstructed energy.
Right: migration matrix for the selected MIP sample.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 117
Proton flux measured with the MIP sample
16000 DAMPE
12000
10000
8000
3 5
102 10 104 10
Energy (GeV)
The proton flux measured with the MIP sample is up to 5% higher than
that measured with the HET sample until 5 TeV.
Above the difference is reduced with respect to the standard HET proton
flux.
⇒ This difference can be due to the modeling of the interaction cross-section,
however it is not clear in which specific part it is due only on that.
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 118
Reconstructed energy spectrum
Number of Entries
7
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
3 5 6
1 10 102 10 104 10 10
BGO Energy [GeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 119
Events acquired in reconstructed energy bins
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 120
Proton Flux measured by DAMPE with this analysis
Energy [GeV] Emin [GeV] Emax [GeV] φ ± σstat ± σsys
−3
49.8 39.8 63.1 (283 ± 0.09 +21
−17 ) · 10
78.9 63.1 100 (80.8 ± 0.04 −4.9 ) · 10−3
+5.6
−3
125 100 159 (23.2 ± 0.01 +1.6
−1.4 ) · 10
198 159 251 (66.4 ± 0.04 −4.1 ) · 10−4
+4.4
−5
1251 1000 1585 (4.69 ± 0.02 +0.29
−0.28 ) · 10
1983 1585 2512 (14.09 ± 0.06 −0.87 ) · 10−6
+0.86
−6
3142 2512 3981 (4.36 ± 0.03 +0.27
−0.26 ) · 10
4981 3981 6310 (1.30 ± 0.01 ± 0.08) · 10−6
7895 6310 10000 (3.81 ± 0.06 ± 0.24) · 10−7
12512 10000 15849 (1.10 ± 0.02 ± 0.72) · 10−7
19830 15849 25119 (2.99 ± 0.08 ± 0.18) · 10−8
31429 25119 39811 (0.73 ± 0.03 ± 0.06) · 10−8
49812 39811 63096 (0.19 ± 0.01 ± 0.02) · 10−8
78946 63096 100000 (0.49 ± 0.05 ± 0.06) · 10−9
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 121
Reconstructed energy spectrum
1011
E2.7 × Number of Entries (GeV1.7)
10
10
9
10
3 5
102 10 104 10
BGO Energy [GeV]
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 122
Multiple populations of sources
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 123
The DAMPE Collaboration
China
Purple Mountain Observatory, CAS
University of Science and Technology of
China
Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS
Institute of Modern Physics, CAS
National Space Science Center, CAS
Italy
INFN Perugia and University of Perugia
INFN Bari and University of Bari
INFN Lecce and University of Salento
INFN LNGS and Gran Sasso Science Institute
Switzerland
University of Geneva
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 124
T. Anticic et al., Energy straggling and multiple scattering in silicon
strip detectors, Nuclear Instrument and Methods in Physics Research
A 374 (1996) 309-314
M. Aguilar et al., Observation of the Identical Rigidity Dependence
of He, C, and O Cosmic Rays at High Rigidities by the Alpha
Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station, Physical
Review Letters 119 (2017) 251101
S. Zhang et al., Introduction to the High Energy cosmic-Radiation
Detection (HERD) Facility onboard China’s Future Space Station,
Proceedings of the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference (2017)
PoS(ICRC2017)1077
Stefania Vitillo Measurement of the Proton Flux in Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment 125