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    Heat Chapter 1

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    Kale Dire
    This document provides an introduction to heat transfer and discusses the three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains that heat transfer is governed by fundamental laws of thermodynamics and describes equations that quantify the rate of heat transfer through each mode. Applications of heat transfer principles are found in many engineering fields such as mechanical, chemical, nuclear, aerospace, and civil engineering.

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    Heat Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    Kale Dire
    107 views23 pages
    This document provides an introduction to heat transfer and discusses the three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains that heat transfer is governed by fundamental laws of thermodynamics and describes equations that quantify the rate of heat transfer through each mode. Applications of heat transfer principles are found in many engineering fields such as mechanical, chemical, nuclear, aerospace, and civil engineering.

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    This document provides an introduction to heat transfer and discusses the three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains that heat transfer is governed by fundamental laws of thermodynamics and describes equations that quantify the rate of heat transfer through each mode. Applications of heat transfer principles are found in many engineering fields such as mechanical, chemical, nuclear, aerospace, and civil engineering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    107 views23 pages

    Heat Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    Kale Dire
    This document provides an introduction to heat transfer and discusses the three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It explains that heat transfer is governed by fundamental laws of thermodynamics and describes equations that quantify the rate of heat transfer through each mode. Applications of heat transfer principles are found in many engineering fields such as mechanical, chemical, nuclear, aerospace, and civil engineering.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 23

    Adama Science and Technology

    University

    Heat Transfer (MENG3107)

    CHAPTER ONE
    INTRODUCTION

    LEULSEGED TAREKEGN (M.Sc)


    Application Areas of Heat Transfer

    •
    • Mechanical engineering Metallurgical
     Boilers Engineering:
     Heat Exchangers  Furnaces
     Turbine systems  Heat treatment of
     Internal combustion components etc.
    engines etc. • Electrical Engineering:
    • Chemical Engineering:  Cooling systems
     Process equipment's for electric motors,
    used in Refineries, generators,
    Chemical plants etc. transformers etc.
    • Nuclear Engineering:
     In removal of heat generated by nuclear fission
    using liquid metal coolants, design of nuclear fuel

    rods against possible burn – out etc.
    • Aerospace Engineering & Space Technology:
     In the design of aircraft systems and components,
    Rockets, Missiles etc.
    • Civil Engineering:
     In the design of air-conditioning and
    Insulation of buildings etc.
     Principles and methods of Heat Transfer are
    widely applied in many, many areas that affect
    our lives.
    Fundamental Laws governing
    Heat Transfer:

    1. First Law of Thermodynamics – gives conservation
    of energy.
    2. Second Law of Thermodynamics – gives direction of
    heat flow.
    3. Equation of continuity – gives conservation of mass.
    4. Equation of flow – Newton’s Second Law of
    motion—Navier Stokes’ Equations
    5. Rate equations governing the three modes of Heat
    Transfer:
    – Conduction – Fourier’s Law of Conduction
    – Convection – Newton’s Law of cooling
    – Radiation – Stefan – Boltzmann’s Law
    Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
     Heat: The form of energy that can be transferred from one
    system to another as a result of temperature difference.
     OR
    • Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit due to
    a spatial temperature difference.
     Thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat(
    energy) transfer as a system undergoes a process from
    one equilibrium state to another.
     Heat Transfer deals with the determination of the rates of
    such energy transfers as well as variation of temperature.
     The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher
    temperature medium to the lower temperature one.
     Heat transfer stops when the two mediums reach the
    same temperature.
    Modes of Heat Transfer


     The three physical mechanisms (modes) of heat
    transfer are:
    1. Conduction - heat flow by direct contact.

    2. Convection - heat transfer that will occur


    between a surface and a moving fluid when
    they are at different temperatures.
    3. Thermal radiation – transfer of heat by
    electromagnetic waves.
     In practical cases, a combination of one or more of
    the above modes are present
    The three modes of heat transfer


    Transfer of energy due to lattice
    vibration

    1. Conduction And/Or


    Free electrons

    • It is directly related with the • When neighboring molecules


    concepts of atomic and collide, as they are constantly
    molecular activity. doing, a transfer of energy
    • It is viewed as the transfer from the more energetic to the
    of energy from the more less energetic molecules must
    energetic to the less occur.
    energetic particles of a
    substance due to
    interactions between the
    particles.
    • Higher temperatures are
    associated with higher
    molecular energies.
    • Heat transfer processes • For the one-dimensional
    can be quantified in terms plane wall, having a
    of appropriate rate temperature distribution
    equations.
    • These equations may be  T(x), the rate equation is
    expressed as
    used to compute the
    amount of energy being
    transferred per unit time.
    • For heat conduction, the Where
    rate equation is known as • qx”- heat flux (W/m2)
    Fourier’s law. • k – thermal conductivity
    (W/m.K)
    𝑑𝑇
    • - temperature
    𝑑𝑥
    gradient in x-direction
     The minus sign is a consequence of the fact that heat is
    transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature.
     Under the steady-state conditions, where the

    temperature distribution is linear, the temperature
    gradient may be expressed as:

     The heat rate by conduction, qx (W), through a plane


    wall of area A is then the product of the flux and the
    area, . qx = qx” *A.
    Thermal Conductivity
    • Thermal conductivity: The
    rate of heat transfer through a
    unit thickness of the material
    per unit area per unit
    temperature difference. 
    • The thermal conductivity of a
    material is a measure of the
    ability of the material to
    conduct heat.
    • A high value for thermal
    conductivity indicates
    that the material is a
    good heat conductor,
    and a low value indicates
    that the material is a
    poor heat conductor or
    insulator.

    It is comprised of two mechanisms
    • Energy transfer due to random
    2. Convection molecular motion (diffusion)
    • energy is also transferred by the bulk,

    or macroscopic, motion of the fluid
    (Advection)
    • We are especially interested in convection heat transfer, which
    occurs between a fluid in motion and a bounding surface when
    the two are at different temperatures.

    Fig. Boundary layer


    development in
    convection heat
    transfer.
    • Convection heat transfer may be classified according to the
    nature of the flow.
     Forced convection - when the flow is caused by

    external means, such as by a fan, a pump, or
    atmospheric winds.
     Free (or natural) convection - the flow is induced by
    buoyancy forces, which are due to density differences
    caused by temperature variations in the fluid.
    • In convection heat transfer the energy that is being transferred
    is the sensible, or internal thermal, energy of the fluid.
    • However, for some convection processes, there is, in addition,
    latent heat exchange.
    • This latent heat exchange is generally associated with a phase
    change between the liquid and vapor states of the fluid.
    • Two special cases of interest in this text are boiling and
    condensation.

    Convection heat transfer processes. (a) Forced convection.


    (b) Natural convection. (c) Boiling. (d) Condensation.
    Convective heat equation
    • The rate of convection heat transfer is expressed by

    Newton’s law of cooling as • Note that at the surface, the
    fluid temperature equals the
    surface temperature of the
    solid.
    Where • The convection heat transfer
    • h is the convection heat transfer coefficient h is not a property
    coefficient in W/m2 · °C of the fluid.
    • As is the surface area through • It is an experimentally
    which convection heat transfer determined parameter whose
    takes place value depends on all the
    • Ts is the surface temperature, and variables influencing
    • T∞ is the temperature of the fluid convection such as the surface
    sufficiently far from the surface. geometry, the nature of fluid
    motion, the properties of the
    fluid, and the bulk fluid
    velocity.
    The rate of heat
    transfer by convective
    per unit area can be
    expressed as

    W/m2

    Where
    q“ - is the convective
    heat flux (W/m2)
    If the temperature of a
    fluid is higher than
    surface temperature it
    can be expressed as
    3. Radiation
    • Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter that is at a
    nonzero temperature.

    • The energy of the radiation field is transported by
    electromagnetic waves (or alternatively, photons).
    • While the transfer of energy by conduction or convection
    requires the presence of a material medium, radiation does not.
    • In fact, radiation transfer occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.
    • All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero emit thermal
    radiation.
    • Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon, and all solids, liquids,
    and gases emit, absorb, or transmit radiation to varying
    degrees.
    • However, radiation is usually considered to be a surface
    phenomenon for solids that are opaque to thermal radiation
    such as metals, wood, and rocks.
    • The rate at which energy is released per unit area (W/m2) is
    termed the surface emissive power, E.
    • There is an upper limit to the emissive power, which is


    prescribed by the Stefan–Boltzmann law.

    where Ts is the absolute temperature (K) of the surface and is


    the Stefan– Boltzmann constant.
    • Such a surface is called an ideal radiator or blackbody.
    • The heat flux emitted by a real surface is less than that of a
    blackbody at the same temperature and is given by

    where is a radiative property of the surface termed the emissivity.


    • With values in the range 0 ≤ ε ≤ 1, this property provides a
    measure of how efficiently a surface emits energy relative to a
    blackbody.
    • Radiation may also be incident on a surface from its
    surroundings.
    • The rate at which all radiation is incident on a unit area of the
    surface as the irradiation G.

    • A portion, or all, of the irradiation may be absorbed by the
    surface, thereby increasing the thermal energy of the material.
    • The rate at which radiant energy is absorbed per unit surface
    area may be evaluated from knowledge of a surface radiative
    property termed then absorptivity α.

    where 0 ≤ α ≤ 1.
    • If and the surface is opaque, portions of the irradiation are
    reflected If the surface is semitransparent, portions of the
    irradiation may also be transmitted.
    Radiation exchange: (a) at a surface and (b) between a
    surface and large surroundings.


    • If the surface is assumed to be one for which α = ε (a gray
    surface), the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the surface,
    expressed per unit area of the surface, is


    • This expression provides the difference between thermal energy
    that is released due to radiation emission and that gained due to
    radiation absorption.
    • For many applications, it is convenient to express the net
    radiation heat exchange in the form

    • The radiation heat transfer coefficient hr is


    The Thermal Resistance Concept


    • Thermal resistance is a heat property and a
    measurement of a temperature difference by which
    an object or material resists a heat flow.

    where ∆T is a relevant temperature


    difference and A is the area normal to
    the direction of heat transfer. The
    quantity Rt is called a thermal
    resistance and takes different forms
    for the three different modes of heat
    transfer

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