GE Oil & Gas

Brian Wadas
June 2010

Innovation Now
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CO2 Capture & Compression
Technologies

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Agenda

• CO2 value chain

• GE CO2 compression experience
• Compression & pumping
• Summary
CO2 value chain
3 Main Carbon Sequestration Solutions
Coal, NG,
Oil
N2, O2& H2O
Post NGCC or CO2
Combustion Boiler/ST Separation
CO2 CO2
Air Compression
Coal CO2
Gasification
Waste

Pre Combustion/ Air/O2 & CO2 N2, O2

Steam Separation GT
IGCC Combined Cycle & H O
H2 2

NG, Oil
Reformation

Coal CO2
H2O
NG Boiler
Oil
Oxyfuel O2 EOR
H2O
Sequestration
N2
Air Air Separation

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H2O GE © 2009 – All Rights Reserved
Existing Sequestration Projects
Project Outlook CO2 injected
(Mton/yr)
Gorgon • CO2 captured from LNG plant to start by
3.3
Australia ‟14 … Largest CO2 compression station

Weyburn • Capture CO2 from IGCC plant & injected

1.7
Canada for EOR since ‟00

In Salah
• CO2 stripped from NG field … since 1
Algeria
„04

Sleipner
• CO2 injected in a saline aquifer since 1
Norway
‟96

Snøhvit • CO2 captured from LNG plant & re-

0.7
Norway injected in subsea aquifer since „08
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CO2 Compression
Experience
 CO2 Injection Technical Challenges
CO2 state diagram CO2 Transition sequence to
Pr Supercritical supercritical phase
400 Phase
(bar)
130 Liquid
70 Solid Phase
Gas phase Increasing Temp & Pr
Phase
Critical
7 point

Triple point
0.7
Liquid phase Supercritical
Steam phase
0.6
-100 -50 -7 40 Temp
(°C)
• When CO2 is compressed becomes dense ... behaving like a fluid
• Extremely high density (up to 800 kg/m3) ... diffcult to compress
• Supercritical (dense phase) fluid thermodynamic behavior
• Highly corrosive in presence of water
• Critical point: 74 bar / 31°C,... Very low compressibility factor
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 Deep Knowledge on CO2 Compressibility CO2 Compressibility

1.0
1.0

Compressibility 0.9

Z 0.8
0.8

0.7

0.6
0.6
Compressibility Z

0.5 T=150 °C
T=125 °C
0.4
0.4 T=100 °C
T=80 °C
0.3 T=70 °C
T=60 °C
0.2
0.2
T=50 °C
0.1 T=40 °C Pressure
T=31.05 °C
0.0
0.0
(Bar)
00 50
50 100
100 150
150 200
200 250
250 300
300 350
350 400
400
Pressure [Bar]

• Temp <50°C lead to low values of compressibility (Z) and high

sensitivity vs. Pressure
• Sensitivity to Pr requires EOS gas properties validation to predict
density and size compressors
• GE technology covering Z values up to 0.4 ... optimized compression
stages sequence
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>40ys Experience in CO2 Handling

Equation Of State:

GE Model
• Applicable up to 300b (~4350 psi) on regular basis and up to 540b
(~7830 psi) with CO2 + HC mix
• Literature data not suitable for liquid-vapour equilibrium calculations
above 540 bar (~7830 psi)
• Many existing CO2 EOS optimized only for pure CO2... not for mixtures
• ... Introducing a new thermodynamic model to improve predictability
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Product solutions for CO2 compression
Reciprocating
600

500 Centrifugal
Discharge Pressure (bar)

Pumps
400
Centrifugal
300

200

100 Integrally
Screw Geared

Inlet Volume
1,000 10,000 100,000 (m3/h)

Best fitting solution to all working conditions

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CO2 Reciprocating Compressor Experience
• Started with fertilizers plants

• >180 machines in operation

processing CO2 or gases
containing CO2, H2 and H2S

• Up to 750 bara (>10,000 psi) disch.

pressure … 19,000 Nm3/h max
requested capacity

• Most recent major experience

CO2+H2S re-injenction ... 55,000
Nm3/h @ 486 bara (~7000 psi)
max. discharge pressure

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CO2 Centrifugal Compressor Experience
• Since 1968 … +200 units
operating in 90+ Urea
Processes… 13 Million Operating
hours

• Discharge pressure up to 280 bara

… up to 18 MW & Inlet flow
300,000 Nm3/h

• World‟s Largest Single Train

capacity
(3450 t/d QAFCO Qatar)

• Aerodynamics … Very high

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pressure ratio and compressibility GE © 2009 – All Rights Reserved
Integrally Gear Solution optimized for CO2

• New modular package designed to reduced footprint & installation time

• All compressors stages well referenced

• Adopting best in class gear box design,... Flender Graffenstaden, BHS

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CO2 Pumps Experience
• Leveraging experience from GE
O&G HP centrifugal
compressors

• Design pressure 670 bar (API

6A 10000) … discharge
pressure 540 bar (~ 7800 psi)

• Flowrate 10 kg/s

• “Three points” base-plate for

FPSO applications

1st pump ever used for this service!!

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Compression &
Pumping
Where GE O&G Fits in the Value Chain

Depleated Supercritical
O&G fields transportation
<200 bar

EOR
> 250 bar

Saline
acquifer
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<250 bar GE © 2009 – All Rights Reserved
 CO2 Injection ... Possible Configurations
1) + • In line compressors
<200 bar
T>30° • Integrally geared compressors
2)

3) + • Integrally geared + Pumps

1) + • In line compressors
< 250 bar
T>40°
2) + • Integrally geared + In line

• In line + Pump
1) +
> 250 bar
+
2) + • Integrally geared + Pumps
 4 Different Ways to Reach 220 bar
Gas Compression – Traditional API 617 Supercritical Compression (IG) + Pumpin

13.5MW 11.4MW
P [bar]

P [bar]
H [kJ/kg] H [kJ/kg]

Subcritical Compression (IG) + Pumping Refrigerated Compression (IG + Pump)

11.1MW 9.5MW
P [bar]
P [bar]

Refrigeration Cycle

H [kJ/kg] H [kJ/kg]
Summary
CO2 Injection Summary
Technology
• Both compressor and pump technology in-house
• Compression + pumping thermodynamic optimization

Experience
• >40 years of experience in CO2 compression,... >40 years in HP pump
design
• Apply experience in HP re-injection compression,...rotordynamics, seals &
low flow stage aerodynamics
Footprint
• Leveraging technology from “sister” industries through WW GE organization

Commitment
• GE O&G supports GHG emission reduction & green energy

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Thank You!