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5. 4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Lecture 5
Aye Pyone
9.7.2021
 We present the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which is the central theorem of
integral calculus.
 It connects integration and differentiation
 Along the way, we present an integral version of the Mean Value Theorem

Theorem 3 (The Mean Value Theorem for Definite Integrals) If is

continuous on , then at some point in ,
.
Proof. By max-min inequality,

Since f is continuous, the Intermediate Value Theorem for Continuous

Functions says that must assume every value between minand max f.
It must therefore assume the value at some point in

Example 1 Show that if f is continuous on [a , b], a ≠ b, and if ∫ f ( x ) dx, then f ( x )=0 at least
a

once in [a , b].

The average value of f on [a , b]is

b
1 1
av ( f )= ∫ f ( x ) dx=¿ ⋅0=0. ¿
b−a a b−a

By Mean Value Theorem, f assumes this value at some point c ∈ [ a , b ] .

Fundamental Theorem, Part 1

 2

If is an integrable function over a finite interval , then the

integral any fixed number to another number
defines a new function whose value at is
(1)1)
For example, if is nonnegative and lies to the right of ,
then is the area under the graph from to (Fig (1)). The
variable is the upper limit of integration of an integral, but is
just like any other real-valued function of a real variable. For Fig (1) The function F(x) defined by
each value of the input , there is a well-defined numerical output, inEquation (1) gives the area under the
this case the definite integral of from to . graph of from to when is
nonnegative and .

Equation (1) gives a way to define new functions

but its importance now is the connection it makes
between integrables and derivatives. If is
any continuous function, then the Fundamental
Theorem asserts that is a differentable function
of whose derivative is itself. At every value of ,
it asserts that Fig(2): In Equation (1), is the area to the left of .
Also, is the area to the left of . The
.
difference quotient is then
approximatelyequal to , the height of the rectangle
shown here.

Theorem 4 (The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1) If f is continuous on [a , b],

x
then F ( x )=∫ f ( t ) dtis continuous on [a , b] and differentiable on (a , b) and its derivative is
a

f (x):
x
' d
F ( x )= ∫ f ( t ) dt=¿ f ( x ) . ¿ (2)
dx a

Before proving Theorem 4, we look at several examples to gain a better understanding of

what it says.

dy
Example 2. Use the Fundamental Theorem to find is
dx
2
x 5 x
3
(a) y=∫ ( t +1 ) dt (b) y=∫ 3 t sin (t ) dt (c) y=∫ cos ( t ) dt .
a x 1

x
dy d ( 3 )
(a) = ∫ t +1 dt =x 3+1
dx dx a
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5 x

(b) y=∫ 3 t sin (t ) dt=−∫ 3 t sin ( t ) dt

x 5

5 x
dy d −d
= ∫ 3 t sin ( t ) dt= ∫ 3t sin ( t ) dt =−3 x sin (x)
dx dx x dx 5
2
x u
2
(c) y=∫ cos ( t ) dt and let u=x . Then y=∫ cos ( t ) dt
1 1

dy dy du
= ⋅
dx du dx

¿ cos ( u ) 2 x

¿ 2 x cos ( x 2)

Proof of Theorem 4. By applying the definition of derivative directly to the function

F (x), when x , x +h ∈(a , b),

F ( x+ h )−F ( x)
(3)
h

F ( x +h ) −F ( x )
F ' ( x )=lim
h→0 h

lim 1 x+h x
¿
h →0
h [∫ a
f ( t ) dt −∫ f ( t ) dt
a
]
lim 1 x+h
¿ h →0 ∫ f ( t ) dt
h x

By Mean Value Theorem, there is a number c ∈[x , x +h ] such that

x+h
1
∫ f ( t ) dt =f ( c ) . (4)
h a

As h ⟶ 0, x +h approaches x, forcing c to approaches x also. Since f is continuous at x, f (c )

approaches f (x):

lim f (c)=f ( x ) . (5)

h⟶0

In conclusion, we have

lim 1 x+h
F ( x )= h →0
'
h
∫ f ( t ) dt
x
 4

¿ lim f (c)
h→0

¿ f (x).

If x=a or b, then the limit of Equation (3) is interpreted as a one-sided limit with h ⟶ 0+¿¿ or
h ⟶ 0−¿ ¿ respectively. Then Theorem I in Section 3.2(Theorem 1(Differentiability Implies
Continuity) If f has a derivative at x=c, then f is continuous at x=c.) shows that F is
continuous for every point in [a , b]. This concludes the proof. 

Fundamental Theorem, Part 2 (The Evaluation Theorem)

 Come to the Second part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

 Describes how to evaluate definite integrals without having to calculate limits of
Riemann sums
Theorem 4 (Continued) (The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 2) If f is
continuous at every point in [a , b] and F is any antiderivative of f on [a , b], then
b

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b )−F ( a ) .
a

Proof. By the Fundamental Theorem Part 1, an antiderivative of f exists, namely

x
G ( x ) =∫ f ( t ) dt .
a

Thus, if F is any antiderivative of f , t hen F ( x )=G ( x )+ C for some constant C for a< x <b (by
Corollary 2 of the Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives, Section 4.2)(Corollary 2 If
f ' ( x )=g ' (x ) at each point x in an open interval (a , b), then there exists a constant C such that
f ( x )=g ( x ) +C for all x ∈(a ,b). That is, f −g is a constant function on ( a , b ) . Since both F
and G are continuous on [a , b], we see that F ( x )=G ( x )+ C also holds when x=a and x=b by
taking one-sided limits (asx ⟶ a+ ¿¿ and x ⟶ b−¿¿).

We have

F ( b )−F ( a )=G ( b ) +C−(G ( a )+C )

¿ G ( b )−G(a)
b a
¿ ∫ f ( t ) dt −∫ f ( t ) dt
a a

b
¿ ∫ f ( t ) dt−0
a

b
¿ ∫ f ( t ) dt . 
a
 5

The Evaluation Theorem is important because it says that to calculate the definite
integral of f over an interval [a , b] we need to only two things:

1. Find the antiderivatie F of f , and

b
2. Calculate the number F ( b )−F ( a ), which is equal to ∫ f ( x ) dx .
a

Example 3 Use the Evaluation Theorem to calculate the following definite integrals
π 0 4

(a) ∫ cos ( x ) dx (b) ∫ sec ( x ) tan ( x ) dx (c) ∫ ( 32 √ x ¿ −4

x2
)dx ¿
0 π /4 1

(a) F ( x )=∫ cos ( x ) dx

0

π
dF ( x ) d
= ∫ cos ( x ) dx
dx dx 0

d
Since sin ( x )=cos ( x)
dx

F ( x )=sin ( x ) ¿π0 =sin ( π )−sin ( 0 )=0−0=0

0

(b) F ( x )= ∫ sec ( x ) tan ( x ) dx

π/4

0
dF ( x ) d
= ∫ sec ( x ) tan ( x ) dx
dx dx π / 4

d
Since sec ( x )=sec ( x ) tan ⁡( x),
dx

F ( x )=sec ( x ) ¿0π =sec ( 0 )−sec ( π4 )= cos1( 0 ) − cos1 π =1−√ 2

4
(4)
4
3 −4
(c) F ( x )=∫ ( √ x ¿ 2 )dx ¿
1 2 x
4
dF ( x ) d 3 4
dx
= ∫ √ x− 2 dx
dx 1 2 x ( )
3
Since
d 2
dx
( 3
2
4 )
x + 4 x−1 = x 1 /2− 2 ,
x
 6

3
F ( x )=x +4 x −1 ∨¿41 =4 3/ 2+ 4 ( 4 )−1−( 1+ 4 )=5 ¿
2

Theorem 5 (The Net Change Theorem) The net change in a function F (x) over an
interval a ≤ x ≤ b is the integral of its rate of change:
b
F ( b )−F ( a )=∫ F' ( x ) dx (6)
a

Example 4 If an object with position function s ( t ) moves along a coordinate line, its velocity
is v ( t )=s ' (t ).Theorem 5 says that
t2

∫ v ( t ) dt=s ( t2 ) −s ( t1 ),
t1

so the integral of velocity is the displacement over the time interval t 1 ≤ t ≤ t 2. On the other
hand, the integral of the speed ¿ v ( t )∨¿is the total distance traveled over the time interval.

Example 5 Consider again our analysis of a heavy rock blown straight up from the ground by
a dynamite blast. The velocity of the rock at any time t during its motion was given as
v ( t )=160−32 ft /sec.
(a) Find the displacement of the rock during the time period 0 ≤ t ≤ 8.
(b) Find the total distance traveled during this time period.

(a) The displacement is the integral

8 8
8
∫ v ( t ) dt=∫ ( 160−32 t ) dt=[ 160 t−16 t 2 ]0 =16 [ 80−64 ] =256
0 0

(b) Since v ( 5 ) =0 and v ( 6 )=−32,

8 5 8

∫|v ( t )|dt=∫|v (t )|dt +∫|v ( t )| dt

0 0 5
5 8
¿ ∫ ¿ 160−32 t∨dt +∫ ¿ 160−32 t∨dt
0 5
2 5 8
¿ [ 160 t−16 t ] + [ 160 t−16 t 2 ] 5
0

¿ 400−(−144 )=544
The Relationship between Integration and Differentiation
The Equation (2) gives
x
d
∫ f ( t ) dt=¿ f ( x ) . ¿
dx a
The Equation (6) gives
b
F ( b )−F ( a )=∫ F' ( x ) dx.
a
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Total Area
The Riemann sum contains terms such as that give
the area of a rectangle when is positive.
When is negative, then the product is
the negative of the rectangle's area.
When we add up such terms for a negative function we get
the negative of the area between the curve and the x-axis.
If we then take the absolute value, we obtain the correct positive area.

Example 6 Fig(3) shows the graph of and its

mirror image reflected across the x-axis. For
each function, compute
(a) the definite integral over the interval , and
(b) the area between the graph and the x-axis over .
(a) and Fig (3): These graphs enclose
the same amount of area with the
(b) In both cases, the area between the curve and the x-axis x-axis, but the definite integrals of
the two functions over differ
over is 32/3 units. Although the definite integral
in sign (Example 6).
of is negative, the area is still positive.

Example 7 Fig (4) shows the graph of the

function between and .
Compute
(a) the definite integral of over .
(b) the area between the graph of and
the x-axis over .
(a) The definite integral for is given by

(b) Since
Fig(4): The total area between
and
and the x-axis for is the sum of
absolute values of two integrals
Area

Summary:
To find the area between the graph of y=f (x ) and the x-axis over the interval [a , b]:
1) Subdivide [a , b] at the zeros of f .
2) Integrate f over each subinterval.
3) Add the absolute values of the integrals.

Example 8 Find the area of the region between the x-axis and the graph of f ( x )=x 3−x 2−2 x ,
−1 ≤ x ≤2.
Since f ( x )=x ( x 2−x−2 ) =x( x +1)(x−2), the zeros are x=−1, 0, and 2.
 8

Also, we have
0 0
x4 x3 2 5
∫ [ x 3−x 2−2 x ] dx=
−1
2
[ − −x
4 3 ] −1
2
=
12
4 3
x x
∫ [ x 3−x 2−2 x ] dx=
0
[ − −x 2 =
4 3 0
−8
3
, ]
5 −8 37
total enclosed area ¿ +
12 3 | |
= .
12

>

>

Fig (5):The region between the curve and the x-axis

Exercise 5.4 (Pg 282)
Evaluate the following integrals.
0 4
x3
(1) ∫ ( 2 x+5 ) dx
−2
(5) ∫
0
( 3 x−
4 )dx
π
π /6
3
(12) ∫ 4 sec ( u ) tan(u)du (16) ∫ ¿¿
0
0

0
2 20
(1) ∫ ( 2 x+5 ) dx= [ x +5 x ]−2=−[ (−2 ) −10 ]=6
−2
4 4
x3 3 x2 x4
(5) ∫
0
( 3 x−
4 ) [
dx=
2
−
16 0
=24−16=8 ]
π
3
(12) ∫ 4 sec ( u ) tan(u)du=[ 4 sec ( u ) ]0
π /3
=4 ¿
0
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π
6
(16) ∫¿¿
0
π /6
¿ ∫ ¿¿
0
π /6
¿ ∫ ¿¿
0
π /6
¿ ∫ ¿¿
0
π/6
¿ [ tan ( x ) +2 sec ( x ) −x ] 0
π π π
[ () () ]
¿ tan
6
+2 sec
6
− −¿
6
π
¿ 2 √ 3− −2
6
Find the derivatives in Exercises 29-32.
(a) by evaluating the integral and differentiating the result.
(b) by differentiating the integral directly
4
√x sin (x) t tan ⁡( θ)
d d 2 d d
(29) ∫ cos ( t ) dt (30) ∫ 3 t dt (31) ∫ √ u du (32) ∫ sec2 y dy
dx 0 dx 1 dx 0 dθ 1

√x
x
29 (a). ∫ cos ( t ) dt =[ sin ( t ) ]√0 =sin ( √ x )
0
√x −1
d d 1 cos ( √ x )
∫
dx 0
cos ( t ) dt=¿ sin ( √ x )=cos ( √ x ) x
dx 2 ( ) 2
=
2 √x
¿
√x −1
d d 1 cos ( √ x )
(b)
dx ∫
0
cos ( t ) dt=¿ cos ⁡( √ x ) √ x=cos ( √ x ) x
dx 2 ( ) 2
=
2√x
¿
sin(x)

3t 2 dt=[t 3 ]sin ( x)
30 (a) ∫ 1 =sin 3 ( t )−1
1
sin(x)
d d
∫ 3 t 2 dt = ¿
dx 1 dx
sin (x)
d d
(b) ∫ 3 t 2 dt =3 sin 2 ( x) sin ⁡( x)=3 sin2 ( x ) cos ⁡(x)
dx 1 dx
dy
Find in Exercises 33-40.
dx
x 0
2 dt
(33) y=∫ √ 1+t dt (40) y= ∫ 2
0 tan ( x ) 1+t

dy dy 1 d sec 2 ( x)
(33) =√ 1+ x 2 (40) = ( tan ( x ) ) = =1
dx dx 1+ tan 2 ( x ) dx sec 2 ( x )

In Exercises 41-44, find the total area between the region and the x-axis.
41. y=−x2 −2 x , −3 ≤ x ≤ 2 42. y=3 x 2−3 , −2 ≤ x ≤2
 10

1
43 . y=x 3−3 x 2 +2 x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 44. y=x 3 −x , −1 ≤ x ≤8

41. −x 2−2 x=−x ( x +2 )=0⇒ x=0or x=−2;

−2 0
2 2
Area ¿−∫ (−x −2 x ) dx + ∫ (−x −2 x ) dx
−3 −2

2
−∫ (−x 2−2 x ) dx
0

−2 0 2
−x3 −x 3 −x 3
¿−
3[ −x 2 ] [
−3
+
3 ] [
−x 2 −
−2 3
−x 2 ] 0

28 Fig(6): The
¿ region
3