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DNA Structure and Replication

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REYNANTE SANTOS
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76 views62 pages

DNA Structure and Replication

Uploaded by

REYNANTE SANTOS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DNA STRUCTURE AND

REPLICATION
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Genetic Code – Way that cells
store info (in nucleus) to be
passed to the next generation.
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids are macromolecules
assembled from repeating
monomers called nucleotides
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
stores hereditary information
responsible for inherited traits in
all eukaryotes and prokaryotes
and in a large group of viruses
Nucleotides
A nucleotide, the monomer of
nucleic acids, consists of three parts
linked together by covalent bonds:
• A nitrogenous base formed from
rings of carbon and nitrogen
atoms
• A five-carbon, ring-shaped sugar
• One to three phosphate groups
DNA Structure

DNA is a macromolecule made up of


nucleotides.
➢Each nucleotide molecule has 3
subunits:
➢Phosphate Group
➢5-carbon sugar
➢Nitrogen base
DNA Structure
DNA Structure
Two Types of Nitrogenous Bases
Pyrimidines
–Nitrogenous bases with one
carbon-nitrogen ring
–Uracil (U), thymine (T), and
cytosine (C)
Purines
–Nitrogenous bases with two
carbon–nitrogen rings
–Adenine (A) and guanine (G)
Four Possible Nitrogen Bases:
1. Adenine
2. Guanine
3. Thymine
4. Cytosine

A & G: purines
T & C: pyrimidines
Four Possible Nitrogen Bases:
Pyrimidine Bases

Uracil Thymine Cytosine


(U) (T) (C)
Four Possible Nitrogen Bases:
Purine Bases

Adenine Guanine
(A) (G)
DNA Base Pairs
• The two nucleotide chains of a
DNA double helix are held
together by hydrogen bonds
between the base pairs
• A base pair consists of one
purine and one pyrimidine
• Adenine pairs only with
thymine (A–T), forming two
stabilizing hydrogen bonds
• Guanine pairs only with
cytosine (G–C), forming
three hydrogen bonds
DNA Base Pairs: A-T

Thymine
Adenine
DNA Base Pairs: G-C

Cytosine

Guanine
Complementary Base Pairing

• Formation of A–T and G–C pairs


allows the sequence of one
nucleotide chain to determine
the sequence of its partner in
the double helix
• The nucleotide sequence of one
chain is said to be complementary
to the nucleotide sequence of the
other chain
• In DNA replication, one nucleotide
chain is used as a template for
the assembly of a complementary
chain according to the A–T and G–
C base-pairing rules
➢Nucleotides are
joined to form DNA
molecules.
NOTE: The sugars
and phosphates
make up the
backbone of DNA.
(“siderails” of a
ladder)
RNA Structure
RNA is a polymer of ribonucleotides linked
together by 3’-5’ phosphodiester linkage
RNA is much more abundant than DNA
• There are several important differences
between RNA and DNA:
- the pentose sugar in RNA is ribose, in
DNA it’s deoxyribose
RNA Structure
RNA Structure
• in RNA, uracil
replaces the
base thymine (U
pairs with A)
• RNA is single
stranded while
DNA is double
stranded
DNA vs RNA
DNA REPLICATION
➢Replication is the process wherein DNA
molecules are duplicated before cell
division and passed on to each daughter
cell. 
DNA REPLICATION
➢The 2 strands of DNA are complementary.
➢Each strand can serve as a pattern, to
put together the sequence of bases on
the other half.
➢Because the DNA contains the genetic
information of organisms, it is important
that an exact copy can be made and
passed on to the next generation of cells.
➢Replication happens on the Interphase
synthesis stage of the cell cycle, it takes
place before cell division not during.
DNA REPLICATION
➢Parental strands of DNA separate
➢Each strand serve as template
➢DNA molecules produced have one strand
of parental DNA and one daughter strand
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION
The mechanism of DNA replication
Arthur Kornberg, a Nobel prize winner and
other biochemists deduced steps of replication
Initiation
➢Proteins bind to DNA and open up double helix
➢Prepare DNA for complementary base pairing
Elongation
➢Proteins connect the correct sequences of
nucleotides into a continuous new strand of
DNA
Termination
➢Proteins release the replication complex
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION

➢DNA Helicase – unzips the DNA


strand to begin replication.
➢DNA Polymerase – adds nucleotides,
one at a time to the open DNA strand 

(in humans up to 50 nucleotides per second)
➢Primase – enzyme that synthesizes
the RNA Primer
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION
➢Single-Strand Binding (SSB)
Proteins – attach and keep the 2
DNA strands separated and untwisted
➢Topoisomerase/DNA Gyrase –
attaches to the 2 forks of the
bubble to relieve stress on the DNA
molecule as it separates
➢DNA Ligase – seals the sugar-
phosphate backbone back together
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION
ENZYMES INVOLVED IN DNA
REPLICATION
DNA REPLICATION
➢Begins at Origins of Replication
➢Two strands open forming
Replication Forks (Y-shaped region)
➢New strands grow at the forks
3’

Parental DNA Molecule


5’ Replication
Fork
3’

5’
DNA REPLICATION
➢DNA unwinds at different spots (Origins)

➢At the replication fork, an enzyme


breaks the hydrogen bonds between the
bases.
DNA REPLICATION
➢Enzyme Helicase unwinds and
separates the 2 DNA strands by
breaking the weak hydrogen bonds
➢Single-Strand Binding Proteins
attach and keep the 2 DNA strands
separated and untwisted
➢Enzyme Topoisomerase attaches to
the 2 forks of the bubble to relieve
stress on the DNA molecule as it
separates
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DNA REPLICATION
➢Before new DNA strands can form,
there must be RNA primers present to
start the addition of new nucleotides
➢Primase is the enzyme that
synthesizes the RNA Primer
➢DNA polymerase can then add the
new nucleotides
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copyright cmassengale !52
DNA REPLICATION
➢DNA polymerase can only add
nucleotides to the 3’ end of the DNA
➢This causes the NEW strand to be
built in a 5’ to 3’ direction
5’ 3’

RNA
5’
DNA Polymerase
Nucleotide Primer

Direction of Replication
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DNA REPLICATION
➢The Leading Strand is synthesized as
a single strand from the point of origin
toward the opening replication fork

5’ 3’

5’
RNA
Nucleotides DNA Polymerase Primer
DNA REPLICATION
➢The Lagging Strand is synthesized
discontinuously against overall
direction of replication
➢This strand is made in MANY short
segments It is replicated from the
replication fork toward the origin
5’ 3’

3’ 5’
Lagging Strand
DNA REPLICATION
➢Okazaki Fragments - series of short
segments on the lagging strand
➢Must be joined together by an enzyme
DNA
Polymerase
Okazaki Fragment
RNA
Primer
5’ 3’

3’ 5’
Lagging Strand
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DNA REPLICATION
➢The enzyme Ligase joins the Okazaki
fragments together to make one strand
DNA ligase

Okazaki Fragment 1 Okazaki Fragment 2


5’ 3’

3’ 5’
Lagging Strand
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DNA REPLICATION
➢DNA polymerase initially makes
about 1 in 10,000 base pairing errors
➢Enzymes proofread and correct
these mistakes
➢The new error rate for DNA that has
been proofread is 1 in 1 billion base
pairing errors
DNA Damage & Repair
• Chemicals & ultraviolet radiation damage
the DNA in our body cells
• Cells must continuously repair DAMAGED
DNA
• Excision repair occurs when any of over
50 repair enzymes remove damaged
parts of DNA
• DNA polymerase and DNA ligase replace
and bond the new nucleotides together

copyright cmassengale !62

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