Creative Nonfiction

Module 6
 Revising aModule
Draft of a Short Piece using Literary Co
6
The secret of doing well in writing creative nonfiction is to know
which conventions to incorporate in your output. Each creative nonfiction
genre has its unique features and elements.

In your Module 5, you have learned how to evaluate other’s draft

based on different criteria. In this module, you will learn more about the
different literary conventions of genres such as fiction, drama and poetry
and how to revise one’s draft using these conventions.

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do the following activities.

Activity 1: Rousing Start

Directions: Recall the following genres of creative nonfiction and their

conventions or features through the following figures below. Understand
what you are reading.

Literary Genres refer to a category of literary composition determined by

literary technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length.
The distinctions among genres and categories are flexible and loosely
defined, often with subgroups. The most general genres in literature are
(in loose chronological order) epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative
nonfiction. They can all be in the form of prose or poetry. Additionally, a
genre such as satire, allegory or pastoral might appear in any of the
above, not only as a sub-genre, but as mixture of genres. Finally, they are
defined by the general cultural movement of the historical period in
which they were composed.

2
 Literary Conventions refer to the defining features of a particular genre
such as a novel, a short story or a play. Also, conventions refer to the
elements and techniques employed by the writer to make meaning in a
story.

1. Narrative Writing/Prose is best described as an account of a

sequence of fictional or nonfictional events, usually in chronological
order. It is a story created in constructive format. Figure 1 shows
the conventions of narrative writing or prose.

Images
Characters
These are principally the features and qualities that are concrete rather than abstract which appeal to human senses
This mainly involves the
voices of those who are primarily
concerned or involved in the story.
Thus, characters are those who
give life to the story’s actions and
scenes.
Plot
Symbols
The plot the
laysout the Thewritermay
structureof include images
NARRATIVE
storyconsidering that bear certain
PIECE
the flow of events and actions. meanings that go
beyond the
literal.

Theme
Setting Point-of-view
Typically,theme
can be aThe situations,
statement actions, and circumstances
of generalization about life. of a story
Thistranspire in amainly
convention certainconsiders
time and how
location. This provides
the actionsand scenes of th
total environment and aretold

The noteworthy highlights

concerning realizations
the nature and
and complexities of atmosphere of the reported to the
human from life cultivated story. readers.
the experiences,
actions, and decisions of
the characters.

Figure1. Conventions of Narrative Writing

 2. Poetry is one of the traditional genres of literature and has
captivated the human attention because of its peculiarity in the way
how human aspirations and emotions are expressed and
communicated. It manifests external and internal beauty which may
bring impacts to its readers.

Conventions of Poetry

A. Structure

Stanzas

These are series of lines grouped together and separated by an

empty line from other stanzas.

Form

A poem may or may not have a specific number of lines, rhyme

scheme and or metrical pattern, but it can still be labeled according to its
form or style.

B. Sound Pattern

Rhyme

It is the repetition of similar sounds. In poetry, the most common

kind of rhyme is the end rhyme, which occurs at the end of two or more
lines.

Rhythm and Meter

Rhythm is the pattern of stresses in a line of verse while meter is

the basic rhythmic structure of a line within a poem (e.g. the number of
syllables and the pattern of emphasis on those syllables).

C. Meaning

Concreteness and Particularity

In general, poetry deals with particular things in concrete

language, since our emotions most readily respond to these things. In
other words, a poem is most often concrete and particular; the
―message‖, if there is any, is general and abstract; it is implied by the
images. Images suggest meanings.
Denotation and connotation

Word meanings are not only restricted to dictionary meanings

(denotation). The full meaning of a word includes both the dictionary
meaning and the special meanings and associations a word takes in a
given expression (connotation).

3. Drama is a specific mode of creative nonfiction represented in

performance: a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc. performed in a
theater, or on a radio or television.

Conventions of Drama

a. Setting

The physical and psychological environment or the milieu where

and when the characters transpire and are situated.

b. Dramatic personae

They are the individuals involved in the context of the story. They
are revealed as the conflict of the story develops.

c. Dialogue

The lines and the discourse delivered and expressed by the

characters that are also necessary to develop the whole story.

d. Plot

This pertains to the sequence of related scenes. There are also

various techniques that playwrights may take into account to develop the
frame of events such as flashbacks, flash-forward and foreshadowing.

e. Theme

This is the central message or insight that the play attempts to

reveal and to communicate.
Directions: Choose your answer from the given choices. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers.

1. What is the category of an artistic composition like literature that is

characterized by similarities of form, style, or subject matter?
A. Convention B. Element C. Genre D. Technique

2. Which convention of a narrative writing refers to vivid details that

entice and activate the human senses?
A. Character B. Image C. Plot D. Theme

3. Which of the following is a defining feature or characteristic of a

given genre?
A. Convention B. Element C. Genre D. Technique

4. What literary convention refers to the way in which the writer

develops and arranges his or her ideas within a work?
A. Character B. Image C. Plot D. Theme

5. Which is TRUE about theme?

A. It is the central setting of the story.
B. It is the resolution of the story.
C. It is the central message of the story.
D. It is the music that goes with the story.

6. Which term refers to how a writer creates and develops characters?

A. Characterization C. Process
B. Outlining D. Sketching

7. What convention or feature of poetry describes the main building

block of a poem?
A. Form B. Rhyme C. Rhythm D. Stanza

8. What are the two meanings found within a poem?

A. Concreteness-Particularity C. Form-Stanza
B. Denotation-Connotation D. Rhyme and Rhythm

9. What do you call a conversation between two characters in a play?

A. Discussion B. Dialogue C. Monologue D. Quotation

10. What convention of drama shows the time and location where
actions take place?
A. Act B. Dialogue C. Plot D. Setting
 Discover

Revising

Revising is indeed a complex and complicated process of writing.

Thus, the familiarity of various approaches in facilitating such a skill
guides a writer to be totally conscious on how to ensure quality and
noteworthy writing products.

You revise your creative work after you have selected an idea to
write about, completed necessary research, organized your information,
decided on what to write about, and then written a first draft.

The purpose of the first draft is not to write something completely

perfect--but to get your ideas on paper. Whether you write poetry, fiction,
or personal essays, you should revise your work.

Revision can transform an ordinary piece of poetry, short fiction,

personal essay or any form of writing into something memorable. It
allows you to improve on an initial attempt. It gives you the opportunity
to write the best possible poem, fiction, personal essay and so forth.

In addition, revision is often the most creative aspect of writing.

Your first draft is just a blueprint. A first draft is never your best work.
Your goal of revising your work is not to make your writing perfect,
because you can always revise your work. Your goal then is to create
something that is your best work. If you write little prose, you might have
to add content. If you over write, you have to delete the excess. Both the
sparse writer and verbose writer will have to trim, alter and rearrange
their content.

This module will help you discuss how to revise your creative
nonfiction using the different literary conventions of a genre.

A. Why revise?

1. Revision allows you the opportunity to improve.

This means that by revising your work after writing the initial
draft, you can improve your writing. Revising your work also gives you
the opportunity to improve the structure, plot, characterization,
point of view, conflict, climax, resolution, and theme of your story.
 Revising your work allows you to add, delete, rearrange, and
expand the details of your poem, story, articles or essay.

2. Revising enables you to see your writing from a new perspective.

If you take a break from writing gives you the chance to add
simile, metaphor, fresh language, new details, to tap into your
imagination.

3. Revision is closely tied to critical reading.

To revise a piece conceptually, you must be able to reflect on

whether your message matches your writing goal.

B. How to revise?

Many writers revise as they write. They will write a sentence or

paragraph or section, then reread it then revise. The following points will
surely help you refine your draft.

1. A better way to revise is to write the entire draft.

2. Read it aloud and make notes of things you don’t like.
3. Revise your creative writing several times before submitting.
4. Work on getting your poem, story or essay or article right-
making it the best you can.

C. What to revise?

After writing the complete draft, take a break for a day or more.
The break from writing will enable you to see your work from new
perspective. When you revise consider the following. All types of creative
nonfiction writing require the following considerations, whether you
write a short story, novel, personal essay, literary journalistic article, or
poetry. There are two ways on how to revise creative nonfictions.

A. Macro Revision

For a macro revision of a personal narrative essay or fictional

story, these are some of the things you need to consider when revising
creative nonfiction (e.g. narrative piece) using literary conventions.
 Setting and Time

 Ensure that the beginning tells the reader what the story is all
about and why they should read it. Ensure also that the
beginning grabs the reader’s attention.
 Ensure that the story has a setting. It shows the time and pace
of the story. It can be a backdrop, antagonist, or the mood of the
story. Does the story, at the minimum, have taken place at a
particular time and place? Is the setting realistic and believable?

Character/Characterization

 Revise to enhance the central character. Does the central

character have a motive? Character flaws? Have you developed
the character with dialogue, behavior, or appearance? Does the
character have desire to reach some goals?

Plot/Plot Structure

 Revise to improve the structure. Is there a beginning, middle

and ending? Is there an inciting incident? Problem? Setbacks?
Or obstacles? Climax or turning point? Resolution to the story?
 Ensure that your story has an ending. Is the ending correct?
Open? Or Closed?

Dialogue

 Revise for dialogue. Does the dialogue reveal character? Move

the story forward? Sound like real people talking? Does each
character speak differently? Is dialogue included in important
events or scenes? Do you include quotation marks and dialogue
tags dialogue?

Style

 Revise for style. Do you use a consistent voice? Tone? Diction?

Sentence variety?
Voice

 Ensure that the story has a correct and consistent point of

view. First person (I)? Second person (you)? Third person
(He/She)?
 Ensure that you have included concrete and specific and
significant details and descriptions.
 Ensure that you have used imagery, language that appeals to
the reader’s sense of sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch.
  Ensure that you have used figurative language, such as simile,
metaphor, personification and symbolism.
 Ensure that you show the reader what happened with dialogue,
action, setting, and imagery when writing about important
events such as the inciting incident, crisis, climax, and
resolution.

Theme

 Ensure that the story has a theme. What is the implicit meaning
of your work? Do symbols help to develop the theme? Is the
theme revealed in the conflict? Is the theme revealed in the
consequences of the story?

If you are writing a piece of creative nonfiction, you will want also
to ensure that you have written into a structure. For instance, if you are
writing a theme-based personal essay, you will want to make sure that
you have a variety of sections which support central idea.

If you are writing a poem, your macro revision will consider the
following:

 Form- narrative, meditative, surreal, image, or prose

 Line break- for emphasis, enjambment ad rhyme
 Stanza
 Diction-word choice
 Figurative or poetic language such as simile or metaphor or
imagery
 Concrete and significant details
 Description
 Grammar- syntax and punctuation
 Right voice and style
 Sound such as alliteration or assonance or rhyme
 Rhythm and meter
 Point-of-view- first, second, third person, or invented persona
 Theme-meaning of the poem

B. Micro Revision

After completing the macro revision, you will complete a micro

revision. Whether you write poetry, fiction or narrative piece, you
must complete a micro revision. It is a line-by-line edit of the
following: grammar, spelling, punctuation, and writing style.
  Ensure that you are using correct grammar such as correct
usage (e.g. subject-verb agreement).
 Ensure that you are using correct spelling.
 Ensure that you are using correct punctuation-period,
comma, dash, exclamation point, question mark, quotations.
 Scenes. Ensure that you have shown and told your readers.
You must write in scenes for all important events. Do you
show readers what happened? For things that are less
important, do you tell your readers?
 Diction/word choice. Ensure that you have chosen the best
language. What is the connotation and denotation of each
word?
 Ensure that you have used sentence variety such as long and
short sentence, fragments and climactic sentences, simple,
compound, and complex sentences.
 Ensure that your prose have melody. Have you used
alliteration? Assonance? Rhyme? Repetition?
 Ensure that your prose have rhythm. It refers to the parallel
structure of your prose.
 Lyricism. Ensure that your prose is lyrical. Have you used
imagery? Metaphor? Simile?
 Usage. Ensure that you have used the active voice, concrete
nouns, and action verbs. Ensure that you have adjectives and
adverbs sparingly.

Explore
re some enrichment activities for you to work on to master and strengthen the basic concepts you have learned fro

Enrichment Activity 1: Fill Me!

There are a number of ways to revise your creative writing output

such as your narrative piece. Revising is not to rewrite. Revising means
to improve your story, refining your story, and correcting weaknesses in
your story.
What you need:

A graphic organizer (use colored paper if you

have) Pen

What you have to do:

Using the template below, make a graphic organizer on the

processes involved in revising creative nonfiction.

Definition Characteristics

REVISIN
G

Macro Revision Micro Revision

Assessment 1:

Directions: Use a separate sheet for your answers. Tell what type of
revision the following conventions fall? Write the correct answers in your
answer sheet.

1. Beginning of the story should catch the attention of its

readers. (Macro revision, micro revision)

2. Active voice, concrete nouns, and action verbs are used

when revising. (macro revision, micro revision)

3. Use of imagery and language that appeals to the reader’s

senses. (Macro revision, micro revision)

4. Ensure that you are using correct spelling. (Macro revision, micro
revision)

5. Use of consistent voice, tone and diction is observed.

(Macro revision, micro revision)
 Enrichment No. 2: Blockbuster

Directions: Complete the crossword puzzle. Use the clues below

to help you answer the crossword puzzle.

Across Down
1. The character who is opposed to
2. It is the section of the plot leading to the
(against) or competes with another.
climax, in which the tension stemming from
5. People in the story. the story’s central conflict grows through
successive plot development.
8. The plan or main story of a play or
novel. 3. The central idea or message explored in
the story
10. The beginning of a story that
exposes or introduces the background. 4. It is the section of the plot leading to the
resolution of the story.
11. Details before the resolution, loose
ends are tied up, usually very brief. 6. It where and when the story takes place.

12. The point at which the intensity of 7. The main character, usually the one the
the action rises to a high point. reader identifies with.

9. Literary elements that involves a

struggle between two opposing forces.
Assessment 2: Revise the following draft. Use a separate sheet of paper for
your output.

Text 1(Dull Plot). A young man who survives a disaster at sea is hurtled into
an epic journey of adventure and discovery. While cast away, he forms an
unexpected connection with another survivor: a fearsome Bengal tiger.

-Anonymous

Enrichment No. 3: Thinking Out Loud

Directions: Reflect on and answer the following questions. Use

another sheet of paper for your answers.

1. Using a Venn diagram, state the similarities and differences of

editing and revising.
 2. What are the important roles that revising as a skill play?

3. Why do you think revising and proofreading are important to writing?

Deepen

Writing Project

Directions: With the different literary conventions and concepts on

revising a draft presented in this module, do the following task. Use
another sheet of paper for this task. The scoring rubric on the next page
will be used in assessing your output.

1. Read the story “Sapay Koma” by Jhoanna Lynn Cruz.

2. Revise a specific scene from the perspective of another character.

 3. Revise the story with a different ending. Since this story is very
dramatic, anything could happen. Revise the plot of the story
specifically its ending following the given suggestions:
 The narrator ends up with her husband.
 The narrator stays with her husband.
 You can have your own way to end the story.

4. Discuss how your revisions have changed the story. Is it better or

worse? How does the reader relate to the characters and the
narrative action with the newly revised scene?

5. Revise a scene from your own paper from either a different

perspective or to completely change the plot of the story.

Sapay Koma
Nonfiction by Jhoanna Lynn Cruz | September 14, 2008
(This won 3rd prize, Essay in English, Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature 2008)

“I looked at Maria and she was lovely. She was tall…and in the darkened hall
the fragrance of her was like a morning when papayas are in bloom.”

–Manuel Arguilla

On our first Valentine as a couple, he gave me a bowl of white

nondescript flowers. They had a distinctly sweet but faint scent. I had
never been a fan of Valentine’s Day nor of love like a red, red rose; but
that day, I became a believer. He told me they were papaya blossoms
from his mother’s garden. At that moment, I knew I would one day marry
him. We had started dating only three months ago, but I knew I would be
Maria to his Leon. Why, he even had a younger brother the same age as
Baldo! And even though they didn’t live in Nagrebcan nor owned a
carabao, the town of Itogon, Benguet was remote enough for me. I have
always enjoyed teaching the Arguilla story for its subversive take on the
role that one’s family plays in a marriage; but having been born and
raised in Pasay City, I had no idea what papaya blossoms smelled like. I
imagined that my new boyfriend had read the story in his Philippine
literature class and meant for me to recognize his gift as an allusion. In
fact, I imagined we would defy societal norms and prove that love
conquers all. Instead of a ―theme song,‖ our relationship had a story to
live up to. It was a disaster waiting to happen.

In the story, Leon brings his city-girl wife, Maria, home to meet his
parents for the first time. His surly father orchestrates several tests of
Maria’s suitability through Leon’s younger brother Baldo, who is quickly
won over by her papaya blossom scent.

The first time I met his parents was on the wedding day of his
eldest brother. By then, we had been seeing each other discreetly for
seven months, somehow knowing that no one would approve of our
relationship. In the midst of the beating of gongs and best wishes, his
Kankanaey father only wanted to know two things about me: where I was
from and what language I spoke. I gave the wrong answer on both points.
I was a Manileña and I couldn’t speak Ilocano yet, having only recently
moved to Baguio City to rebuild my life after becoming disillusioned with
the institution that had once nurtured my desire to excel. But no love
lost, I was only their son’s
―gayyem‖ (friend), after all. It didn’t help that I was wearing a leopard
print spaghetti-strapped dress, which exposed the tattoo on my back. I
reasoned that the Cordillera culture has a long tradition of body art; so
they should appreciate the significance of mine. None of us knew at that
time that I was already carrying a half-Igorot child in my womb (which, I
imagined, somehow made me an acceptable quarter-Igorot for the
nonce).

Against better judgment, we decided to get married. We were

under the influence of hormones, of pregnancy, of the Catholic church, of
Manuel Arguilla. We would have gotten a quickie secret wedding if he
were old enough, or I, wais enough; but by law we needed his parents’
consent. Which they refused to give. For perfectly good reasons.

They could have said, ―You shouldn’t marry because he is too

young‖ (and you are ten years older). Or ―You shouldn’t marry because
he is still studying‖ (and you were even his teacher). Or ―You shouldn’t
marry because he has a calling‖ (and you are snatching him from God).

But instead his mother said, ―We can’t give you permission
because his brother had just gotten married. In the theology of the
Cordilleras, if siblings marry within the same year, one of the marriages
will fail. The community will blame us if we allow you to marry.‖

So I called my mother, who promptly came to my rescue, writing

them a demand letter based on a fallacy: ―If your child were the woman
in this situation, you would rush to marry them!‖ I’m sure she was so
eager to get me married off because she knew it was a fluke.

What was most ridiculous (though I refused to see it at that time),

was that I was a self-proclaimed lesbian feminist. Despite all the tragic
relationships I had had with women, I still believed that it was worth
fighting for the right of a woman to love another woman. What business
did I have getting married to a very young man? And for all the wrong
reasons.
Must have been oxytocin overdose sponsored by the baby in my womb.
Or a planetary alignment exerting mysterious forces on my
consciousness. Or, gasp—Love!

Whatever it was, it came to pass. My mother didn’t have to bring

my grandfather’s rifle. But I had to do it all on my own: filing the license,
finding the Judge, buying the rings, reserving a restaurant, paying for
everything. It was a good thing his parents didn’t allow us to tell anybody
about the marriage – that way I didn’t have to invite anyone — which
lessened my expenses. I had to understand that they had spent all their
savings for his brother’s recent wedding, where they had butchered eight
pigs for a traditional Igorot wedding feast. And after all, lest we forget,
we were getting married against their will. But hey, there they were, on
hand to sign the marriage certificate in the sala of the Honorable Judge
Fernando Cabato of La Trinidad, Benguet.

The ceremony itself was quick – but peppered with omens. First,
when the court clerk asked for my mother-in-law’s name, I told her
―Constancia‖ – because I figured that was where her nickname
―Connie‖ came from. When I asked my nervous groom, he agreed. When
the Judge confirmed the information, ―Constancia‖ objected because her
name is actually ―Conchita.‖ Judge Cabato made the correction and
lectured us about how important it is not to make errors in a legal
document. Then, when it came to my father-in- law’s name, the Judge
refused to believe that ―Johnny‖ was his real name.

When he asked for the rings, my groom gave him the little box, but
when the Judge opened it, it was empty. The elderly honorable Judge sat
down and asked, ―Is this a prank?‖ It turned out that the rings had
slipped out of the box and were floating in my groom’s pants’ pocket.

When it was time for the wedding kiss, the Judge ―got even‖ with us.
He pronounced us husband and wife and then said, ―No more kissing,
it’s obvious there’s a deposit in there!‖ Then he laughed hearty
congratulations. I wonder now how many times he has regaled a party
crowd with our story.

At the reception in a Chinese restaurant, we occupied only one

round table, with only ten guests. The pancit canton was very good. We
didn’t get any gifts, except for a framed copy of 1 Corinthians 13: ―Love
is patient, love is kind… love does not keep a record of wrongs…‖ It
wasn’t the wedding of my dreams, but the whole event cost me only Php
2,500. It was as do-it- yourself as DIY could get. That didn’t include the
cost of the wedding rings, for which I had to sacrifice some of my old gold
jewelry. The irony of it escaped me at the time; but for a modern woman
on a budget, there was no room for finesse.
 Thus we began our married life: full of contention, confusion, and
concealment.

We couldn’t live together immediately; nor was I allowed to be seen

in their little neighborhood, where everyone knew everyone. A very
pregnant stranger ambling up and down the steep Upper Mangga Road
would have been a conspicuous mystery. I continued to live alone in my
apartment, with my husband staying weekends, and I pretended in school
that my husband is from Manila. I’m not sure anyone actually believed
the drama, but I was bathing in first-baby-love, so I couldn’t care less.

My other Igorot friends assured me that when the baby is born, my

in- laws would finally accept me as the mother of their grandchild. But as
I said, I couldn’t care less. I was a Manila girl – I truly believed that our
marriage would succeed even without his parents’ approval of me. I was
used to flouting norms and not needing anyone. And for his part, my
husband argued existentially that we should live by the integrity of our
own little family. You see, he was a Philosophy major under the tutelage
of two young Jesuit-educated instructors, who had come to the mountains
from Manila to indulge their fantasies about love and teaching (in that
order). We, the migrant teachers, smiled at each other in the College of
Human Sciences silently acknowledging each other’s foolishness;
ignoring the fact that most of the other ―native‖ faculty members looked
askance at the three of us.

When our daughter was born, we decided it was time to move into
the family home. In the innocent presence of the new half-Igorot baby, all
would be forgiven. It seemed the most practical thing to do. But I soon
realized how naïve we were. We didn’t take into account all the new
wrongs that could be committed while sharing one household.

Before I got married, I had a dog – a black mongrel I had named

―Sapay Koma,‖ which is Ilocano for ―sana.‖ It is both a wish and a
prayer – difficult to translate into English, unless in context. Koma was
my companion throughout the two years I had lived in my dank, quirky
apartment – the mute witness to the drama and dilemma preceding my
decision to marry. We took him along with us in our move, of course. But
the five other dogs in the new household didn’t like him all that much and
they all raised such a nonstop racket, none of the humans could sleep,
particularly the newborn baby.

The neighbors offered to buy him for Php 500. Igorots like black
dogs because the meat is tastier. I was aghast. He was my dog, my loyal
friend. If anyone was going to eat him, it should be family. So my
husband invited his friends over to put Koma out of his misery.
 I locked myself in our little bedroom with the baby, while they did
it. But despite the closed windows, I could still smell the burning hair and
later, the meat cooking. The putrid scent seemed to stick to my nose for
days after, accusing me of betrayal. I wept for Koma and for all that was
dying in the fire – all the wishes that had no place in my new life. I
decided that this was the price for what Filipinos like to call ―paglagay
sa tahimik.‖

It took two hours for the meat to be tender enough to eat and when
we all sat down to dinner, I was glad they didn’t expect me to partake of
the canine feast. Yet I did. I took one mouthful, which I swallowed quickly
without chewing, so I wouldn’t have to relish the flavors. I may have had
the stomach for it, but I didn’t have the heart. I only wanted to show
them that I respected their culture, even though in fact, I would never
belong. Also, I was hoping that this way, Koma would forgive me for
having failed him, for offering him as a sacrifice at the altar of my
marriage. This way, we could be truly together.

For weeks after, every time I overheard my husband reply ―Aw,

aw‖ to his father, I would shiver at the prospect that we would have dog
for dinner again. They had five other dogs, after all. Luckily, it turned out
that ―aw‖ only means ―yes‖ in their language, Kankanaey. Besides, they
only butcher dogs on very special occasions. Ordinarily, there was always
the savory chicken soup dish, Pinikpikan, which features a similar
charred skin aroma and taste. I was quite relieved to learn that his father
did not require beating the chicken to death with a stick before cooking,
as is customary in the Igorot culture.

To this day, I have not been able to care for another dog. I do,
however, have another child. By the same man. Accidentally. It happened
on Father’s Day, when we thought having sex was a nice distraction from
the confusion that arose from our growing discontent with the marriage.
When we found out about the pregnancy, we agreed, albeit reluctantly,
that it was Divine Intervention – a sign that we should keep trying to save
the marriage.

It was not just the food that was strange. I couldn’t understand why
everyday, some relatives would come over and expect to be fed. I had not
been raised in an extended family, and even within our nuclear family, we
pretty much kept to ourselves. In my mother’s house, we were trained to
share through ―one for you, one for me, then stay out of my bag of goodies.‖
You can imagine how I felt the day they served my Gardenia whole wheat
bread to the ―relatives,‖ who promptly wiped it out, because my peanut
butter was delicious.

Not that I was being selfish. Aside from the fact that I didn’t have
any bread for breakfast the next day and the house being a ten-minute
hike
uphill plus ten kilometers to downtown Baguio City, I fumed about not
even being introduced to these relatives as the wife of their son. They
would introduce my daughter and her yaya, but I remained a ―phantom
of delight‖ flitting about the house.

When I confronted my husband about the bread, he explained that

in the Igorot culture, everything belongs to the community. So I took a
permanent marker and wrote my name on my next loaf of bread. It was a
Saussurean signifier of sorts – and it was unforgivable.

My father-in-law was a man of few words. In fact, my daughter was

already two years old when he decided it was time to acknowledge my
existence and say something to me. In the past, he would use an
intermediary (usually my husband) if he wanted to get information from
me. It wasn’t too difficult because by this time we had already moved to
Manila and were living in my mother’s house – which was another
disaster and another story. It was Christmas Eve and we were spending
the holidays in Baguio City. He was watching a replay of a boxing match
and I was playing with my daughter in the living room. He asked, in
Ilocano, ―Do you have a VCD player at home?‖ I was so shocked I
couldn’t reply immediately. He repeated the question in Tagalog. It
turned out he was giving us the VCD player he had won in a barangay
raffle. That night, as the entire family sang their traditional ―Merry
Christmas To You‖ to the happy birthday tune, I felt I was finally getting a
fair chance to prove that I was worthy of being in their cozy family.

In our six years together, I can think of more instances in which our
separate worlds collided and caused aftershocks in my marriage. But
none of it rivaled what I thought was the worst affront to me. My mother-
in-law is Cancerian, like me, so her house is a pictorial gallery of her
children and their achievements. She had a wall with enlarged and
framed wedding photos of her children. Through the years, her exhibit
grew, and expectedly, I and my husband didn’t have a photo on this wall.
I figured it was because we had not had a church wedding. In fact, when
we told them I was pregnant with our second child, they requested that
we hold a church wedding already. They even offered to share the
expense. But I preferred to save my money for the birth of the baby.
However, given my theater background, I once tried to convince my
husband to just rent a gown and tuxedo and then have our ―wedding‖
photo taken so we’d finally get on ―The Wedding Wall.‖ But he has
always been the more sensible half of our couple.

One day, though, a new picture was added to the wall. It was a
studio photo of his eldest sister, her American husband, and their baby
boy. It wasn’t ―The Wedding Wall‖ anymore; it was now the ―Our Children
and their
Acceptable Spouses‖ wall. It was their version of the Saussurean
signifier. The message was loud and clear – to me and to other people
who came to visit.

I wonder now why it so mattered to me to be on that wall. I guess I

felt that after all those years, we had been punished enough for defying
the culture. Maybe I actually believed in 1 Corinthians 13. Or perhaps I
also needed to be reassured that I was indeed happily married.

I confronted my husband about it and demanded that he finally

stand up for me and our family. And he did – he wrote his parents a letter
that made his mother cry and beat her breast. We each tried to explain
our sides, finally coming to terms with the bitter past. They told me that
they are simple folk and didn’t mean to ostracize me; that when they
agreed to the marriage, they accepted me as part of the family, no matter
what. I believed them. I told them I was never going to be the woman
they had probably wanted for their son; but that I am a perfectly good
woman, most of the time. We tried to make amends. Our family picture
was up on the wall within three days. Our kids were quite pleased.

But it was too late. By then, my husband and I had been grappling
with our own issues for the past five years. He had gotten tired of my
transgressions and sought solace with his friends. After coming home late
from another ―Happy Hour‖ with them, I screamed at him, ―What happy
hour? Nobody is allowed to be happy in this house!‖ It was then we both
finally realized that we had to face the truth about our marriage. By the
time his parents were willing to start over in our journey as a family, we
had given up on ours.

Most couples find breaking up hard to do. It was particularly hard

for us because we had to convince his parents that it was not their fault.
On the other hand, I had to deal with the fact that maybe my marriage
did fail because of the ―curse‖ of the superstition ―sukob sa taon‖ – that
maybe we were wrong to insist on our choice. Yet on good days, I am
pretty sure it was a perfectly ―no fault divorce,‖ if there ever was one.

―Kapag minamalas ka sa isang lugar, itawid mo ng dagat‖ goes the

Filipino proverb. Perhaps the salt in the sea would prevent the bad luck
from following you. So today I live with my two Igorot children in Davao
City
– fondly called ―the promised land.‖ Everyone is astounded when they
learn that I had moved even though I knew only one person here – who
didn’t even promise me anything. I just wanted a chance to start over.
When we moved into this house, it had a small nipa hut in the backyard.
The kids enjoyed staying there during the sweltering hot Davao
afternoons, especially when their Daddy called them on the phone. But it
was nearly falling apart and
was host to a colony of termites that had actually begun to invade the
house as well.

My generous landlady soon decided it was time to tear down the

structure. When I got home one day, it was gone. All that was left was a
dry and empty space in the yard; yet everything looked brighter too. We
missed the ―payag;‖ but soon the grass crept into the emptiness and we
began to enjoy playing Frisbee in the space that opened up. It was a
Derridean denouement of sorts.

Last year, we spent our first Christmas without any family

obligations. It was liberating not to have to buy any gifts for nephews,
cousins, in-laws. All the shopping I did was for my children. I was
determined to establish my own Christmas tradition with them. I wanted
to show them we were happy. I wanted them to grow up never having to
sing ―Merry Christmas To You‖ ever again. I decided to cook paella for
noche buena as if my life depended on it. I thought it was simply a matter
of dumping all the ingredients in the pan and letting it cook – like the
aftermath of a failed marriage. The recipe was so difficult I ended up
crying hysterically, asking myself over and over, ―what have I done?‖ My
kids embraced me and said, ―Nanay, stop crying na.‖ But I couldn’t. It
seemed as if it was the first time I had let myself cry over what I had lost.
I noticed though, that the kids did not cry. Embarrassed with myself, I
picked myself up from the river of snot that was my bed and finished
what I had set out to do – as I always have. It even looked and tasted like
paella, despite the burnt bottom. But next year we’ll just order take-out
from Sr. Pedro (Lechon Manok).

That night, my mother-in-law sent me a text message saying they

are always praying for us to get back together, especially for the
children’s sake. I do not know how to comfort her, except to keep saying
that we had all done the best we could at the time; that we are always
trying to do the right thing; that despite what happened, or perhaps
because of it, we will always be a family. Of a kind. We are, after all,
inextricably linked by a timeless story and ―sapay koma.‖

Each of us in this story nurtures a secret wish to have done things

differently – to have been kinder, more understanding of each other’s
quirks and shortcomings. But it takes less energy to wish it forward.
Sapay koma naimbag ti biag yo dita — to hope that your life there is
good. (End)
 Scoring Rubric on Plot Revision

Criteria 4 3 2 1 Points
Excellent Good Fair Poor
Presentation Plot is Plot is Plot is Plot is not
neat, organized, unorganized legible
organized
and easy to can be and can be
follow. followed followed
with
difficulty
Events Events are One event Two or more Events
displayed in is not in events are are not
logical order logical not in given in
order logical order logical
order to
the story
Parts of Plot Successfully Labeled Labeled and Did not
labeled and and identified label
identified all identified parts of plot parts of
parts of plot parts of with 2 or plot on
plot with more errors timeline
one error
Details Successfully Gave Barely gave Did not
gave enough details to any details give
details to enhance to enhance details to
enhance plot plot plot enhance
plot
TOTAL
 Gauge

A. Directions: Read and analyze the items below. Use a separate

sheet for your answers. Write only the letter of the best answer for
each test item.

1. This element makes creative nonfiction literally.

A. theme and content C. language and style
B. form and structure D. coherence and unity

2. It is an ongoing process of rethinking the paper, reconsidering

your arguments, reviewing your evidence, refining your purpose
and reorganizing your presentation.
A. drafting B. editing C. planning D. revising

3. It is called as a story within a story.

A. flashback C. parallel structure
B. frame story D. histories

4. This refers to big-picture edits in which making sure the

conventions of creative nonfiction make sense and organized.
A. macro revision C. micro revision
B. proof-reading D. post-writing

5. This refers to the patterns the events of a story form.

A. characterization B. plot Structure
B. setting D. theme

6. This type of revision is also known as line-edit in which spelling,

grammar and punctuations in a work are revised or edited.
A. macro revision C. micro revision
B. proof-reading D. post-writing

7. ―Who is recounting or narrating the story?‖ This question

is answered by .
A. characters B. setting
B. point-of-view D. symbol
 8. Examples of this are the crucifix that may represent suffering
and death as its negative interpretations, but it can also suggest
salvation, sacrifice and even victory. This convention of prose
is called .
A. characters B. setting
B. point-of-view D. symbol

9. This is a literary convention in which an author gives readers

hints about what will happen later in the story.
A. flashback C. flash-forward
B. foreshadowing D. en medias res

10. What is the central message or theme of the essay ―Sapay Koma‖?
A. happiness is a choice C. nothing is impossible with love
B. love is about sacrificing D. living your life in a good way

B. Directions: Write a draft of your own piece (narrative piece

preferably based on your experience). Then, revise it using the presented
prompts of revision in this module. Be guided by the scoring rubric below
on how your output will be rated.

Scoring Rubric on Revising your Narrative Piece

Criteria 4 3 2 1
Excellent Good Fair Poor
Content Overly Story Combines story Skillfully
simplistic. elements may elements combines all
No clear or may not around a story elements
controlling reveal a controlling idea around a
idea and/or controlling to controlling idea
theme idea/theme reveal a to reveal a
thought- thought
provoking theme provoking
theme
Plot and Lacks a Provides Develops a Skillfully
Situation developed plot a standard plot develops plot
line minimally line with line with
developed complex major complex major
plot line and and minor
minor characters and
characters a definite
and a definite
 setting setting
Narrativ Fails to use Attempts to Anecdotes, Anecdotes,
e details, use sensory details sensory details
Devices/ anecdotes, details and examples and examples
Story dialogue, and/or create a sense create a clear
Details suspense, anecdotes, of the sense of the
and/or action suspense, characters’ main
dialogue, and thoughts, characters’
action, actions and thoughts,
but with appearances actions and
minimal appearances
effectiveness A range of A range of
devices such as devices such
suspense, as suspense,
dialogue and dialogue and
action (gestures, action
expressions) (gestures,
advances the expressions)
plot, gives skillfully
insight into advances the
characters, and plot, gives
keeps the insight into
reader characters, and
informed/ keeps the
entertained reader
continually
informed/enter
tained
Organiza Little to no Weak Effective Skillful
tion structure: structure: structure: Structure:
Exposition, Exposition, Engaging Strong,
conflict sequencing of exposition engaging
and/or ideas in Logical exposition.
resolution/ body and/or sequencing of Logical and
denouement resolution/de ideas effective
may not nouement based on sequencing of
exist need some purpose and ideas based on
revision linked purpose and
May be to theme skillfully linked
isolated Resolution and to theme
events with denouement Resolution and
weak reinforce theme denouement
 sequencing and give closure reinforce theme
and give
closure
Voice Unclear or no Sense of Writer’s voice is Writer's voice is
sense purpose confident, authentic,
of voice, and/or authentic and clever and
purpose audience not entertaining entertaining
and/or clear Reveals the • Skillfully
audience Writer’s voice significance of reveals the
is the writer’s significance of
detached attitude about the writer’s
from the the attitude
story subject/memora about the
ble incident subject/
Clear sense of memorable
audience and incident
purpose • Clear sense
Consistent point of purpose
of view and audience
• Consistent
point of
view
Word Limited More precise Precise, detailed Words or
and vocabulary; and words or phrases
Language words may accurate phrases get powerfully
Choice be used words are message across convey the
inappropriatel needed to and reveal intended
y or convey a characters’ message and
unnecessarily clear looks, skillfully reveal
repeated message actions, feelings, characters’
reactions, looks, actions,
and feelings,
conversation reactions, and
• Uses academic conversation
language to • Academic
enhance story language,
imbedded
throughout
the text,
enhances
story
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