Use of Code Switching by Bapsi Sidhwa’s “The Ice Candy Man” novel

Abstract
In present world representation of post-colonial studies has become the major concern of all the
literary personalities as well as the linguists. The literary writers and scholars of post-colonial era
have tried their best to show the colorful picture of their present society of sub-continent. On
contrary these literary scholars like as Bapsi Sidhwa, who tried to give a lighter influence of
code-switching in the novel as an interesting element just to show the reality of that time social
and cultural condition. When the British Imperialism came to an end, it was English language
and literature which was greatly speared into the upper classes of the societies of all over sub-
continent. Basically, Bapsi Sidhwa’s nationality is Pakistani. She is famous for her the best
interpretation of post-colonial societies as well as all the contemporary languages. “The Ice-
Candy Man” is regarded as the master piece of literature because of its fabulous and zealous
combination of Literature and linguistics. The major concern of this research is to elaborate
code-switching and its three types which are used commonly by Bapsi Sidhwa during the
representation of this great novel. These three different types of code-switching are “Inter-
sentential”, “Intra-sentential” and “Embletic”. Results which are showed by our study tells that
67% Intra-sentential is used, Inter-sentential is used 19% and Embletic is used only 18%.
Key Words: Literature, Language, Code-Switching, Intra-Sentential, Inter-Sentential and
Embletic.
Introduction
Code switching is used or utilized as a substitute of some languages by the speakers who are
multilingual speaker. The specific type of utilization in two languages in any conversation a by
specific or bilingual speakers that is significantly called as code-switching. During the time of
British imperialism, it was language of English which has been remained point of main attention
to all the contemporary literary scholars and linguists of this particular area of Sub-continent. A
great number of literary writers and authors represented mixture of two languages like as Urdu
and English masterpieces of Post-colonial studies and literature. The literature which was created
this time has a lot of importance regarding the aspect of English Language and literature which
cannot be ignored at any cost .in this study we have selected Bapsi Sidhwa’s Novel ‘The Ice-
Candy Man” as a literary piece for the elaboration of code-switching (CS).Several researches
have been made to uncover this aspect of code switching that it is not merely a expression of
emotional confusion of speaker’s inability to isolate two various languages. Basically, it is an
utmost principle that is represented by the component between proficient multilingual speakers
or narrators.it is the efficiency of Code switching that try to infer the competency among the two
languages. If there is need of lexical proficiency there might be little bit chances of arising the
deficiency of vocabulary on any special circumstances and conditions.
Research Background
Hudson (1980) defines that “socio-linguistics” is the process of studying the language
which is associated with any society. Hudson has also defined the “sociology”. He says that in
sociology we study about society and we explain it with the relation of language.

S. Talib and Ismail (2002) in the “The Language of Post-Colonial Literature” declared
their ideas about the novelist who have used mostly “code-switching” in their English writings,
particularly in their Post-Colonial Literary production.

Nafi (2013) expressed that in process of “analyzing code-switching in the literary and
novels “Miss Pesimis” which is written by Alia Zalfa. She has extensively used the technique of
code-switching. In 2013 Rahmadhani
Arimasari organized a research work. This research was mainly conducted to make a deep
investigation of code-switching in a particular novel “Negeri Menara”’ written by A.Faudi.A
great and famous Indian novel writer Mulk Raj Anand expressed that he had used language of
Punjabi and Hindi in the novel “Untouchable”. For instance similar example of code-switching
from “Untouchable” (1940) is given as following:
“Babu Ji, Babu Ji, God will make you prosperous. Please make my message reach the ears of
the Hakim Ji. I have been shouting, shouting, and have been asked people to tell the Hakim
Sahib that I have a prayer to him”.(The language of the Post- Colonial literature by S.Talib and
Ismail.Objectives of the Study
This research is based on the following obectives;First objective of the present study is to
examine the varieties of code-switching which are used in the novel “The Ice-Candy Man”. The
Second objective of this study is to highlight the use of code switching from English to Urdu by
the different characters of this particular novel “The Ice-Candy Man”.
Significance of the Study
Post-colonial studies regarding with the literary author Bapsi Sidhwa’s Novel “The Ice-Candy
Man” is just a new area in the linguistics regarding the aspect of code-switching. Therefore it has
gained great value and importance. A few studies have been organized on this particular novel
which was associated to the use of code-switching in English language to Urdu language. All of
them have given much attention to other forms of literature and linguistics utilities in Post-
colonial writings but particularly this aspect has remained untouched since the long times by
researchers. So, this research work has expanded in the field of code-switching with its
association to Post-colonial fiction. In future, other researchers will get guidelines and follow
this research as best recommendation. Through the help of “The Ice Candy Man” this, the
researcher will try his best to justify and depict the original representation of Post-Colonial
writings.
Research Questions
The questions of the present research study are as following:
1. What type of code-switching has been used by Sidhwa in the novel “the Ice Candy Man”?
2. What is the percentage of using Code Switching from English to Urdu in Ice Candy Man?
LiteratureReview
This research investigates some major points which are highlighted with the concept of code-
switching. A few major thoughts of Bilingualism, Sociolinguistics, Speech Community and
Code-Switching are discussed which are correlated with this research.
Sociolinguistics
Hudson (1980 has expressed the dissimilarity, which has taken after the definition of
sociolinguistics is that, it the study of language with relation of human society. Basically, the
relationship of sociology and language is called, “the study of society in relation to language”.

Wardhaugh (1986) states that in the field of sociolinguistics, our concerns are only
limited to human society with some special ends and objectives. Because we have to realize as
great as this concept is. In the field of sociology and language we remain limited around the
direction of our aims and benefits.

Sociolinguists have coined some few definitions which are associated with
sociolinguistics coined by sociologists.

Holmes and Pride (1972) portrayed sociolinguistics as a process of investigation in field

of language which has become the part of our today’s society and cultural norms.

Trudgil (1974) discovered that components which are used in phonetics are called
sociolinguistics. These components are directly linked with language, are known as societal and
cultural phenomena. Above given expression were also provoked by Dell Hymes.

It was Hymes (1973) who opposed sociolinguistics that it could be taken as an indication
which can be utilized by the help of semantic information. Its interpretation can control all the
related to social life. On contrary, the utilization of all these social evidences and analysis of
etymological concerns are related to this society.

Gillian (Steven, 176) investigated that the interpretations about human language and the
social order is recognized as sociolinguistics. In broader way, it is a term which covers every
evolutional category of language which is made by some serious utilization of all these social
information and exploration of human life. It can make good use of language information.
Bilingualism
Mackey (1982) has portrayed that bilingualism can be used as the substitute among two
or more used languages by the similar or any one person. Moreover, Aucam (1926) has
emphasized that it is a process of bilingualism in which two alive language conditions can be
regularly made available to one and other coming next nation. Each of them can be discussed
by any one’s countrywide gathering. They have to depict a genuine and huge number of general
populations.
According to the situation, Bilingualism can be perceived as problem among the large
group of people who are bilingual. They must have a complete affinity to encompass relatively
low standards in their particular societies. The learning process of other languages should be
joined with their subordination.
Wardhaugh (1986) opines that Bilingualism can be interpreted as a personal, social or
cultural issue. This concept is not such a concept which has not a value that has compact positive
principles. A person who is bilingual or also multilingual, the situations might deliver it in
different ways or even values which are counted on the base of language.
Concept of Code
Wardhaugh (1986) declared that the word “Code” can be defined a thing or concept
which is used to indicate any specific type of structure. It can easily be utilized by two or many
types of individuals in the process of conversation. Further he elucidated that we can also
indicate one or more languages or a variety of language can be named as code.
Moreover Wardhaugh says that according to law when someone opens his mouth, he must
have to select a any particular language, a special style and register it must be named as the
variety of some special code .
Marjohan, (1988) explained that the Codes which are related to each other can be by
confined by the process of application of linguistic modules existed in a language .in this case In
this case the concept of code cannot be called as linguistic pattern for like as: phonemes,
morphemes, sentence ,word, phrase or a talk. On the contrary it might be declared as a language,
an idiolect, a socialist or a special register.
 A society which is multilingual, there the codes are based on the utilization of numerous
and variable languages. The specialty of their usage is settled on the base of general societies or
it may be empowered by their government. A position or status in which we use two different
codes or languages an each of one have their specific capacity , we can call this situation
“diglossia”. Similarly, Speech community is an impartial linguistic term. Opposing to all the
other social aspects it cannot be supposed a specific magnitude or principle of society or
communality. By speech community process in which the majority of some society individuals
have to represent no more or less rather than it is self-contained speech mixture. It has its own
criteria for its suitable usage. It is might be named as justly a locked statement or organization.
The individuals who live in it have to respect each other in their own capability.

Diglossia:
Wardhaugh (1998) elucidates that a condition of society in which there exists in two
particular languages being used at a balanced way. Its proper utilization and partition is made in
a special sequence and an arranged condition is very distinguished feature.

Generally, Diglossia is the name of a stable language. In this status both the languages
have to corporate with other like they are essential to one another. The most distinctive feature of
diglossia is that it is known as a standardized language which is highly modified and supreme
variety of language. This variety of language has its own collection of composed literature. Both
these languages are being used at two levels like as a higher level and the other is lower level.
These languages have their own prior period or a speech community. It can be founded to a large
status great by their proper training and it can be developed for written or in a formal
conversation even it is not used by any particular part of the some society or community only
on the base of normal talk .

Basically “Diglossia” is the name of specific situation where two languages or more than
two languages or the varieties of any one language are being used in a society or community.
These language varieties are divided on the base of different social status and relationships.
 Initially the term of “diglossia” was used by Charles Fergusson in 1959. He firstly used it
for indication or various varieties of two or more varieties of the same language which is
promoted under the various circumstances in a society. Wardhaugh(1997) states that A large
number of speakers know only a few varieties of language which they use in their daily routine
work. These assortments or varieties of language are: discourse, bilingualism and
multilingualism. These varieties are considered as the standard language for some speakers. They
prefer these varieties instead of using two languages at the same time. These speakers have their
own choice to select any one language in the process of conversation. They also may be able
choose or exchange language at the time starting of conversation with one language. After that
they can blend these codes during their talk inside .they can use short expressions and
successively make into the code or language.
Scotton (1983) tried to explain the code switching that it is choice of speakers who can
by suggesting the unmarked as well as patterned opinions which are easily accessible to each
other during their talk. There is the chance of changing these judgments according to the
circumstances.
Hoffman (1993) elucidated that Code-switching is recognized as a substitute which is
utilized among the two language varieties which are included in linguistic variations.
McLaughlin (1984) assumes that the condition of language among the process of code
mixing and code switching language modifies its specific features crosswise by mentioning the
sentence limitations
Furthermore Gal (1988) defines that it is conversational or a proper preplanned strategy
which is used for the establishment or abolishment of language boundaries. The main concern
of this aspect is to develop, to suggest or to change the relationships on the base of their social
rights and duties.
Holmes (1992) states that the foundations of multi-lingual speech are hindrances, code
mixing as well as code switching. These characteristics are conventionally genius. Although it is
frequently discoverable that it is smaller quantity of demanding in the conversational category. It
is used just in one language as an alternative of other language

Types of code-switching
 Code switching can also be categorized as a conditional code-switching and metaphoric
code-switching. Conditional code Switching is also famous as “Situational code switching”. It
happens at the time when the language is changed with sequence of changing the person,
subjects and the time in the special circumstances. It might be happen when they are re-
imagined.
“Metaphoric or Allegorical code switching” occurs only one condition but it tries to add
some other circumstances which adds a few intending parts. This part contains considerable
relationships during communicative process.
Wardhaugh (1997) says that In metaphorical code switching the change of language by
the speaker the as condition of the circumstance are proper to spontaneous, genuine to crafty ,an
expert to specific as well as good behaviors to solidarity
 A famous Indonesian sociolinguist Suwito (1983) says that we put the varieties of language
switching into a regular account of relationship among the different languages which take part in
the whole conversational process. He tried to recognize a subordinate language switching and
“extern language switching”.
Intern Language Switching
In this creational procedure, there are two parts or territories which take part in both two regional
languages in a single or national system of language. Here are used two or more than two
languages or tongues. One is called the local that might be called diversified local language for
example “Sunda lingo” an Indonesian regional language, Madura and language system.
Extern Language Switching
This specific type of language switching includes another language speakers and it can remote
one language from the other for example, the switching of language among English to Urdu,
Indonesian to English Arabic and English etc.

Hudson has suggested that some tremendous sociolinguistics recommends that language
and code switching can be utilized by the possible two languages which can change one time or
remain ever changing. It can be started by single one language then it goes on to next.
 Language switching from the utilization of two or more than languages on the both sides.

In this process of language switching, characters must have worked as a regular procedure by
using many languages or some specific variations of language. They can switch from single
sentence. Same as they go forward it commonly.
 Switching of Language by starting pint of one’s language and it goes onto the next.
Language.
As a result, this type of procedure can be finished by using one language is only for one
manifestation. After this, for the other articulation it goes on to the other language.

Romaune (1995) has declared that Code switching might be classified into three
following specific types:
 Tag-switching,
 Sentential switching
  Intra-sentential switching
Muysken and Appel (1987) explained that this classification depends on the range of
using code switching. It also depends on the points on which the language shifting happens.
Tag switching: In Tag switching there includes an insertion of one tag from a particular
language to an expression that is completely found in some other language.
Inter-sentential code Inter-sentential code switching is the term which determines the code
switching process that includes improvement with in the sentence or between the sentence from
one particular language to other languages or codes.
Intra-sentential switching:Intra sentential code switching is only concerned to language shift
which appears into a sentence or it can happen according to provision of limits.
Sometimes it is incorporated through the mixing of classified word limits. Meanwhile this
category of switching of code is included into the best syntactic mistakes. Basically this occurs
when there is a less proficient bilingual who is using or utilizing it.

Hoffman (1991) concludes that various types of code mixing and code switching are
being considered into the account at a large extent where switching is utilized among the
languages. These are greatly named as “intra-sentential switching”, “between sentential
switching”, “symbolic switching” and “intra-lexical code mixing”. These categories are trying to
build up a great progress with the previous definitions and speakers. These are also including
minor changes of pronunciation that every category will become very significant. These
categories are following;
Inter- sentential switching
The category of Inter sentential switching appears between establishment of sentence or their
limits, where each and every idea or sentence is described in one language or the other code.
Emblematic switching
This specific type code switching is labeled as “outcry” and definite set of words from one
Language are inserted into another articulation which are generally used in another. For
example the Panjabi words in English language.
Development of connection with old speaker:
This special sort of switching is strikingly preceded with the process of articulation which was
used by the past speaker. Like as one Urdu language speaker talks in language of English or
other language .after this activity the other listening speaker attempts to reply it into English or
other specific language.
Intra-Sentential Switching
This code switching always appears during the blending of expression inside a statement or
uttering a sentence.
Intra-lexical Code mixing
it is code mixing or blending which appears with in a word limit.

Involvement of changing the Pronunciation

The code Switching which is based on the phonological level of the conversation.
History of The Novel and its Author
Bapsi Sidhwa is the one of the greatest writers who witnessed the time of Sepration of Pakistan
and India.Bapsi Sidhwa belongs to a parcy Family. In this novel She has tried to highlight all the
situations and problems which were faced by different communities. At the same time this novel
represents the social and cultural conditions of that time.The Ice Candy man is considered as one
of Her Best literary production.Because as a literary work has to define all the circumstances of
the society same is the case with this novel. After reading this novel a reader can easily get the
idea that what was the social condition of Sidhwa's age .
Being a great literary scholar she has also selected some beautiful and outstanding linguistic
techniques which can be helpful for a reader that how she has greatly Forwirded her point of
view by the selection of such techniques such as code mixing .A technical can get many
instances of Enjoyment as well as great interpretation of that time human and social conditions.
Methodology
The research is based on specific codes which are used in methodology .these codes depend on
the planning, sources of data, data collection and evaluation of the data with according to special
policies.
Hlsti (1969) has greatly elaborated the procedure of research. He says that in this process
of structuring the designing is called as an arrangement. It is used in the procedure of collecting
information. It also functions as a breaking point of information, in order to answer all the
questions which are asked by an examiner.
 In a reaction to Hlsti another researcher named Donald (1985) has clarified that all the
techniques which are signified by general structure in any social event which also breaks down
that information that are necessary for obtaining the questions he further said that the most
influential part of this study is investigation plan.
Naim (2009) declared that the outline of the research was based on liberary based studies
with the objective of subjective interpretation.
Naim has also defined the concept of “library study” in a special medium, he says that
it will try to take much care on the issue of fault finding as well as deep study of words or
writing ability.it also declares the mastery of examination conditions which are related to them. T
. In present work, the researcher has to classify application of language in the era of post-
colonial writing but particularly about “ the Ice Candy Man by Bapsi Sidhwa”. Language
Devices which have applied in this Novel according to the concept of code-switching will be
highlighted.
Source of Data
Arikunto (2006) represents that the sources of data are called the subject from where
evidences were gathered. This data has been gathered from the particular novel “The ice candy
man. It is constructed on the exchange of ideas which were spoken by the various characters of
novel. This novel also provides us clear idea about the language of post-colonial era and
literature that was being utilized in the routine life of sub-continent. Novel which was selected
as the source of collecting the data for the evaluation of code switching, in this novel It has also
been used to make outstanding literary dialogues. This famous novel “The Ice Candy Man” has
been written by a famous post-colonial Pakistani writer “Bapsi Sidhwa”.
Type of Data
The instrument which is used as research instrument is also known as a device. It can also be
used for collecting the information.
Rendering to Arikunto, a technique is process which is employed to collect the
information. Arikunto(2006) mentions that The instrument which is used in a study is employed
by different techniques only to get specific information.
Subsequently, this research is library study based and subjective analysis, the vital
instrument of all this constant process of exploration is very important and specialized. To
support all the needed information, the researcher or predictor has employed narrative procedure.
Narrative technique is used to collect data from a relevant from the original books, newspapers,
data text, records, magazine and images. At a particular point where the researcher gathers the
material through the investigation of books, texts, magazines or from other source of collection
the record is defined as “documentation technique”. The process of this exploration by the
writer who has utilized this documentation technique to collect the information about these
categories, are the reasons of using code -switching in “Ice Candy Man”. In very first, we
selected some dialogues which were written and used in “ ice candy man” which were related to
this topic or studies “use of code switching in English language”. All The dialogues from the
above cited novel have been carefully chosen in a great way.
Data collection procedure
Data was collected on the base of three steps. These three steps are given as following :
• studying the text of the novel “the ice-candy Man”.
• Choosing the proper dialogues where code switching is used.
• highlighting the sentences, phrases or clauses in which code switching has found in the
novel”the Ice Candy man”.
Sari (1982) examined that in the procedure of data interpretation and analysis of data, the
technique of examining and articulating the talk records should be systematically organized.
Ground reality note and diverse ingredients are utilized that are also used by the scientist to
collect or to expand any intellectual capacity.
Following procedures are used in the process of analyzing the data from text of novel
Coding the Material
According to the principle of code applying the variety and reason are used in the code
switching. Although the methodology was based on subjective view point, the analyst has tried
to build a framework for coding just to process or compose the legal information. Creation of a
code outline comprises a few basic stages: after Searching through the help of material down
to consistencies or its examples.it also try to spread the subjective information and then lastly
all the collected words and manifestation are used to speak according to the subjects and
strategies.
Evaluating the Information
When all the switched thoughts or expressions are summed into the total of all the interactions,
which have been emphasized Then the scientist start to evaluate all the information from a
proper sequence. That is applied by analysis of the operation of five or seven varieties or
reasoning of switching.
Discussing about Compressing and Conclusion
In this complete progressive procedure, the scientist has verified that which type of the five
varieties among code-switching. They also try to know what was reason behind using seven
dialects and switching is founded in using code switching in the novel “Ice-Candy Man”.
Analysis of Code Switching in the Novel
All the data is related according to the asked research questions, which cover:
1. Use of varieties of code switching from English language to Urdu code in Bapsi
Sidhwa’s novel ‘Ice Candy Man”.
2. The percentage level of using code switching in the novel “Ice Candy Man”. All the
varieties which are used in the novel are classified and they are based on the discussion
which was done in the preceding division.
Text Of the Novel Type Of Code-Switching
Langer Deen ! Paisey The writer has used Inter-Sentential in this part of the novel.
ke Teen! Tamba
Mota !Pag Mahin

Bai Jee? Wake Up According to logic Intra-Sentential mixing used by the author in
Ayah taps mother’s this sentence .
Hands urgently. Bai
jee?
It won’t hurt, After reading this part of the novel, one can say that it is used
mai,’soothes father Inter-Sentential mixing in the part of novel.
gently.
I lie sprawled on the In this phrase Inter-Sentential is used by the author in a great
grass, my head in the manner.
Ayah’s lap.
Things love to crawl The part of the novel contains Intra-Sentential code mixing.
beneath Ayah’s sari.
I hear of the attack Here in the phrase Embletic mixing is utilized very technically
only from Ayah’s by the writer.
startled ‘Oof!’
She is called in Intra-Sentential is applied by the author of this noel in the
moments of need and phrase.
gratitude. Bijli:
Intra-Sentential
And I haven’t even This part also carries the Intra-Sentential mixing Interestingly.
dusted Baijees Room
Covers my Head with Being a great writer Sidhwa has used Intra-Sentential in this
her Sari Pallo part.
Bose Says Japanese This Para has Intra-Sentential code mixing
will help us liberate
India from the Angrez
I have never seen you In this particular phrase of the novel Bapsi Sidhwa has
in shalwar-kamize employed Intra-Sentential technique.
Arrey Baba says Aya There is used Inter-Sentential mixing in this sentence part.
Duffa Ho! Go! She Inter-Sentential technique has utilized by the author here.
Says
Arrrry ! says Ice candy Embletic mixing is employed by the author in this interesting
man phrase.
Save me! Save me! In this last phrase Sidhwa has encoded Embletic feature of code
Bachao ! Bachao ! mixing
 as a concluding to this study it can be said that Bapsi Sidhwa who is a postcolonial
literary author , has unified both features of language and literature in his novel “the ice candy
man” by using some special segments of code mixing in a proper way.