This book is compiled for all

BS/ADP disciplines. First 10

chapters (from page 1 to 205)
included in this book are
related to computer concepts
and other chapters are related
to the Windows 7, MS office
2010 (Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
Access), and InPage 2000 with
practical.
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER

Chapter 10
Database Management
Contents
• Database
• Types of Databases
• Database Management System (DBMS)
• RDBMS
• Database Language
• Data Models
• Relational Data Model
Database
Chapter 10 – Database Management
 Database
• A database is an organized collection of related data stored in an efficient and
compact manner
• Word "organized" means that data is stored in such a way that it can easily be accessed
and updated
• The phrase "related data" means that a database contains data or information about a
particular area such as:
• Database of employees that contains data of employees of an organization or department.
• Database of students that contains data of students of a college/university etc.
• Word "efficient" means that the required data can be searched very easily and quickly
• Word "compact" means that stored data takes up as little space as possible without any
duplication of data.
 Examples of Databases
• NADRA
• Library
• College/University
• Bank Accounts
• E-mail Accounts

• A computerized database is created and maintained by a set of programs

• This set of programs is called a database management system.
 Database Objects
Table
• The most important object of the database is "table“
• A database may consist of many tables
• The data is stored in tables of the database
• A table is made up of columns and rows
• The rows represent the records
• Each row is divided into columns called fields
• The fields contain different data values of a particular record
 Database Objects
Query
• Query means question or inquiry
• The question like statement that is sent to DBMS to retrieve data from one or more
database tables is called Query
• It is a powerful and flexible way of selecting, filtering and sorting records.
• The user can also change data in the database that fulfills certain criteria
• In addition, a query also allows a user to perform calculations on different fields
• The output of query can also be used as source of records for a Form and Report
• The data from database tables is extracted as follows:
• The data in each record is compared to the given criteria.
• If the information in the record matches with the given criteria, the record is included in the query’s
result.
• Suppose we retrieve records of those students who have 700 marks or more,
 Database Objects
Form
• The Form object of database is most commonly used for user interface to
interact with the database
• It is used to enter data into database table(s)
• It is also used to edit/update, view and delete data of database table(s)
• A Form is a window. It consists of text boxes, check boxes, list boxes, labels,
buttons and other graphical objects → controls or control objects
• The control objects enable the user to perform different operations on the
data of database tables
• Different control objects are used for different purposes
 Database Objects
Report
• The Report object of database is used to retrieve data from database and
present it on screen in a formatted way.
• The data retrieved by Report object can be printed on the printer.
• The output of the query can also be given as input source to the Reports.
• Similarly, a report can also be generated from multiple tables.
• The difference between the forms and reports is as follows:
• Forms are used to enter data into database, change data and view data of databases.
• Reports are used to retrieve the data from database and present it on screen in a
predefined format. Reports do not allow users to change data of database or to enter
any data into database.
 Metadata
• A database holds related data as well as a description of that data.
• For this reason, a database is also defined as a self-describing collection of integrated
records.
• Metadata means data about data.
• For example, when a table of a database is designed, the data type, size, format, and other
descriptions of fields are specified.
• Metadata describes the properties or characteristics of actual data in the database.
• It describes the logical structure of the database.
• Metadata is saved in a data dictionary file.
• This file is consulted before actual data is read or modified in the database.
Types of Databases
Chapter 10 – Database Management
 Types of Databases
Centralized Databases
• In a centralized database, all data (complete database) is stored and
maintained in one location.
• This location is most often a central computer or a server.
• The data of the database is managed, updated, and accessed at the central
site.
• Multiple users can access the centralized database.
• The centralized database systems are mostly used in colleges, banks, hospitals,
and small organizations.
• Examples of centralized databases
• Personal computer databases
• Client/Server databases
• (Discussed in Detail in book – PM Series – Introduction to Computer)
 Types of Databases
Distributed Databases
• In a distributed database, the data is stored across different physical locations.
• It means that portions of a database are physically distributed across different
sites or locations in a computer network.
• A system administrator can distribute collections of data (i.e. portions of a
database) across multiple physical locations.
• A distributed database can reside in network servers on the Internet, on
corporate Intranets or Extranets, or other company networks.
• A distributed database is managed by a centralized distributed database
management system (DDBMS).
• The users access data in a distributed database through a computer network.
• Some big and multi-national organizations/departments have sub-offices in
different cities and countries.
• In such cases, distributed databases are used instead of centralized databases.
 Types of Databases
Object-Oriented Databases
• Object-oriented databases are also called Object Database Management
Systems (ODBMS).
• Object databases store objects rather than data like integers, strings, or real
numbers.
• Objects are used in object-oriented languages such as C++ and Java.
• Object databases are used when there is complex data and/or complex data
relationships.
• Applications of object databases
• CAS Applications such as CASE-computer aided software engineering, CAD-computer
aided design, and CAM-computer aided manufacture.
• Multimedia Applications
• Object projects that change over time
• Commerce
Database Management System
(DBMS)
Chapter 10 – Database Management
 Database Management System (DBMS)
• A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that are
used to create, maintain, and extract data from databases.
• DBMS is a general-purpose software.
• This software is often called database software.
• There are many different types of DBMSs, ranging from small systems that run
on personal computers to huge systems that run on mainframes.
• Functions of DBMS
• Defining the Structure of Database
• Populating the Database
• Manipulating the Database
 Database Management System (DBMS)
• Parts of DBMS
• Physical Database
• Database Engine
• Database Schema

• Examples of DBMS
• Microsoft Access
• Oracle
• Microsoft SQL Server

Details are given in book – PM Series - Introduction to Computer

 Components of DBMS
• Software
• DBMS Software
• Operating System
• Application programs & Utilities
• Network Software
• Hardware
• Data
• Procedure
• Users
• Application Programmers
• Database Administrator
• End Users
• Casual End-Users
Details are given in book – PM Series - Introduction to Computer
• Naive Users
 Advantages of Database Approach
• Controlling Data Redundancy
• Data Consistency
• Data Sharing
• Data Integration
• Data Integrity
• Data Security
• Data Atomicity
• Control over Concurrency
• Backup and Recovery Procedures
• Data Independence
• Less Storage (or Compactness)
• Advanced Capabilities

Details are given in book – PM Series - Introduction to Computer

 Disadvantages of Database Approach
• Higher Cost of Hardware and Software
• Cost of Staff Training
• Technical Staff
• Database Failures

Details are given in book – PM Series - Introduction to Computer

RDBMS
Chapter 10 – Database Management
 RDBMS
• RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System.
• It is a collection of programs that are used to manage the relational databases.
• A relational database system provides various operations used to manipulate
the data in the database tables.
• In a relational database system, a table is known as a relation.
• Today the most popular and commonly used Relational Database
Management Systems (RDBMS) are as follows:
• Oracle, developed by Oracle Corporation
• SQL Server and MS Access, developed by Microsoft
• DB2, developed by IBM
Database Language
Chapter 10 – Database Management
 Database Language
• Database language is an important part of DBMS.
• It is used to access the required data from the database, to modify the data of the
database, and to design the structure of the database.
• Mostly, the application programmer inserts the statements of the database access
language into an application program written in a general-purpose programming
language (such as C++ or Visual Basic or any fourth-generation language (4GL)).
• It is because database access language is also known as data sub-language.
• The database language does not provide complete programming language features.
• The most popular database access language is SQL (Structured Query Language).
• Relational Databases are required to have a database query language.
• Today most of the RDBMSs use the SQL as database access language.
• In MS Access, we can also use the SQL statements to perform different operations
on the databases.
• These operations are normally hidden from the users.
Data Models
Chapter 10 – Database Management
 Data Models
• A representation of a real-world object, process, event, device, or concept and their
associations is called a model.
• A model helps the users to understand the complex object or system and provides
valuable information about it.
• For example, an atomic model shows the orbital movement of electrons around the
nucleus or a nuclear model shows the process of a nuclear reactor.
• A data model (or database model) is a collection of concepts that can be used to
describe the structure of a database.
• It means that the data types, relationships between data, and constraints that
should hold on the data are described in the data model.
• It also describes how data will be stored, accessed, updated, and processed or
manipulated in a database system.
• The purpose of a data model is to represent data and to make the data
understandable for others.
• By using the data model, the database designer can easily design a database.
• Most popular and widely used data models
• Entity Relationship Model (E-R Model)
• Relational Data Model
 Importance of Data Models
• The data model is very important in DBMS.
• In database design, data of an organization is represented by developing a
data model.
• A well-developed data model helps the database designers to understand the
data of an organization for which the database design is developed.
• It provides a clear picture of the data of an organization.
• The data model is used as a communication tool for database designers,
application programmers, and end-users to interact with each other.
• So, the data model helps database designers for designing a proper and
successful database.
Relational Data Model
Chapter 10 – Database Management
 Relational Data Model
• The relational data model is the most commonly used data model to design
the database.
• This model represents data in the form of tables or relations.
• In the relational data model, the term "relation" is commonly used for "table".
• A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database.
• A relational database contains multiple tables/relations to store data and each
table has a unique name.
• The relationships can be created on the common fields of tables.
• In a relational database, the table is the basic structure in which data is stored.
 Relational Data Model
Components of the Relational Data Model
• Data Structure
• Data Manipulation
• Data Integrity Rules
 Relation
• A set of named columns and a set of rows is called a relation.
• It is represented as a two-dimensional table, in which rows of the table
indicate the individual records and columns of the table indicate the
attributes.
• The relational data model is based on the concept of a relation, which is
physically represented as a table.
• A relation that contains a minimum amount of redundancy and allows users to
insert, modify, and delete the rows without errors, is known as well-structured
relation.
 Relational Data Model Terminologies
• Attributes
• Degree
• Tuple
• Cardinality
• Attribute Domain
• Relation Schema
• Relation Instance
• Relation Key

Details are given in book – PM Series - Introduction to Computer

 Relational Keys
• An attribute (field) or set of attributes that uniquely identifies a tuple or row in
a relation (table) is called a relation key.
• In the relational data model, keys are mostly defined for the following
purposes:
• uniquely identifying the records of a relation
• establishing relationships between relations
• accessing data quickly and smoothly
• enforcing data integrity

• Primary Key, Composite Key, Non-Key Attributes, Candidate Key, Alternate Keys, Foreign Key,
are discussed in book – PM Series – Introduction to Computer
For more details, refers to

PM Series

Introduction to Computer

by
CM Aslam, Aqsa Aslam, Mussadiq Fida, & Mudassir
Ahmad

Publisher:Majeed Sons
22- Urdu Bazar, Lahore