Digital Signal Processing

Lecture-1
Dr Mahmoud Mohamed
 Analog Signals
• Continuous signal is a signal that exists at every instant of time

• A continuous signal is often referred to as continuous time (CT)

or analog

• The independent variable is a continuous variable

• Continuous signal can assume any value over a continuous

range of numbers
 Analog Signals
• Most of the signals in the physical world are CT signals.

• Examples: voltage & current, pressure, temperature, velocity,

etc.
 Discrete-Time Signals
• A signal defined only for discrete values of time is called a
discrete-time (DT) signal or simply a discrete signal

• Discrete signal can be obtained by taking samples of an analog

signal at discrete instants of time

• Digital signal is a discrete-time signal whose values are

represented by digits
 Discrete-Time Signals
• Figure (a): CT Signal
• Figure (b): DT Signal

• Examples of DT signals in nature:

• Number of students in a class
 Analog vs. Digital Signal Processing

Analog input Signal x(t) Analog output Signal y(t)

Analog
Signal Processor

Analog Signal Processing

Analog input Analog output

Signal x(t) Signal y(t)
A/D Digital D/A
converter Signal Processor converter

Digital Signal Processing

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Advantages of Digital Signal Processing

• A digital programmable system allows flexibility in

reconfiguring the DSP operations simply by changing the
program. Reconfiguration of an analogue system usually
implies a redesign of hardware, testing and verification that it
operates properly.

• DSP provides better control of accuracy requirements.

• Digital signals are easily stored on storage media i.e. hard disk

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Advantages of Digital Signal Processing

• The DSP allows for the implementation of more complicated

signal processing algorithms.

• In some cases a digital implementation of the signal

processing system is cheaper than its analogue.

• DSP consume relatively less power than in analog.

• DSP processor can be reuse for many applications

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Disadvantages of Digital Signal Processing

• Higher bandwidth is required for digital communication

than analog for transmission of the same information.

• Each DSP has a different hardware architecture and

software instructions. Due to this, only highly skilled
engineers can program the device. Proper training on
DSP is required for programming for various
applications.

• When using DSP, there is a need for using anti-aliasing

filter before ADC ( Analog To Digital Converter) as well as
using a reconstruction filter after DAC (Digital to Analog
Converter). Due to the use of this extra two modules viz.
ADC and DAC, the complexity of DSP based hardware
increases. 9
 DSP Applications
• Digital signal and image filtering
• RADAR
• Sonar processing
• Satellite image analysis
• Cellular telephones
• Digital cameras
• Signal and image compression
• Noise reduction

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 Digital Functions
The basic digital functions (signal or sequence) are

• Unit Impulse Function

• Unit Step Function
• Unit Ramp Function
• Power Function
• Exponential Function
• Sine Function

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 Unit Impulse Function
The unit impulse function or unit sample sequence is defined as
the sequence with values
 Unit Impulse Function
The unit impulse function δ[n] has an amplitude of zero at all
samples except n = 0, where it has the value 1.

Every digital signal can be written as a sum of impulse functions,

using the amplitude at each sample.
 Unit Impulse Function
Example: Determine the following:
a) δ[0]
b) δ[3]
c) δ[-2]

Answers

a) δ[0] = 1

b) δ[3] = 0

c) δ[-2] = 0
 Scaled Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signal:

x[n] = 4δ[n]
 Scaled Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signal:

x[n] = -2δ[n]
 Shifted Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signals:

a) x[n] = δ[n - 2]

b) x[n] = δ[n + 2]
 Shifted Unit Impulse Function
Example: Draw the following signal:

x[n] = δ[n - 3]
 Unit Impulse Function
Example: write a function to describe the signal in the figure.

x[n] = δ[n] + δ[n-1] + δ[n-2] + δ[n-3] + δ[n-4]

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 Unit Impulse Function
Example: write a function to describe the signal in the figure.

x[n] = 4δ[n] - 2δ[n-1] + 3δ[n-2] - δ[n-3]

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 Unit Step Function
The unit step function or unit step sequence is defined as the
sequence with values
 Unit Step Function
The unit step function u[n] has an amplitude of zero for n < 0
and an amplitude of one for all other samples.

The signal u[-n] has the value one up to and including n = 0, and
the value zero thereafter.
 Unit Step Function
Example: Determine the values of the following
a) u[-1], b) u[0], c) u[1]

Answers

a) u[-1] = 0
b) u[0] = 1
c) u[1] = 1
 Scaled Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal x[n] = 3u[n]
 Shifted Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal x[n] = u[n - 2], and x[n] = u[n + 2]
 Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal x[n] = u[-n]
 Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal x[n] = u[n - 3]
 Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal x[n] = u[3 - n]
 Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal
x[n] = u[n] + 2u[n - 2]
 Unit Step Function
Example: Draw the signal
x[n] = u[n] - u[n - 3]
 Unit Step Function
Example: A digital signal is described as x[n] = 4(u[n] - u[n - 1]).
Write the function that describes x[n-3].

Answer

Substituting n = (n – 3) gives

x[n-3] = 4(u[n-3] - u[n - 4])

Connection between Impulse and Step Functions

• The step function may be expressed as a sum of impulse

functions:
u[n] = δ[n] + δ[n-1] + δ[n-2] + …

𝒖 𝒏 = ෍ 𝜹 𝒏−𝒎
𝒎=𝟎

• Similarly, Impulse function may be expressed as a difference

of two step functions :
δ[n] = u[n] – u[n-1]

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Connection between Impulse and Step Functions

Example: write a function to describe the signal in the figure.

Unit Impulse Function

x[n] = 2δ[n] + δ[n-1] - 4δ[n-2] - 4δ[n-3] -4δ[n-4] -……….
Unit Step Function
x[n] = 2u[n] – 6u[n-2]
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 Unit Ramp Function

• The unit-ramp function is defined as

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 Power Function
• Power functions take the form:
x[n] = Aα βn
• In the special case where α = e, such functions are called
exponential functions.
• When β is positive, the function grows.
• When β is negative the function decays.
• When α is negative, the signal samples alternate positive and
negative.
• The value of A is determine the magnitude/amplitude/value
of the function when n = 0

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 Power Function
• Example: Draw a signal x[n] = (-0.6)n

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 Exponential Function
• Exponential functions take the form:

x[n] = Ae βn

• Where e = 2.71828
• When β is positive, the function grows.
• When β is negative the function decays.
• When α is negative, the signal samples alternate positive and
negative.
• The value of A is determine the magnitude/amplitude/value
of the function when n = 0

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 Exponential Function
• Example: Draw a signal x[n] = e-0.5n

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 Notation for Digital Signals
• A digital signal x[n] may be modified by time shifts and
resampling.

For Example
• Signal x[n-2], shifts x[n] two steps to the right
• Signal x[n+3], shifts x[n] three steps to the left
• Signal x[2n], selects every other sample from x[n]
• Signal x[3n], selects every third sample
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 Notation for Digital Signals
Example: Find the Following:

a) x[0] = 0.25
b) x[5] = 0.5

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 Notation for Digital Signals
Example: Find the Following:

a) x[0] = 0.25
b) x[5] = 0.5
c) x[n-1]

Signal x[n-1] is found by shifting

the sample values of signal x[n] by
1 steps towards right.

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 Notation for Digital Signals
Example: Find the Following:

a) x[0] = 0.25
b) x[5] = 0.5
c) x[n-1]
d) x[n-2]

Signal x[n-2] is found by shifting

the sample values of signal x[n] by
2 steps towards right.

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 Notation for Digital Signals
Example: Find the Following:

a) x[0] = 0.25
b) x[5] = 0.5
c) x[n-1]
d) x[n-2]
e) x[2n]

Signal x[2n] selects alternate

sample from the signal x[n].

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 Notation for Digital Signals
Example: Find the Following:

a) x[0] = 0.25
b) x[5] = 0.5
c) x[n-1]
d) x[n-2]
e) x[2n]
f) x[3n]

Signal x[3n] selects every third

sample from the signal x[n].

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 Composite Functions
• They are the combinations of basic functions.

• This give flexibility in defining digital signals.

• To evaluate a composite function, each basic function (such as

unit impulse, unit step, power, sinusoidal etc) is constructed
first, then the basic signals are multiplied, added or subtracted,
as required.

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 Composite Functions
Example: Draw a signal x[n] = u[n]u[3-n]

The signal can also be expressed as a

sum of Impulse functions.

𝒙 𝒏 = 𝜹 𝒏 + 𝜹 𝒏 − 𝟏 + 𝜹 𝒏 − 𝟐 + 𝜹[𝒏 − 𝟑]

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 Composite Functions
Example: Draw a signal x[n] = e-2nu[n]
• First draw two basic signals (e-2n, u[n]) and then multiply as shown in the figure.
• The u[n] has the effect of turning on the other function at n = 0.
• The u[n] is zero for n < 0, so x[n] is also for n < 0.
• The u[n] has a value of 1 for n ≥ 0, so x[n] is the same as e-2n for n ≥ 0.

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