Assignment

Telecom transmission & Switching Technique

Submitted To :
Sir Hemant Kumar Narsani
Submitted By :
Saba shabbier - (2k18-TCT-71)
Sabahat Fatima - (2k18-TCT-72)
BS - Telecom - 6th Semester
Faculty Of Engineering And Technology
University of Sindh Jamshoro

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Question No: 1
What is SIGNAL in Telecommunication Engineering? How many parameters are in the Signal?
Signal Definition
In Telecommunication- Engineering the term signal can be defined as any physical quantity that
varies with respect to time or space or any other independent variables and carry information
form source to destination.
Parameter of Signal
1. Amplitude
- Amplitude is the strength or maximum height of the signal on Y-axis.
2. Frequency
- The term frequency referred to the number of cycles per second or in one second
- Unit: Hertz (Hz)
3. Time period
- The time period as referred as the time in which signal completes its one cycle.
- Unit: second
4. Phase
- Phase describes the position of the signal relative to time zero.
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Question No: 2
What is NOISE in Telecommunication Engineering? What are its causes? How do you measure
Noise?

Noise Definition
In Telecom Engineering Noise as referred as an unwanted or undesirable signal that degrade the
quality of the signal
Causes
Noise can be caused by:
1. Electronic storm, solar flares and radiation in space.
2. Random motion of free electron and molecular vibration

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 3. Electrical motor, welding machine, ignition system of automobile, fluorescent light,
switching gears.
Measure of NOISE
- Signal-to-Noise Ratio
- Noise Figure
- Bit Error Rate

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Question No: 3

Explain the Channel Capacity according to Claude Shannon?

Channel Capacity

Channel capacity is the maximum rate of information which is travelling from transmitter to
receiver in the channel.
Shannon Capacity

Shannon channel capacity is used, to determine the maximum theoretical capacity of noisy
channel in bps, as a function of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and available bandwidth of the
channel.
C = B * log2 (1+ S/N)

Tradeoff

 Increase signal power or Bandwidth, data rate increase.

 Increase signal power causes more intermodulation noise.
 Increase BW, causes more noise and SNR will reduce.
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Question No: 4

What is Multiplexing? Why it is so important in Telecommunication Engineering?

Multiplexing:

Multiplexing is a technique or a way of transmitting multiple signals over a single medium. A

multiplexing combines multiple low speed-signals to transmit over only high-speed link.

Why Multiplexing

Multiplexing is a technique that combines multiple link on one physical line. This technique
utilizes the complete BW of the medium connecting two devices. Consider that medium connect
two devices has high capacity than the required, so in that case, the bandwidth of medium is
wasted. An efficient system always utilizes its all resources. So, by using multiplexing technique
we can utilize the bandwidth/capacity of the medium by transmitting multiple signals over single
medium. 

The Remaining Capacity of the BW of the channel is wasted or the

channel is underutilized

Without multiplexing

0Hz 10GHz
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Question No: 5

Explain Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and its process with the help of figure.

Answer
It is a technique in which available bandwidth is divided into multiple small frequency channel
and transmit data simultaneously through a same channel within their given range of frequency
at same time.

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 Figure: Frequency division multiplexing

FDM divides the channel Bandwidth into several sub-channels. Each sub-channel is assigned to
a different signal frequency. The signals are filtered and then modulated, in order to exactly fit
into sub-channels.
The guard band (unused BW) is use between logical sub-channels in order to prevent the
overlapping of signals.

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Question No: 6

Ten channels, each with 15 kHz bandwidth, are to be multiplexed together. What would be the
minimum bandwidth of the link if there is a need for a guard-band of 1 kHz between the
channels to prevent interference? Explain with the help of diagram.

Data:
Total Number of Channels = 10 channels
Bandwidth of each channel = 15 KHz
Guard band = 1 KHz
Minimum BW of the link =??
Solution:
Diagram:

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 Guard band
Of 1 KHz

There are 10 channels, so we need at least 9 guard bands.

10 x 15 + 9 x 1

150 + 9

159 KHz

So, the required Bandwidth for the link is 159 KHz

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Question No: 07
How do you define Analog Hierarchy using FDM?

Level-1:
Level-1 denotes Group in which 12 voice channels are multiplexed together.
Each voice channel has 4kHz bandwidth so the total bandwidth is 12 x 4 = 48 KHz
Level-2:

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Level-2 denotes Sub-Group in which 5 Groups are multiplexed together.
As each Group has 12 voice channels so the total channel is 5 x 12 = 60
As the bandwidth of each channel is 4 kHz so the total bandwidth is 60 x 4 =240 KHz
Level-3:
Level-3 denotes master-Group in which 10 Sub-Groups are multiplexed together.
As each Sub-Group has 5 group and each group has 12 voice channel so the total channel
= 10 x 5 x 12 =600
As the bandwidth of each channel is 4 kHz so the total bandwidth is 3600 x 4 =2.52 MHz
Level-4:
Level-4 denotes Jumbo-Group in which 6 master-group are multiplexed together.
As each master-group has 10 sub-group and each sub-group has 5 groups and each groups has 12
voice channel so the total channel = 6 x 10 x 5 x 12 =3600
As the bandwidth of each channel is 4 kHz so the total bandwidth is 600 x 4 =16.98 MHz

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Question No: 08

What is Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)? How does it different from FDM?

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

WDM is a fiber-optics multiplexing technique for data transmission that enables the use of
multiple light wavelengths to send data over the single medium. It is used on fiber to utilize
the high data rate capability and increase the capacity of a single fiber.
We know the relation of frequency and wavelength they are inversely proportional to each other
(i.e. low frequency means longer wavelength and means high frequency means shorter
wavelength). Therefore, the working principle of WDM is similar to FDM. The only difference
is instead of electrical signals optical signal are used in. In this multiplexing technique, optical
fiber is used to transmit the signals.

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Question No: 09

Differentiate between Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Frequency Division Multiplexing

TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)

TDM is a technique in which the available time FDM is a technique in which available
slot in the channel is equally distributed to every bandwidth of the medium is divided into
user but every user occupies the complete several frequency channel.
bandwidth.
FDM technique work with analog signal TDM technique work with Digital signal
In FDM Guard band is important In TDM synchronization pulse is required

Question No: 10
There are four input connections and each having a data rate of 500 bps and they need to be
multiplexed 1 bit per unit time. Find,

a) Input bit duration

Input bit duration is the inverse of input bit rate
Data rate (bit rate) = 500bps
So, the bit duration = 1 / 500 sec
Bit duration= 0.002 sec or 2ms

b) Output bit duration

The output bit duration is two-fourth of the input bit duration

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 So, output bit duration = 2 / 4 ms
Output bit duration = 1 / 2 ms

c) Output bit rate

The output bit rate is the inverse of output bit duration
Output bit duration = 1 / 2 ms
so, Output bit rate = 2 Kbps

d) Output frame rate

The frame rate is same as any input rate.
The input rate is 500 bps
So, the frame rate = 500 frames per second

e) Frame duration
Each frame carries four output time slots.
So the duration of a frame = 4 × 1/2 ms
Duration of frame = 2 ms
: The duration of a frame is the same as the duration of an input unit.

f) The transmission rate of the link

The rate of the link is n times the rate of a connection
n = number of connection = 4 connections
So the rate of the transmission link = 4 x 500 bps = 2000 bps or 2 kbps

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Question No: 11

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How do you define Interleaving?

Interleaving splits memory into small chunks to make a broadband or any system more efficient,
fast and reliable by arranging data in a fragmented manner which improves browsing and
streaming experience. Latency up to 40 milliseconds is one disadvantage of interleaving.
Interleaving takes time and hides all kinds of error structures, which are not efficient. In only
browsing we will not usually notice delay (latency) But it can badly influence some delay-
sensitive or real time applications like online games etc.

This graphically demonstrates why interleaving data improves error correction performance of
data transmission systems that when large block of data is lost the error correction is insufficient
to recover it however, when data in a form of small chunks corrupts the blocks that were lost are
not in order but when the interleaved signal is received, the receiver reverses the interleaving
process to restore the data to its order.
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Question No: 12
Differentiate between Synchronous and Statistical TDM? Which is more beneficial?

In Synchronous TDM every device has allocated the fixed timeslot to transmit data. When
device does not contains data its timeslot remains empty. When all inputs have data to send on
their time then bandwidth is completely utilized but practically many times timeslot remains
empty so in this way too much bandwidth is wasted.
Statistical TDM is a process to intelligently access or handle the bandwidth; slots are allocated
dynamically on user demands. It transmits several types of data at a same time across a single
transmission line so when the number of users increases will decrease the speed and
bandwidth.

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Statistical TDM is more beneficial because it allocate bandwidth on user demand that reduces
the wastage of bandwidth. Timeslot is not fixed and allocate anyone can access bandwidth
anytime.

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Question No: 13
Explain in detail what is Pulse Stuffing?

Pulse stuffing also known as bit stuffing that is used to synchronize data sources which have
separate clock cycles it adds null bits to binary signal before transmitting over network it also
ensures that frames transmit over network conform to standard size. For example T-1 lines
require repeaters and devices to maintain the standard size or same bit rate and T-carrier
systems are intended to “stuff” the signal with a re-synchronization pattern after approximately
15 repeated zeros are sent.
Pulse stuffing involves adding zeros or ones that are not part of the data being transmitted to
this string. It is important that the receiving device knows what type of pulse stuffing is taking
place before the signal is received, as receivers must strip out the stuffed bits in order to
interpret the binary string correctly.
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Question No: 14

Why do we use Framing bits?

Framing bit are non-information bits used for frame synchronization of data received by a
receiver. In a specified bit stream, it determines the beginning or ending of the frame, they take
place at specified positions and are usually repetitive in a digital signal.

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Question No: 15
Explain Digital Hierarchy?

Telephone companies implement TDM through a digital signal hierarchy known as digital signal
service or digital hierarchy. The different digital hierarchy levels or digital service (DS) are
given blow.
DS-0:
DS-0 is the fundamental building block of TDM. The sample rate of DS-0 is 8 KHz and 8-bit
PCM code. So the transmission bit rate (line speed) is 64Kbps.
DS-1:
DS-1, the signal in the T1 carrier, carries 24 DS-0 channels, providing a data rate of 1.54 Mbps.
DS-2:
DS-2, the signal in the T2 carrier, carries 4 DS-1 or 96 DS-0 channels, providing a data rate of
6.312 Mbps.
DS-3:
DS-3, the signal in the T3 carrier, carries 7 DS-2, 28 DS-1 or 672 voice channels, providing a
data rate of 44.376 Mbps.
DS-4:
DS-4, the signal in the T4 carrier, carries 6 DS-3, 42 DS-2, 168 DS-1 or 4032 voice channels,
providing a data rate of 274.176 Mbps.

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Question No: 16

What are T-line and E-line?

T-Lines:
T-lines are dedicated high speed digital line.
T-lines create always on connection and can transmit both voice and data.
It is used in North America, South Korea and Japan.
The fundamental unit of T-lines is DS-0, providing a data rate of 64Kbps.
E-Lines:
E-lines standardized by European Conference of postal and Telecommunication Administrations
E-lines can transmit several voice/data channels on the same transmission line.
E1-lines carries 32 channel but is used for signaling and one is for framing, providing a data rate
of 2.048 Mbps.
T-lines Data rate E-lines Data Rate
T1 (24 DS-0) 1.544 Mbps E1 (32 DS-0) 2.048 Mbps
T2 6.312 Mbps E2 8.448 Mbps
T3 44.375 Mbps E3 34.368 Mbps
T4 2714.176 Mbps E4 139.364 Mbps

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Question No: 17

Explain in detail what is Pulse Stuffing?

Pulse stuffing also known as bit stuffing that is used to synchronize data sources which have
separate clock cycles it adds null bits to binary signal before transmitting over network it also
ensures that frames transmit over network conform to standard size. For example T-1 lines
require repeaters and devices to maintain the standard size or same bit rate and T-carrier
systems are intended to “stuff” the signal with a re-synchronization pattern after approximately
15 repeated zeros are sent.

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Question No: 18

What technique do we use convert Analog Signal into Digital Signal?

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) is the most common technique that is used to convert Analog
Signal into Digital Signal. PCM consists of three steps to digitize an analog signal.
1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Encoding

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