1

STUDYROCKS
TARGET X+2-2022
CHEMISTRY
REVISION TEST SERIES TERM I 2021
SOLUTIONS
WORK SHEET - 1
CONCENTRATION TERMS
Prof. Adarsh Bhatti
M.Sc. (Gold Medalist)
I. NCERT PROBLEMS
1. A breaker contains a solution of substance ‘A’. Precipitation of substance ‘A’ takes place when small amount
of ‘A’ is added to the solution. The solution is ………… .
a) Saturated (b) supersaturated (c) unsaturated (d) concentrated
2. Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) if 22 g of benzene is dissolved
in 122 g of carbon tetrachloride. Ans. 15.28%,84.72%
3. Calculate the percentage composition in terms of mass of a solution obtained by mixing 300g of a 25% and
400g of a 40% solution by mass Ans. 33.57% , 66.43%
4. Calculate the percentage of aspirin (C9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN) when 6.5g of C9H8O4 is dissolved in
450g of CH3CN. Ans. 1.424%
5. Calculate molality of 2.5 g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75 g of benzene. Ans. 0.555 m.
6. Calculate Molality of a solution containing 20.7 g of K2CO3 dissolved in 500 ml solution (assume density of
Solution =1g/ml) Ans. 0.313 m
7. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) in a solution containing 20% of C2H6O2 by mass.
Ans. 0.068
8. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride.
Ans. 0.459
9. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions: (a) 30 g of Co(NO3)2. 6H2O in 4.3 L of solution (b)
30 mL of 0.5 M H2SO4 diluted to 500 mL. Ans. 0.024 M, 0.03 M
10. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 kg of 0.25 molal aqueous solution
Ans. 37.5 g.
11. Calculate (a) molality (b) molarity and (c) mole fraction of KI if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous KI
is 1.202 g mL-1. Ans. 1.506 m, 1.45 M, 0.0263.
12. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous solution. What
should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of solution is 1.504 g mL-1? Ans. 16.23 M

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13. A solution of glucose in water is labeled as 10 percent w/w, what would be the molality and mole fraction of
each component in the solution ? If the density of the solution is 1.2g mL-1, then what shall be the molarity of
the solution ? Ans. 0.617 m ,0.667M, 0.01
14. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6 g of ethylene glycol - C2H4 (OH)2 and 200 g of water. Calculate
the molality of the solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072g mL-1 then what shall be the molarity of
the solution ? Ans. 9.107 M
15. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl3 supposed to be
carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass)
(i) Express this in percent by mass Ans. 1.5  10-3 %
(ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample. Ans. 1.25 × 10 -4 m
16. If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g mL-1 and contains 92 g of Na+ ions per kg of water, calculate the
molality of Na+ ions in the lake. (JEE-MAINS 2019 , JAN 9 , M) Ans. 4m.
-16
17. If solubility product of CuS is 6 × 10 , Calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous solution.
Ans. 2.45 × 10-8M.
18. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250 mL of 0.15M solution in
methanol Ans. 4.575g.
19. Nalorphene (C19H22NO3), similar to morphine is used to combat withdrawal symptom in narcotic users. Dose
of nalorphene, generally given is 1.5 mg. Calculate the mass of 1.5 × 10 -3 m aqueous solution required for the
dose. Ans. 3.20 g
20. How many mL of 0.1 M HCl are required to react completely with 1 g mixture of Na 2CO3 & NaHCO3
containing equimolar amounts of two ? Ans.157.80 ml

II. CBSE BOARD PROBLEMS

21. (a) Define Mole fraction (b) Molality of a solution (CBSE-2009)
21. Differentiate between molarity & molality values for a solution. What is the effect of temperature on these
values. (CBSE 2011)
22. Express the concentration of 5 mass % solution of Na2S2O3 in terms of (a) molarity (b) molality and (c) mole
fraction of solution. The density of solution at 25oC is 1.04 gm L-1. (CBSE 2011)
Ans. 0.329M, 0.333 m, 5.95 × 10-3
23. Define Mole fraction . (CBSE 2012)
24. A solution of glucose (C6H12O6) in water is labelled as 10% by weight. What would be the molality of the
solution ? Ans. 0.6173m (CBSE 2013)
(Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1)
25. (a) Define the following terms :
(i) Molarity

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(a) A solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol-1) in water is labelled as 10% (by mass). What would be
the molality and molarity of the solution ? (Density of solution = 1.2 g mL -1) Ans. 0.62 m , 0.67 M
(CBSE 2014)
26. Define Molality (m) (CBSE 2017)
III. IIT-JEE (MAINS)/NEET LEVEL PROBLEMS
27. Commercially available concentrated hydrochloric acid contains 38% HCl by mass.
(i) What is the molarity of the solution (density of solution = 1.19 g cm-3) Ans. 12.38 M
(ii) What volume of concentrated HCl is required to make 1.0 L of an 0.10 M HCl ?Ans. 8.08 cc
28. What volume of 10 M HCl and 3 M HCl should be mixed to get 1L of 6 M HCl solution.

Ans. 428 ml,572 ml.

29. You are given one litre of 0.15 M HCl and one litre of 0.40 M HCl. What is the maximum volume of 0.25 M
HCl which you can make from these solutions without adding any water ? Ans. 1.66 L
30. Compute the normality of a solution obtained by mixing 100 ml of 0.1 N-HCl, 400mL of 0.2 N- HNO 3 and
500 ml of 0.125 M-H2SO4.. Ans. 0.215 N
31. In a binary solution, formulate the conditions for which (i) m = M; (ii) m > M ; (iii) m < M.
Ans. d = 1 , d > 1, d < 1.
32. Calculate the the volume of 1 molar NaOH solution required to convert 12 g of NaH 2PO4 completely into
Na3 PO4. Ans. 200 mL
33. One litre solution of N/2 HCl is heated in a beaker. It was observed that when the volume of the solution is
reduced to 600ml, 3.25g of HCl is lost. Calculate the normality of the new solution? Ans. 0.685 N
34. Calculate the molality of H2SO4 in which mole fraction of water is 0.85 ? Ans. 9.8 m
35. Calculate the molarity of a solution of CaCl2 if on chemical analysis it is found that 500 ml of Cacl2 solution
contain 1.505  1023 Cl- ions. Ans. 0.25 M
36. 250 ml of 0.10 M K2SO4 solution is mixed with 250 ml of 0.20 M KCl solution. What is the concentration of
K+ ions in the resulting solution ? Ans. 0.2 M
37. A beaker containing 20 g sugar in 100g water and another containing 10 g sugar in 100g water are placed under
a bell-jar and allowed to stand until equilibrium is reached. How much water will be transferred from one
beaker to another ? Ans. 33.3 g
38. Calculate molarity of water if its density is 1000 kg/m 3 Ans. 55.56 M
39. Calculate Normality of 10 V H2O2 Ans. 1.785 N
40. H2SO4 used in lead storage cell is 38% by mass and has a density of 1.30 g cm -3. Calculate its molarity.
Ans. 5.0 M

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WORK SHEET - 2
SOLUBILITY & HENRY’S LAW
I. NCERT PROBLEMS
41. On dissolving sugar in water at room temperature, solution feels cool to touch. Under which of the following
cases dissolution of sugar will be most rapid ?
a)Sugar crystals in cold water (b) Sugar crystals in hot water
a) Powdered sugar in cold water (d) Powdered sugar in hot water
42. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent is …….. .
a)Less than the rate of crystallization (b) greater than the rate of crystallization
c)equal to the rate of crystallization (d) zero
43. A breaker contains a solution of substance ‘A’. Precipitation of substance ‘A’ takes place when small amount
of ‘A’ is added to the solution. The solution is ………… .
a)Saturated (b) supersaturated (c) unsaturated (d) concentrated
44. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified amount of a given liquid solvent does
not depend upon …….. .
a)Temperature (b) Nature of solute (c) Pressure (d) Nature of solvent
45. The plots of solubility (mg/100g) of four gases with pressure is given below. Which gas is expected to have
higher value of Henry law constant ?

a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

46. The partial pressure of ethane over a saturated solution containing 6.56 × 10-2 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the
solution contains 5.00 × 10-2 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas ? Ans. 0.762 bar
47. Value of Henry’s constant KH …………. .
a)Increases with increase in temperature (b) decreases with increase in temperature
c)remains constant (d) first increases, then decreases
48. The value of Henry’s constant KH is …………. .
a)Greater for gases with higher solubility (b) greater for gases with lower solubility
c)constant for all gases (d) not related to the solubility of gases.
49. KH value for Ar(g), CO2(g), HCHO (g) and CH4(g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 × 10-5 and 0.413 respectively.
Arrange these gases in the order of their increasing solubility.
a)HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar (b) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
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c)Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO (d) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO
50. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 293K, how many millimoles of N 2 gas would dissolve in 1 litre of water.
Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar. Given that Henry’s law constant for N2 at 293K is 76.48
k bar. Ans. 0.716 millimoles
51. H2S, a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell, is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H 2S in water
at STP is 0.195 m, calculate Henry’s law constant. Ans. 282 bar.
8
52. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67 × 10 Pa at 298 K. Calculate the quantity of CO2 in 500 mL of
soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K. Ans. 1.854 g.
53. Henry's law constant for the molarity of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27  105 mm Hg. Calculate the
solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg. Ans. 1.78 x 10-3
54. The air is a mixture of a number of gases. The major components are oxygen and nitrogen with
approximate proportion of 20% is to 79% by volume at 298 K. The water is in equilibrium with air at a
pressure of 10 atm. At 298 K, if the Henry's law constants for oxygen and nitrogen are 3.30  107 mm and
6.51  107 mm respectively, calculate the composition of these gases in water. Ans. 4.61  10-5, 9.22  10-5

II. CBSE BOARD PROBLEMS

55. What concentration of nitrogen should be present in a glass of water at room temperature ? Assume a
temperature of 25oC, a total pressure of 1 atmosphere and mole fraction of nitrogen in air as 0.78 [KH for
nitrogen = 8.42 × 10-7 M/mm Hg]. CBSE 2009 Ans. 4.99 × 10-4 M
56. Explain :Henry’s law about dissolution of a gas in a liquid. CBSE 2012
57. State Henry's law. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised ?
CBSE -2014
58. Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water. Explain. CBSE-2018

III. JEE MAINS/NEET LEVEL PROBLEMS

59. The Henry’s law constant for the solubility of N2 gas in water at 298K is 1.0  105 atm. The mole fraction of
N2 in air is 0.8. Calculate the number of moles of N2 from air dissolved in 10 moles of water at 298 K and 5
atm pressure. IIT-2009 Ans. 4  10-4
60. Air contains O2 and N2 in the ratio of 1 : 4. Calculate the ratio of solubilites in terms of mole fractions of O 2
and N2 dissolved in water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature at which Henry’s constant for O2
and N2 are 3.30 × 107 torr and 6.60 × 107 torr respectively. Ans. 1:2
61. At what partial pressure, oxygen will have a solubility of 0.05 g L -1 in water at 293 K ? Henry’s constant (kH)
for O2 in water at 293 K is 34.86 kbar. Assume the density of the solution to be same as that of the solvent.
Ans. 0.98 bar.

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62. The Henry’s law constant for oxygen dissolved in water is 4.34 × 104 atm at 25oC. If the partial pressure of
oxygen in air is 0.2 atm. Under atmospheric conditions, calculate the concentration (in moles per litre) of
dissolved oxygen in water in equilibrium with air at 25oC. Ans. 2.55 × 10-4M
63. If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 20oC, how many milliliters (at STP) of N2 would dissolve in a litre of
water ? Given that the partial pressure of N2 is equal to 742.5 torr and KH for nitrogen = 5.75 × 107 torr.
Ans. 16.04 mL
64. Which one of the following statements regarding Henry's law not correct ?
JEE-MAINS-2019 (JAN 9, M)
(1) The value of KH increases with function of the nature of the gas
(2) Higher the value of KH at a given pressure, higher is the solubility of the gas in the liquids.
(3) The partial of the gas in vapour phase is proportional to the mole fraction of the gas in the solution. (4)
Different gases have different KH (Henry's law constant) values at the same temperature.
WORK SHEET – 3
RAOULT’S LAW
I. NCERT PROBLEMS
65. Which of the following units is useful in relating concentration of solution with its vapour pressure ?
a)Mole fraction (b) parts per million (c) mass percentage (d) molality
66. Consider the following vapour pressure-composition graph, SP is equal to :

a) PQ + RS (b) PQ + QR + RS (c) SR + SQ (d) PQ + QR

67. For a binary ideal liquid solution, the variation in total vapour pressure versus composition of solution is given
by which of the curves ?

68. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2)at 298 K are 200 mm Hg and 415 mm
Hg respectively. (i) Calculate the vapour pressure of the solution prepared by mixing 25.5 g of CHCl3 and 40
g of CH2Cl2 at 298 K and, (ii) mole fractions of each component in vapour phase.
Ans. 347.92 mm y CH 2Cl 2 0.82 y CHC ; l 3 0.18

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69. Heptane and octane form ideal solution. At 373K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid components are
105.2 kPa and 46.8 kPa, respectively. What will be the vapour pressures in bar, of a mixture of 25.0g of
heptane and 35.0 g of octane. Ans. 0.73 bar
70. 100 g of liquid A (molar mass 140 g mol-1) was dissolved in 1000g of liquid B (molar mass 180 g mol-1) The
vapour pressure of pure liquid B was found to be 500 torr. Calculate the vapour pressure of pure liquid A
and its vapour pressure in solution if the total vapour pressure of the solution is 475 torr. Ans. 32 torr
71. The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 mm Hg and 700 mm Hg at 350 K respectively. Find the
composition of liquid mixture and also vapours if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg.
Ans. XA = 0.4 XB = 0.6 , YA = 0.3 YB = 0.7

II. CBSE BOARD PROBLEMS

72. State Raoult's law for a solution containing volatile components.
How does Raoult's law become a special case of Henry's law ? CBSE 2013
73. Define the following terms :
(i) Ideal solution
(ii) Azeotrope CBSE 2013
CBSE 2015
74. State Raoult's law for the solution containing volatile components. Write two differences between an ideal
solution and a non-ideal solution.
CBSE 2016
75. In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of minimum boiling azeotropes ?
CBSE 2019
76. State Raoult's law for the solution containing volatile components. Write two characteristics of the solution
which obeys Raoult’s law at all concentrations.
CBSE 2020
77. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. What is the similarity between Raoult’s law
and Henry law ?
III. JEE MAINS/NEET LEVEL PROBLEMS
78. The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molar solution of a solute
in it. Ans. 12.08 kPa
79. 18 g glucose (C6H12O6) is added to 178.2 g water. The vapor pressure of water (in torr) for this aqueous
solution is: JEE MAINS 2016
(1) 7.6 (2) 76.0 (3) 752.4 (4) 759.0
80. Lowering of vapour pressure in 1 molal aqueous solution at 100 oC is :
a) 13.44 mm Hg (b) 14.12 mm Hg (c) 31.2 mm Hg (d) 35.2 mm Hg

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81. Which of the following statements about the composition of the vapour over an ideal 1 : 1 molar mixture of
benzene and toluene is correct ?.Assume that the temperature is constant at 25°C. (Given, Vapour Pressure
Data at 25°C, benzene = 12.8 kPa, toluene = 3.85 kPa) AIPMT 2016
(1) The vapour will contain equal amounts of benzene and toluene.
(2) Not enough information is given to make a prediction.
(3) The vapour will contain a higher percentage of benzene.
(4) The vapour will contain a higher percentage of toluene.
82. Benzene and toluene form ideal solution over the entire range of composition. The vapour pressure of pure
benzene and toluene at 300K are 50.71 mm Hg and 32.06 mm Hg respectively. Calculate the mole fraction
of benzene in the vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100g of toluene. Ans. 0.60
83. VP of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. 50 g of urea is dissolved in 850 g of water. Calculate the VP of
water for this solution & its relative lowering Ans. 23.39 mm , 0.017
84. Two liquids X and Y on mixing form an ideal solution. The vapour pressure of the solution containing 3 mol
of X and 1 mol of Y is 550 mm of Hg. But when 4 mol of X and 1 mol of Y are mixed, the vapour pressure
of the solution, thus, formed is 560 mm of Hg. What will be the vapour pressure of the pure X and pure Y
at this temperature ? Ans. 600 mm Hg, 400 mm Hg
85. Ethylene dibromide (C2H4Br2) and 1, 2-dibromopropane form a series of ideal solutions (ideal solutions) over
the whole range of composition. At 85oC, the vapour pressures of these two liquids are 173 and 127 torr
respectively. What would be the mole fraction of ethylene dibromide in a solution at 85oC equilibriated with
1 : 1 molar mixture in the vapours. Ans. 0.423
86. Solution of A and B with 30 mole percent of A is in equilibrium with its vapour which contain 60 mole
percent of A. Assuming that the solution and the vapour behave ideally, calculate the ratio of the vapour
pressures of pure A and pure B. Ans. 3.5
87. Liquids A and B form an ideal solution in the entire composition range. AT 350 K, the vapour pressures of
pure A and pure B are 7 × 103 Pa and 12 × 103 Pa, respectively. The composition of the vapour in equilibrium
with solution containing 40 mole percent of A at this temperature is:
(JEE MAINS 2019) /JAN,10 M
(1) XA = 0.37; XB = 0.63 (2) XA = 0.28; XB = 0.72 (3) XA = 0.76; XB = 0.24 (4) XA = 0.4; XB = 0.24
88. At a certain temperature, the vapour pressure of a mixture of Benzene and toluene expressed in mm, is
represented by the equation.
P = 100x + 60
Where x is the mole fraction of Benzene in the mixture. What will be vapour pressures of pure components
at this temperature ? Ans. 60 atm.160 mm.
89. At a given tempeature, the vapour pressure in mm of Hg of a solution of two volatile liquids A and B is given
by the equation p = 120 - 80 XB (XB = mole fraction of B)
Calculate the vapour pressure of pure A and B at the same temperature. Ans. 120 mm, 40 mm

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90. Benzene and toluene have equal mole fractions in their mutual solution. What do you expect about their mole
fractions in the vapour phase at the same temperature? Explain.
pB 3 x'B
o
(Given : p Benzene  3p oToluene ) Ans.  
p T 1 x'T

91. Cutting of onions taken from fridge is more comfortable than onions lying at room temp. why ?
WORK SHEET – 4
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
I. Relative Lowering in Vapour pressure
I. NCERT PROBLEMS
92. Three vapour pressure curves for the same non-volatile solute in the same solvent are shown. The curves are
parallel to each other and do not intersect. What is the correct order of the concentrations of the solutions?

93. The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non-volatile, non-electrolyte
solid weighing 0.5 g which added to 39.0 g of benzene (molar mass 78 g mol-1). Vapour pressure of the
solution, then, is 0.845 bar. What is the molar mass of the solid substance ? Ans. 169 g mol-1
94. An aqueous solution of 2 percent nonvolatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the boiling point of the
solvent. What is the molecular mass of the solute ? Ans. 44.8 g mol-1
95. Calculate the mass of a nonvolatile solute (molecular mass 40) which should be dissolved in 114g octane to
reduce its vapour pressure to 80% Ans. 10 g
96. A solution containing 30g of a nonvolatile solute exactly in 90g water has a vapour pressure of 2.8 kPa at
298K. Further 18g of water is then added to solution, the new vapour pressure becomes 2.9 kPa at 298K.
Calculate,
(i) Molecular mass of the solute (ii) vapour pressure of water at 298 K. NCERT Ans. 22.10, 3.56 kPa

II. CBSE BOARD PROBLEMS

97. Urea forms an ideal solution in water. Determine the vapour pressure of an aqueous solution containing 10%
by mass of urea at 40oC.
(Vapour pressure of water at 40oC = 55.3 mm of Hg). CBSE 2006 Ans. 53.53 mm
98. 30 g of urea (M = 60 g mol-1 ) is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this
solution if vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. CBSE 2017

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99. Write two differences between ideal solutions and non-ideal solutions. CBSE 2017
III. JEE MAINS/ NEET LEVEL PROBLEMS
100. The vapour pressure of a 5% aqueous solution of non-volatile organic substance at 373K is 745mm,
calculate the molecular mass of the solute? Ans. 47 a.m.u.
o
101. The vapour pressure of acetone at 20 C is 185 torr. When 1.2 g of a non-volatile substance was dissolved
in 100g of acetone at 20oC, its vapour pressure was 183 torr. The molar mass (g mol-1) of the substance is :
JEE MAINS 2015
a) 32 (b) 64 (c) 128 (d) 488
102. The VP of a dilute aqueous solution of glucose is 750 mm. of Hg at 373 K. calculate.
(i) Molality (ii) Mole fraction of solute. Ans. 0.73 m ,0.013
103. What wt of non-volatile urea needs to be dissolved in 100 g of water in order to decrease the VP of water
by 25% ? What will be the molality of the solution. Ans. 18.5 m
104. Calculate the VP at 295 K of a 0.1 M solution of urea. The density of the solution may be taken as 1
g/cm3. The VP of pure water at 295 K is 20 mm. Ans. 19.96 mm
105. What mass of naphthalene (C10H8) must be dissolved in 200 g of octane to lower the vapour pressure of
pure octane by 20%. Ans. 56.14g
II. ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT
I. NCERT PROBLEMS
106. Define Molal elevation constant (Kb) (CBSE 2014)
107. Calculate the molal elevation constant of water, it being given that its latent heat of vaporisation is 2.257
kJ/g Ans. 0.512 K kg mol-1
108. 18 g of glucose, C6H12O6, is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a saucepan. At what temperature will water boil
at 1.013 bar ? Kb for water is 0.52 K kg mol-1. Ans. 100.0.52oC.
109. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 K. When 1.80 g of a non-volatile solute was dissolved in 90 g of
benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. Kb for benzene is
2.53 K kg mol-1 Ans. 57.5.
o
110. Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg is 96.63 C. How much sucrose is to be added to 500 g of water such
that it boils at 100oC ? Molal elevation constant for water is 0.52 K kg mol-1. (NCERT) Ans. 1108.2 g

II. CBSE BOARD PROBLEMS

111. Explain as to why there is a rise in boiling point when a non-volatile solid is dissolved in a liquid.
112. 0.90g of a non-electrolyte was dissolved in 87.90g of benzene . This raised the boiling point of benzene
by 0.25o C. If the molecular mass of the non-electrolyte is 103.0 g mol-1, Calculate the molal elevation
constant for benzene. (CBSE-2003)
113. Boiling point elevation constant for a solvent. (CBSE 2012)

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114. A solution of glycerol (C3H8O3) in water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol in 500 g of water. This
solution has a boiling point of 100.42oC. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make this solution ? (Kb for
water = 0.5212 K kg mol-1) (CBSE -2012)
III. JEE MAINS/NEET LEVEL PROBLEMS
115. A solution containing 0.730 g of camphor (molar mass = 152) in 36.8 g of acetone (b.p. 56.30oC) boils at
56.55oC. A solution of 0.564 g of an unknown compound in the same weight of solvent boils at 56.46 oC.
Calculate the molar mass of the unknown compound. Ans. 183.5
116. Match the following if Mol. Weights of x, y and z are the same
Solute B.P. (oC) Kb
x 100 0.68
y 27 0.53
z 253 0.98 (IIT-2003) Ans. Matching is correct.
117. Calculate the boiling point of a solution containing 0.456 g of camphor (mol. Mass = 152) dissolved in
31.4 g of acetone (b.p. = 56.30oC) if molal elevation constant per 100 g of acetone is 17.2oC.Ans. 56.46oC
118. A solution containing 0.5126 g naphthalene (mol. Mass = 128) in 50.0 g of carbon tetrachloride yields a
boiling point elevation of 0.402oC while a solution of 0.6216 g of an unknown solute in the same weight of
the same solvent gives a boiling point elevation of 0.647oC. Find the molecular mass of the unknown solute.
Ans. 96.46 g mol-1
119. On dissolving 3.24 g of sulphur in 40 g of benzene, boiling point of solution was higher than that of
benzene by 0.81 K. Kb value for benzene is 2.53 K kg mol-1. What is the molecular formula of sulphur ?
(Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g mol-1). Ans. S8 .
120. The unit of ebullioscopic aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point ?
a)K kg mol-1 or K (molality)-1 (b) mol kg K-1 or K-1 (molality)
c) kg mol-1 K-1 or K-1 (molality)-1 (d) K mol kg-1 or K (molality)
121. For a dilute solution containing 2.5 g of a non-volatile non-electrolyte solute in 100g of water, the elevation
in boiling point at 1 atm pressure is 2oC. Assuming concentration of solute is much lower than the
concentration of solvent, the vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of the solution is (take K b = 0.76K kg mol-1)
a) 724 (b) 740 (c) 736 (d) 718 IIT 2012
III. DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT:
I. NCERT PROBLEMS
122. Latent heat of fusion of ice is 1436.3 cal mol-1. Calculate the molal depression constant of water.
Ans. 1.87 K kg mol-1
123. Which has highest f.p.
(1) 1M Glucose (2) 1M CaCl2 (3) 1M NaCl Ans: 1M Glucose

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124. 45 g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is mixed with 600 g of water. Calculate (a) the freezing point depression
and (b) the freezing point of the solution. (NCERT) Ans. 270.75 k.
125. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by
0.40 K. The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol-1. Find the molar mass of the
solute. (NCERT) Ans. 256 g mol-1.
126. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (vitamin C, C6H8O6) to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid to lower its
melting point by 1.5oC. Kf = 3.9 K kg mol-1. (NCERT) Ans. 5.076 g
127. A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271K. Calculate the freezing point
of a 5% glucose in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K. (NCERT)Ans. 269.06 K.
128. Two elements A and B form compounds having molecular formula AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20g
of C6H6, 1g of AB2lowers the freezing point by 2.3 K, whereas 1.0g of AB4 lowers it by 1.3K. The molar
depression constant for benzene is 5.1 K kg mol-1. Calculate atomic mass of A and B. (NCERT)
Ans. a = 25.59. b = 42.64

II. CBSE BOARD PROBLEMS

129. 15.0 g of an unknown molecular material is dissolved in 450 g of water. The resulting solution freezes at
– 0.34oC. What is the molar mass of the material ? (Kf for water = 1.86 K Kg mol-1) CBSE 2012
130. A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has a freezing point of 269.15 K Calculate the freezing
point of 10% glucose in water if the freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K. CBSE 2017
Given: (Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol-1) (Molar mass of glucose = 180 g mol-1)
131. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 60 g of glucose
(Molar mass = 180 g mol-1) in 250 g of water.
(Kf of water = 186 K kg mol-1 ) CBSE-2018

III. IIT-JEE MAINS/NEET LEVEL PROBLEMS

132. In a cold climate, water gets frozen causing damage to the radiator of a car, Ethylene glycol is used as an
anti-freezing agent. Calculate the amount of ethylene glycol to be added to 4 kg of water to prevent it from
freezing at –6oC(Kf for water = 1.85 K mol-1 kg) Ans. 804.32 g
133. Addition of 0.643 g of a compound to 50 mL of benzene (density 0.879 g/mL) lowers the freezing point
from 5.51oC to 5.03oC. If Kf for benzene is 5.12, calculate the molecular weight of the compound.
Ans. 156.056
134. Calculate the amount of ice that will separate out on cooling a solution containing 50 g ethylene glycol in
200 g water to – 9.3oC. (Kf for water is 1.86 K kg mol-1). Ans. 38.71 g
o
135. A solution containing 62g ethylene glycol in 250 g water is cooled to -10 C. If Kf for water is 1.86 K kg
mol-1, the amount of water (in g) separated as ice is: (JEE MAIN-2019) Jan, 9, E)
(1) 32 (2) 48 (3) 16 (4) 64
136. Freezing point of a 4% aqueous solution of X is equal to freezing point of 12% aqueous solution of Y.
If molecular weight of X is A, then molecular weight of Y is: (JEE MAIN-2019/ Jan.12-M.)
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(1) A (2) 3A (3) 4A (4) 2A

137. A solution of urea in water boils at 100.18oC. Calculate the freezing point of the same solution. Molal
constants Kf and Kb are 1.86 and 0.512 Km-1 respectively. Ans. = - 0.654oC.
138. Elevation in the boiling point for 1 molal solution of glucose is 2K. The depression in the freezing point
of 2 molal solutions of glucose in the same solvent is 2K. The relation between Kb and Kf is:
(JEE MAIN-2019) /Jan.10. E
(1) Kb = 0.5 Kf (2) Kb = 2Kf (3) Kb = 1.5 Kf (4) Kb = Kf
139. How many grams of sucrose must be dissolved in 100 g of water to produce a solution with a difference
of 105oC between the f.p. & b.p. Ans. ~72 g
140. If boiling point of an aqueous solution is 100.1o C. What is its freezing point ? Given latent heat of fusion
and vaporization of water are 80 cal g-1 and 537 cal g-1 respectively. Ans. – 0.36o C.
141. Calculate the freezing point of an aqueous solution having mole fraction of water 0.8. Latent heat of
fusion of ice is 80 cal g-1. Ans. – 25.83oC.
IV. OSMOTIC PRESSURE OF SOLUTION:
I. NCERT PROBLEMS
142. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein. The osmotic pressure of such
a solution at 300 K is found to be 2.57 × 10-3 bar. Calculate the molar mass of the protein. NCERT
Ans. 61022 g mol-1
143. Calculate the osmotic pressure in pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of polymer of
molar mass 185,000 in 450 mL of water at 27oC. NCERT Ans. 30.96 Pa

II. CBSE BOARD PROBLEMS

CBSE-2008
144. Define osmotic pressure. How is it that measurement of osmotic pressures is more widely used for
determining molar masses of macromolecules than the rise in boiling point or fall in freezing point of their
solutions ?
CBSE-2009
(b) 100 mg of a protein is dissolved in enough water to make 10.0 mL of a solution. If this solution has an
osmotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 25o C, what is the molar mass of protein ?
(R = 0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1 and 760 mm Hg = 1 atm.)
CBSE-2011
145. What is meant by ‘reverse osmosis’ ?
146. A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95 mg of a gene fragment in 35.0 mL of water has an osmotic pressure
of 0.335 torr at 25oC. Assuming that the gene fragment is a non-electrolyte, calculate its molar mass.
CBSE - 2013
147. Define Osmotic pressure

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CBSE - 2014
148. A solution containing 15 g urea (molar mass = 60 g mol-1) per litre of solution in water has the same
osmotic pressure (isotonic) as a solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol -1) in water. Calculate the mass
of glucose present in one litre of its solution.
CBSE - 2016
149. Write the colligative property which is used to find the molecular mass of macromolecules.
CBSE - 2018
150. Measurement of osmotic pressure method is preferred for the determination of molar masses of
macromolecules such as proteins and polymers. Explain

III. IIT-JEE MAINS/NEET LEVEL PROBLEMS

151. (a) Calculate the osmotic pressure of 0.01 M solution of cane-sugar at 300 K ( R = 0.0821 litre
atm/degree/mole). Ans.0.2463 atm
(b) If this solution were placed in a tube of uniform cross-sectional area of 1 cm2 with a semipermeable
membrane at the lower end and this end is dipped in pure water, what will be height of the vertical column
developed ? Assume density of the solution as 1 g mL-1. Ans. 2.54 m
152. 10 g of a substance were dissolved in water and the solution was made up to 250 cm3. The osmotic
pressure of the solution was found to be 8 × 105 Nm-2 (pascals) at 288 K. Find the molar mass of the solute.
Ans. 119.7 g mol-1
153. At 300 K, 36 g of glucose present per litre in its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the
osmotic pressure of the solution is 1.52 bar at the same temperature, what would be its concentration ?
Ans. 0.061 M
154. Osmotic pressure of a solution containing 7g of a protein per 100 ml of solution is 25 mm Hg at 37 oC.
Calculate the molar mass of protein. Ans. 54094
155. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a solution obtained by mixing 100 ml of 3.4 per cent solution of urea
(mol. mass = 60) and 100 ml of 1.6 per cent solution of cane sugar (mol. Mass = 342) at 293 K. Ans. 7.37
atm.
156. The osmotic pressure of blood is 8.21 atm at 37oC. How much glucose should be used per litre for an
intravenous injection that is isotonic with blood ? Ans. 58.06
157. Calculate the freezing point of 1L an aqueous solution of a non-electrolyte having an osmotic pressure of
2 atm at 300 K. Ans. 272.849 K.
158. A solution containing 5% of a substance ‘A’ is isotonic with a solution containing 10g of urea per litre.
Calculate Molar mass of substance A? Ans. 300 a. m. u. Ans.
159. The osmotic pressure of a solution at 0oC is 4 atmospheres. What will be its osmotic pressure at 546 K
under similar conditions. Ans. 8 atm

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160. FeCl3 on reaction with K4 [Fe(CN)6] in aqueous solution gives blue colour. These are separated by a
semipermeable membrane AB as shown. Due to osmosis there is

a) blue colour formation in side X (b) blue colour formation in side Y

c) blue colour formation in both of the sides X and Y
d) no appearance of blue colour in any side
WORK SHEET – 5
VAN’T HOFF FACTOR
I. NCERT PROBLEMS
161. 0.6 mL of acetic acid (CH3COOH). Having density 1.06 g m L-1, is dissolved in 1 litre of water. The
depression in freezing point observed for this strength of acid was 0.0205oC. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor
and the dissociation constant of acid. Ans. i = 1.04, Ka = 1.70  10-5
162. 19.5 g of CH2FCOOH is dissolved in 500 g of water. The depression in the freezing point observed is
1.0oC. Calculate the van’t Hoff factor and dissociation constant of fluoroacetic acid. Kf for water is 1.86 K
kg mol-1. Ans. i = 1.0753 ,Ka = 2.835 × 10-3
163. Calculate the depression in the freezing point of water when 10 g of CH3CH2CHClCOOH is added to
250 g of water. Ka = 1.4 × 10-3, Kf = 1.86 K kg mol-1 Ans. 0.65oC.
164. The depression in freezing point of water observed for the same amount of acetic acid, trichloroacetic
acid and trifluoroacetic acid increases in the order given above. Explain briefly.
165. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K2SO4 in 2 litre of water at
o
25 C, assuming that it is completely dissociated. Ans. 5.27 × 10-3 atm.
166. Determine the amount of CaCl2 (i = 2.47) dissolved in 2.5 litre of water such that its osmotic pressure is
0.75 atm at 27oC. Ans. 3.42 g
167. 2 g of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal
to 1.62 K. Molal depression constant for benzene is 4.9 K kg mol-1. What is the percentage association of
acid if it forms dimmer in solution ? Ans. 99.2%

II. CBSE Board Problems

CBSE-2008
168. Calculate the amount of KCl which must be added to 1 kg of water so that its freezing point is depressed
by 2K. (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1, Atomic mass K = 39, Cl = 35.5)
CBSE-2009
169. (a) Define Van’t Hoff factor.
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CBSE - 2015
170. Calculate the amount of CaCl2 (molar mass = 111 g mol-1) which must be added to 500 g of water to lower
its freezing point by 2K, assuming CaCl2 is completely dissociated, (Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1)
CBSE - 2016
171. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 2g of Na2SO4 (M = 142 g mol-1) was dissolved in 50 g of
water, assuming Na2SO4 undergoes complete ionization.
(Kb for water = 0.52 K kg mol-1)
CBSE - 2017
172. What is Abnormal molar mass ?
CBSE - 2018
173. Elevation of boiling point of 1 M KC1 solution is nearly double than that of 1 M sugar solution. Why ?

CBSE - 2019
174. (a) Out of 0.1 molal aqueous solution of glucose and 0.1. molal aqueous solution of KCl, which one will
have higher boiling point and why?
(b) Predict whether van’t Hoff factor, (i) is less than one or greater than one in the following:
(i) CH3COOH dissolved in water
(ii) CH3COOH dissolved in benzene
175. A solution 01 M of Na2SO4 is dissolved to the extent of 95%. What would be its osmotic pressure at 27°C
? (R = 0.0821 L atm K-1 mol-1)
CBSE - 2020
176.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
the Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R)is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion (A) is wrong, but Reason (R) is correct statement.
Assertion (A) : 0.1 M solution of KCl has greater osmotic pressure than 0.1 M solution of glucose at same
temperature.
Reason (R): In solution, KCl dissociates to produce more number of particles.
177. A 0.01 m aqueous solution of AlCl3 freezes at - 0.068 oC. Calculate the percentage of dissociation. [Given:
Kf for Water = 1.86 kg mol-1]
III. IIT-JEE MAINS/NEET LEVEL PROBLEMS
178. K2HgI4 is 40% ionized in aqueous solution. The value of its van’t Hoff factor (i) is :
(JEE MAIN-2019)/Jan.11 E
(1) 1.8 (2) 2.2 (3) 2.0 (4) 1.6
179. The freezing point of benzene decreases by 0.45oC when 0.2 g of acetic acid is added to 20 g of benzene .
If acetic acid associates to form a dimer in benzene, percentage association of acetic acid in benzene will be
:(Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol-1) IIT-JEE MAINS 2017
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(1) 80.4% (2) 74.6% (3) 94.6% (4) 64.6%

180. Determine the amount of NaCl to be dissolved in 600g H2O to decrease the freezing point by 0.2oC
Given: Kf of H2O = 2k/m-1
Density of H2O(  ) = 1 g/ml JEE MAINS 2020,JAN 9 Sol. 01.76
181. The boiling point of 0.2 mol kg-1 solution of X in water is greater than equimolal solution of Y in
water. Which one of the following statements is true in this case? AIPMT-2015
(1) X is undergoing dissociation in water.
(2) Molecular mass of X is greater than the
molecular mass of Y.
(3) Molecular mass of Xis less than the molecular mass of Y.
(4) Y is undergoing dissociation in water while
X undergoes no change.
182. Which one of the following electrolytes has the same value of van’t Hoff’s factor (i) as that of Al2(SO4)3
(if all are 100% ionised)? AIPMT-2015
(1) K2SO4 (2) K3[Fe(CN)6] (3) Al(NO3)3 (4) K4 [Fe(CN)6]
183. 1% solution of KCl is dissociated to the extent of 80% . What would be its osmotic pressure at 27 0C.?
Ans. 5.95 atm
184. A decimolar solution of potassium ferrocyanide is 50% dissociated at 300K. Calculate the osmotic
pressure of the solution. (R = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1) Ans. 7.389 atm
185. The degree of dissociation of Ca(NO3)2 in dilute aqueous solution containing 7.0 g of the salt per 100 g of
water at 100oC is 70 per cent. If the vapour pressure of water at 100oC is 750 mm, calculate the vapour
pressure of the solution. Ans. 746 mm
186. How many grams of KCl should be added to 1.0 kg of water to lower its freezing point to 8.0oC ? (Kf
for water = 1.86oC kg mol-1). Ans. 160.2 g
187. A solution containing 0.5 g of KCl dissolved in 100 g of water freezes at  0.24oC. Calculate the degree
of dissociation of the salt (Kf for water = 1.86oC). Ans. 92%
188. At 25oC, 3 g of a solute A in 100 ml of an aqueous solution gave an osmotic pressure of 2.5 atmosphere.
What is the nature of solute (associated or dissociated) if its normal molar mass is 246 ? Ans. associated
189. The freezing point of a solution containing 0.2 g of acetic acid in 20.0 g of benzene is lowered by 0.45 o C.
Calculate the degree of association of acetic acid in benzene (K f for benzene = 5.12 K mol-1 kg).
Ans. 94.6 %
190. Molecules of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) dimerise in benzene. ‘w’ g of the acid dissolved in 30 g of benzene
shows a depression in freezing point equal to 2K. If the percentage association of the acid to form dimer in
the solution is 80, then w is : (JEE MAIN-2019)/ Jan.12.E.
-1 -1
(Given that Kf = 5K kg mol , Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122g mol )
(1) 1.8 g (2) 2.4 g (3) 1.0 g (4) 1.5 g
191. 1.22 g of benzoic acid is dissolved in

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(i) 100 g of acetone (Kb for acetone = 1.7K kg mol-1) and

(ii) 100 g of Benzene (Kb for Benzene = 2.6 K Kg mol-1)
The elevation in boiling point are 0.17oC and 0.13oC. resp.
(a) What are the mol. Masses of benzoic acid in both the cases.
(b) What do you deduce out of it in terms of structure of Benzoic acid (IIT-2004) Ans. 122 , 244
This shows that Benzoic acid behaves normally in acetone and dimerises in Benzene.
192. 72.5 g of phenol is dissolved in 1 kg of a solvent (kf = 14) which leads to dimerization of phenol and
freezing point is lowered by 7 kelvin. What percent of total phenol is present in dimeric form?
(I.I.T. 2006)Ans. 35%
193. A 0.001 molal solution of a complex with molecular formula [Pt(NH3)4Cl4] in water showed a freezing
point depression of 0.0054oC. If Kf for water is 1.80, what is the correct formulation of the molecule with a
proper coordination sphere ? Ans. [Pt(NH3)4Cl2] Cl2
194. Human blood plasma contains albumin (M. wt. = 69,000) and globulin (M. wt. = 1, 60,000). Calculate the
amount of these proteins present in one litre of blood if they are present in the ratio of 2 : 1 by mass. Colloidal
osmotic pressure of blood was found to be 0.0179 atm at the physiological temperature of 37oC.
Ans. 40 g L-120 g L-1
195. 0.85% aqueous solution of NaNO3 is apparently 90% dissociated at 27oC . Calculate its osmotic pressure
(R = 0.0821 atm K-1 mol-1) Ans. 4.674 atm.
196. x g of a non electrolytic compound (molar mass = 200) are dissolved in 1.0 L of 0.05 M NaCl aqueous
solution. The osmotic pressure of this solution is found to be 4.92 atm at 27oC. Calculate the value of x.
Assume complete dissociation of NaCl and ideal behaviour of the solution. (R = 0.082 L atm mol-1 K-1)
Ans.20 g
o
197. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a 0.1 M monobasic acid if its pH is 2.0 at 25 C. Ans. 2.69 atm.
198. A storage battery contains a solution of H2SO4 38% by weight. At this concentration, van’t Hoff factor is
2.50. At what temperature will the battery contents freeze ? (Kf for water = 1.86 K.) Ans. 243.92 K.
199. To 500 cm3 of water 3.0  10-3 kg of acetic acid is added. If 23% of acetic acid is dissociated, what will be
the depression in freezing point ? Kf and density of water are 1.86 K kg mol-1 and 0.997 g cm-3 respectively.
(I.I.T. 2000) Ans. 0.252 K.
200. From the given figure, predict whether water will flow from BaCl2 solution towards NaCl solution or not
Give a suitable explanation for your answer.

Ans. water will flow from NaCl solution to BaCl2 solution.

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201. Solution A is ternary electrolyte and solute B is non-electrolyte. If 0.1 M solution of the solute B produces
an osmotic pressure of 2π, then 0.05 M solution of A at the same temperature will exert how much osmotic
pressure ? Ans. 3 π
202. The freezing point depression of 10-3 m solution of Kx[Fe(CN)6] is 7.10 × 10-3 K. Determine x (given Kf
= 1.86 K kg mol-1). Ans. 3
203. The freezing point of a solution containing 50 cm3 of ethylene glycol in 50 g of water is found to be
-34oC. Assuming ideal behaviour, calculate the density of ethylene glycol. Ans. 1.13 g cm-3
204. 17.4% K2SO4 solution at 27oC is isotonic with 4% NaOH solution at the same temperature. If NaOH is
100% ionized, what is the degree of ionization of K2SO4 in aqueous solution ? Ans. 50% ionized.
205. The osmotic pressure of a urea solution is 500 mm of Hg at 10 oC. The solution is diluted and its
temperature is raised to 25oC. It is now found that osmotic pressure of the solution is reduced to 105.3 mm
of Hg. Determine the extent of dilution of the solution. Ans. The solution has been diluted 5 times.
206. 0.004 M solution of Na2SO4 is isotonic with 0.01 M solution of glucose at the temp. What is the apparent
degree of dissociation of Na2SO4 ? Ans. 75%

207. Equimolal Solutions of NaCl and BaCl2 are prepared in H2O. F. pt. of NaCl is found to be – 2 °C. What
freezing point do you expect from BaCl 2 soln ? Ans. – 3 °C.

208. Chloro acetic acid is a monoprotic acid and has Ka = 1.36 × 10–3. Calculate b. p. of 0.01 M aqueous soln
? (Kb = 0.51 K kg/mol) Ans. 0.0069 °C

209. How much ethyl alcohol must be added to 1 litre of water so that the solution will freeze at 14 °F ? (Kf
for water = 1.86 °C/mol) Ans.247.31 g
210. There is KI and sucrose solution with 0.1 M concentration, if the osmotic pressure of KI and sucrose
solution is 0.465 atm and 0.245 atm, respectively. Then find the van’t Hoff factor of KI and its degree of
dissociation Ans. 1.897, 0.897

EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS
211. Which of the following units is useful in relating concentration of solution with its vapour pressure
?
a)Mole fraction (b) parts per million (c) mass percentage (d) molality
P o  Ps
Sol. (a) = x2 (mole fraction of solute in solution ) – Raoult’s law.
Po
212. On dissolving sugar in water at room temperature, solution feels cool to touch. Under which of
the following cases dissolution of sugar will be most rapid ?
a)Sugar crystals in cold water (b) Sugar crystals in hot water
b) Powdered sugar in cold water (d) Powdered sugar in hot water
Sol. (d) As solution is cool to touch, dissolution is endothermic. Hence, high temperature will favour
dissolution. Further, powdered sugar has large surface area and will dissolve faster.
213. At equilibrium the rate of dissolution of a solid solute in a volatile liquid solvent is …….. .
a)Less than the rate of crystallization (b) greater than the rate of crystallization
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c)equal to the rate of crystallization (d) zero

Sol. (c) At equilibrium, rate of dissolution = rate of crystallization.
214. A breaker contains a solution of substance ‘A’. Precipitation of substance ‘A’ takes place when
small amount of ‘A’ is added to the solution. The solution is ………… .
a)Saturated (b) supersaturated (c) unsaturated (d) concentrated
Sol. (b) In saturated solution, more substance does not dissolve. In a supersaturated solution, substance starts
precipitating out.
215. Maximum amount of a solid solute that can be dissolved in a specified amount of a given liquid
solvent does not depend upon …….. .
a)Temperature (b) Nature of solute (c) Pressure (d) Nature of solvent
Sol. (c)
216. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at high altitude is due to
a)Low temperature (b) low atmospheric pressure (c) high atmospheric pressure
d)both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure
Sol. (b) Body temperature of the human body remains constant.
217. Considering the formation, breaking and strength of hydrogen bond, predict which of the
following mixtures will show a positive deviation from Raoult’s law ?
a)Methanol and acetone (b) Chloroform and acetone (c) Nitric acid and water (d) Phenol and aniline
Sol. (a) H–O … H – O … H – O … . On adding acetone, its molecules get in between the molecules of
| | |
CH3 CH3 CH3
Methanol breaking hydrogen bonds and reducing methanol-methanol attractions.
218. Colligative properties depend on ………. .
a)The nature of the solute particles dissolved in solution (b) the number of solute particles in solution
c)the physical properties of the solute particles dissolved in solution (d) the nature of solvent particles
Sol. (b)
219. Which of the following aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point ?
a)1.0 M NaOH (b) 10 M Na2SO4 (c) 1.0 M NH4NO3 (d) 1.0 M KNO3
Sol. (b)
220. The unit of ebullioscopic aqueous solutions should have the highest boiling point ?
a)K kg mol-1 or K (molality)-1 (b) mol kg K-1 or K-1 (molality)
c) kg mol-1 K-1 or K-1 (molality)-1 (d) K mol kg-1 or K (molality)
Sol. (a)
221. In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M MgCl 2
solution is ………. .
a)the same (b) about twice (c) about three times (d) about six times
Sol. (c)0.01 M MgCl2 = 0.03 M particle concentration which is three times in comparison to 0.01 M glucose.
Hence, depression will be about three times.
222. An unripe mango placed in a concentrated salt solution to prepare pickle, shrivels because
……….
a)It gains water due to osmosis (b) it loses water due to reverse osmosis
c) it gains water due to reverse osmosis (d) it loses water due to osmosis
Sol. (d)
223. At a given temperature, osmotic pressure of a concentrated solution of a substance ……… .
a)Is higher than that at a dilute solution (b) is lower than that of a dilute solution
c) is same as that of a dilute solution (d) can not be compared with osmotic pressure of dilute solution

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Sol. (a) π = CRT, i.e, π α C

224. Which of the following statements is false ?
a)Two different solutions of sucrose of same molality prepared in different solvents will have the same
depression in freezing point.
b)The osmotic pressure of a solution is given by the equation II = CRT (where C is the molarity of the solution
)
c)Decreasing order of osmotic pressure for 0.01 M aqueous solutions of barium chloride, potassium chloride,
acetic acid and sucrose is BaCl2 > KCl > CH3COOH > sucrose
d)According to Raoult’s law, the vapour pressure exerted by a volatile component of a solution exerted by a
volatile component of a solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution.
Sol. (a) Depression in freezing point depends upon the nature of solvent. Hence (a) is false.
225. The value of van’t Hoff factors for KCl, NaCl and K2SO4, respectively, are …….. .
a) 2, 2 and (b) 2, 2 and 3 (c) 1, 1 and 2 (d) 1, 1, and 1
Sol. (b)KCl → K+ + Cl- (2 ions), NaCl → Na+ + Cl- (2 ions), K2SO4 → 4 K+ + SO42- (3 ions)
226. Which of the following statements is false ?
a)Units of atmospheric pressure and osmotic pressure are the same.
b)In reverse osmosis, solvent molecules move through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower
concentration of solute to a region of higher concentration.
c)The value of molal depression constant depends on nature of solvent
d)Relative lowering of vapour pressure, is a dimensionless quantity.
Sol. (b)
227. Value of Henry’s constant KH …………. .
a)Increases with increase in temperature (b) decreases with increase in temperature
c)remains constant (d) first increases, then decreases
Sol. (a) pA = KHxA. At higher temperature, xA is less. Hence, at the same partial pressure, pA, KH will be more.
228. The value of Henry’s constant KH is …………. .
a)Greater for gases with higher solubility (b) greater for gases with lower solubility
c)constant for all gases (d) not related to the solubility of gases.
Sol. (b) pA = KHxA. Lower the value of xA, greater will be the value of KH at the same partial pressure pA and
at the same temperature.
229. Consider the figure and mark the correct

a)Water will move from side (A) to side (B) if a pressure lower than osmotic pressure is applied on piston (B)
b)Water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure greater than osmotic pressure is applied on piston
(B)
c)Water will move from side (B) to side (A) if a pressure equal to osmotic pressure is applied on piston (B)
d)Water will move from side (A) to side (B) if pressure equal to osmotic pressure is applied on piston (A).
Sol. (b) represents reverse osmosis.

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230. We have three aqueous solution of NaCl labeled as ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ with concentrations 0.1 M, 0.1
M and 0.001 M, respectively. The value of van’t Hoff factor for these solutions will be in the order
…………… .
a)iA < iB < iC (b) iA > iB > iC (c) iA = iB = iC (d) iA < iB > iC
Sol. (a)
231. On the basis of information given below mark the correct option.
Information :
A)In bromoethane and chloroethane mixture, intermolecular iinteractions of A-A and B-B type are nearly
same as A-B type instruactions.
B)In ethanol and acetone mixture, A –A or B –B type intermolecular interactions are stronger than A-B type
interactions.
C)In chloroform and acetone mixture, A-A or B – B type intermolecular interactions are weaker than A-B
type interactions.
a)Solution (B) and (C) will follow Raoult’ law (b) Solution (A) will follow Raoult’s law
c)Solution (B) will show negative deviation from Raoult’s law
d) Solution (C) will show positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
Sol. (b)
232. Two beakers of capacity 500 mL were taken. One of these beakers, labeled as “A”, was filled with
400 mL water whereas the beaker labeled “B” was filled with 400 mL of 2 M solution of NaCl. At the
same temperature both the beakers were placed in closed containers of same material and same
capacity as shown in the figure.

At a given temperature, which of the following statement is correct about the vapour pressure of pure
water and that of NaCl solution.
a)Vapour pressure in container (A) is more than that in container (B)
b)Vapour pressure in container (A) is less than that in container (B)
c)Vapour pressure is equal in boththe containers.
d)Vapour pressure in container (B) is twice the vapour pressure in container (A)
Sol. (a) Vapour pressure of a liquid decreases when a non-volatile solute is dissolved in it.
233. If two liquids A and B form minimum boiling azeotrope at some specific composition, then
……….
a)A-B interactions are stronger than those between A-A or B – B.
b)Vapour pressure of solution increases because more number of molecules of liquid A and B can escape
from the solution
c)Vapour pressure of solution decreases because less number of molecules of only one of the liquids escape
from the solution.
d)A-B interactions are weaker than those between A-A or B – B.
Sol. (d) Minimum boiling azeotrope is formed when actual vapour pressure in higher than expected, i.e.,
solution shows +ve deviation from Raoult’s law which is so when A-B interactions are weaker than A-A or
B-B interactions.
234. 4L of 0.02 M aqueous solution of NaCl was diluted by adding one litre of water. The molality of
the resultant solution is ………… .
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a)0.004 (b) 0.008 (c) 0.012 (d) 0.016

Sol. (d) M1V1 = M2V2, 0.02 × 4 = M2 × 5 = 0.016.
235. On the basis of information given below mark the correct option.
Information: On adding acetone to methanol some of the hydrogen bonds between methanol molecules
break.
a)At specific composition, methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum boiling azeotrope and will show
positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
b)At specific composition, methanol-acetone mixture forms maximum boiling azeotrope and will show
positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
c)At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form minimum boiling azeotrope and will show
negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
d)At specific composition methanol-acetone mixture will form maximum boiling azeotrope and will show
negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
Sol. (a) As hydrogen bonds break, vapor pressure will be higher, i.e., it will show +ve deviation from Raoult’s
law and form a minimum boiling azeotrope.

236. KH value for Ar(g), CO2(g), HCHO (g) and CH4(g) are 40.39, 1.67, 1.83 × 10-5 and 0.413
respectively.
Arrange these gases in the order of their increasing solubility.
a)HCHO < CH4 < CO2 < Ar (b) HCHO < CO2 < CH4 < Ar
c)Ar < CO2 < CH4 < HCHO (d) Ar < CH4 < CO2 < HCHO
Sol. (c) Lower the value of KH, higher is the solubility
MCQ-II
237. Which of the following factor(s) affect the solubility of a gaseous solute in the fixed volume of
liquid solvent?
(i)nature of solute (ii) temperature (iii) pressure
a) (i) and (iii) at constant T (b) (i) and (ii) at constant P (c) (ii) and (iii) only (d) (iii) only
Sol. (a, b)
238. Intermolecular forces between two benzene molecules are nearly of same strength as those
between two toluene molecules. For a mixture of benzene and toluene, which of the following are
not true ?
a)∆mixH=zero (b) ∆mix V = zero (c) These will form minimum boiling azeotrope
d)These will not form ideal solution
Sol. (c, d) They will form ideal solution for which ∆mix H=0, ∆mix V = 0. Hence, (a) and (b) are true. But (c)
and (d) are not true (Ideal solutions do not form azeotropes)
239. Relative lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property because ……… .
a)It depends on the concentration of a non-electrolyte solute in solution and does not depend on the nature
of the solute molecules.
b)It depends on number of particles of electrolyte solute in solution and does not depnd on the nature of the
solute particles.
c)It depends on the concentration of a non-electrolyte solute in solution as well as on the nature of the solute
molecules.
d)It depends on the concentration of an electrolyte or non-electrolyte solute in solution as well as on the
nature of solute molecules.
Sol. (a, b)
240. Van’t Hoff factor i. is given by expression ………….. .
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Normal molar mass Abnormal molar mass

a)i = (b) i =
Abnormal molar mass Normal molar mass
Observed colligative property Calculated colligative property
c)i= (d) i =
Calculated colligative property Observed colligative property
Sol. (a, c)
241. Isotonic solutions must have the same ……… .
a)Solute (b) density (c) elevation in boiling point (d) depression in freezing point.
Sol. (c, d) Isotonic solutions have same molar concentration and hence same elevation in boiling point and
same depression in freezing point.
242. Which of the following binary mixtures will have same composition in liquid and vapour phase ?
a)Benzene-Toluene (b) Water-Nitric acid (c) Water-Ethanol (d) n-Hexane-n-Heptane
Sol. (b, c) form non-ideal solutions and hence azeotropic mixture which have same composition in liquid and
vapour phase.
243. In isotonic solutions ……….. .
a)Solute and solvent both are same (b) osmotic pressure is same
c)Solute and solvent may or may not be same (d) solute is always same, solvent may be different.
Sol. (b, c)
244. For a binary ideal liquid solution, the variation in total vapour pressure versus composition of
solution is given by which of the curves ?

Sol. (a, d) both are possible depending upon which component is more volatile.
245. Colligative properties are observed when ……… .
a)A non-volatile solid is dissolved in a volatile liquid (b) a non-volatile liquid is dissolved in another volatile
liquid
c) a gas is dissolved in non-volatile liquid (d) a volatile liquid is dissolved in another volatile liquid.

Sol. (a, b)
MATCHING TYPE
246. Match the items given in Column I and Column II
Column I Column II
(i) Saturated solution (a) Solution having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature as
that of given solution
(ii) Binary solution (b) A solution whose osmotic pressure is less than that of another
(iii) Isotonic solution (c) Solution with two components
(iv) Hypotonic solution (d)A solution which contains maximum amount of solute that can
be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.
(v) Solid solution (e)A solution whose osmotic pressure is more than that of another.
(vi) Hypertonic solution (f) A solution in solid phase.
Sol. (i)  (d) (ii)  (c) (iii)  (a) (iv)  (b) (v)  (f) (vi)  (e)
247. Match the items given in Column I with the type of solutions given in Column II.
Column I Column II
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(i) Soda water (a)A solution of gas in solid

(ii)Sugar solution (b) A solution of gas in gas
(iii) German silver (c) A solution of solid in liquid
(iv) Air (d) A solution of solid in solid
(v)Hydrogen gas in palladium (e) A solution of gas in liquid
(f)A solution of liquid in solid
Sol. (i)  (e) (ii)  (c) (iii)  (d) (iv)  (b) (v)  (a)
248. Match the laws given in Column I with expressions given in Column II.
Column I Column II
(i)Raoult's law (a) Tf = Kfm
(ii)Henry's law (b)  = CRT
(iii) Elevation of boiling point (c) p = x1po1 + x2p2o
(iv) Depression in freezing point (d) Tb = Kbm
(v)Osmotic pressure (e) p = K H X
Sol. (i)  (c) (ii)  (e) (iii)  (d) (iv)  (a) (v)  (b)
249. Match the terms given in Column I with expressions given in Column II.
Column I Column II
Number of moles of the solute component
(i)Mass percentage (a)
Volume of solution in litres
Number of moles of a component
(ii)Volume percentage (b)
Total number of moles of all the components
Volume of the solute component in solution
(iii)Mole fraction (c) × 100
Total volume of solution
Mass of the solute component in solution
(iv) Molality (d) × 100
Total mass of the solution
Number of moles of the solute components
(v)Molarity (e)
Mass of solvent in kilograms
Sol. (i)  (d) (ii)  (c) (iii)  (b) (iv)  (e) (v)  (a)
ASSERTION AND REASON TYPE
In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose
the correct answer out of the following choices.
(i) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(ii) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(iii) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(iv) Assertion and reason both are incorrect statements.
(v) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
250. Assertion : Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature.
Reason : The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.
Sol. (i)
251. Assertion When methyl alcohol is added to water, boiling point of water increases.
Reason : When a volatile solute is added to a volatile solvent elevation in boiling point is observed.
Sol. (iv)
252. Assertion : When NaC1 is added to water a depression in freezing point is observed.
Reason : The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes depression in the freezing point.
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Sol (i)
253. Assertion : When a solution is separated from the pure solvent by a semi
permeable membrane, the solvent molecules pass through it
from pure solvent side to the solution side.
Reason: Diffusion of solvent occurs from a region of high concentration solution to a region of low
concentration solution.
Sol. (ii)
CASE STUDY
254. Properties such as boiling point, freezing point and vapour pressure of a pure solvent change when solute
molecules are added to get homogenous solution. These are called colligative properties. Applications of
coligative properties are very useful in day to day life. One of its examples is the use of ethylene glycol and
water mixture as antifreezing liquid in the radiator of automobiles
A solution M is prepared by mixing ethanol and water. The mole fraction of ethanol in the mixture is 0.9
Given: Freezing point depression constant of water (Kwater) = 1.86 K kg mol1
Freezing point depression constant on ethanol (Kethanol) = 2.0 K kg mol1

Boiling point elevation constant of water K b  = 0.52 K kg mil1

water

Boiling point elevation constant of ethanol K b  = 1.2 K kg mol1

ethanol

Standard freezing point of water = 273 K

Standard freezing point of ethanol = 155.7K
Standard boiling point of water = 373 K
Standard boiling point of ethanol = 351.5 K
Vapour pressure of pure water = 32.8 mm Hg
Vapour pressure of pure ethanol = 40 mm Hg
Molecular weight of water = 18 g mol1
Molecular weight of ethanol = 46 g mol1
In answering the following questions, consider the situations to be ideal dilute solutions and solutes to the
nonvolatile and nondissociate.
1. The freezing point of the solution M is
(A) 268.7 (B) 268.5 K (C) 234.2 K (D) 150.9 K
2. The vapour pressure of the solution M is
(A) 39.3 mm Hg (B) 36.0 mm Hg (C) 29.5 mm Hg (D) 28.8 mm Hg
3. Water is added to the solution M such that the mole fraction of water in the solution becomes 0.9. The boiling
point of this solution is
(A) 380.4 K (B) 376.2 K (C) 375.5 K (D) 354.7 K

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