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CHAPTER

4 Introduction to
Analytic Geometry

Animation 4.1: Coordinate System

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that P has coordinates (x, y). It may be noted that x and y are the directed distances of P from
4.1 INTRODUCTION the y-axis and the x-axis respectively. The reverse of this technique also provides method for
associating exactly one point in the plane with any ordered pair (x, y) of real numbers. This
Geometry is one of the most ancient branches of mathematics. The Greeks
method of pairing off in a one-to-one fashion the points in a plane with ordered pairs of real
systematically studied it about four centuries B.C. Most of the geometry taught in schools is
numbers is called the two dimensional rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinate system.
due to Euclid who expounded thirteen books on the subject (300 B.C.). A French philosopher
and m athematician Rene Descartes (1596-1650 A.D.) introduced algebraic methods in
If (x, y) are the coordinates of a point P, then the first member (component) of the
geometry which gave birth to analytical geometry (or coordinate geometry). Our aim is to
ordered pair is called the x - coordinate or abscissa of P and the second member of the
present fundamentals of the subject in this book.
ordered pair is called the y - coordinate or ordinate of P. Note that abscissa is always first
element and the ordinate is second element in an ordered pair.
Coordinate System
Draw in a plane two mutually perpendicular The coordinate axes divide the plane into four equal parts called quadrants. They are
number lines x' x and y' y , one horizontal and the other defined as follows:
vertical. Let their point of intersection be O , to which we
call the origin and the real number 0 of both the lines is Quadrant I: All points (x, y) with x > 0, y > 0
represented by O. The two lines are called the coordinate
Quadrant II: All points (x, y) with x < 0, y > 0
axes. The horizontal line x'Ox is called the x-axis and the
Quadrant III: All points (x, y) with x < 0, y < 0
vertical line y' Oy is called the y-axis.
Quadrant IV: All points (x, y) with x > 0, y < 0
The point P in the plane that corresponds to an ordered pair
As in the case of number line, we follow the (x, y) is called the graph of (x, y).
convention that all points on the y-axis above x'Ox
Thus given a set of ordered pairs of real numbers, the graph of the set is the aggregate
are associated with positive real numbers, those
of all points in the plane that correspond to ordered pairs of the set.
below x'Ox with negative real numbers. Similarly,
all points on the x-axis and lying on the right of O Challenge!
will be positive and those on the left of O and lying
on the x-axis will be negative.
Suppose P is any point in the plane. Then P i- Write down the coordinates of the points
can be located by using an ordered pair of real if not mentioned.
numbers. Through P draw lines parallel to the
coordinates axes meeting x-axis at R and y-axis at S.
ii- Locate (0, -1), (2, 2), (-4, 7) and (-3, -3).
Let the directed distance OR = x and the directed distance OS = y .
The ordered pair (x, y) gives us enough information to locate the point P. Thus, with
every point P in the plane, we can associate an ordered pair of real numbers (x, y) and we say
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4.1.1 The Distance Formula

(2 - 7) + ( -6 - 5 ) =
2 2

a= BC= 146

2 - ( - 1) 2 + ( -6 - 2 ) =
2
Let A (x1 , y1) and B (x2 , y2) be two points in the plane. We can find the b= CA= 73
Note that :

distance d = AB from the right triangle AQB by using the Pythagorean AB stands for Clearly: a=2 b 2 + c 2 .

theorem. We have Therefore, ABC is a right triangle with right angle at A.

m AB or AB

= = AQ + QB 2 (1)
d AB Example 2: The point C (-5, 3) is the centre of a circle and
AQ
= RS
= RO + OS P (7, -2) lies on the circle. What is the radius of the circle?
=-OR + OS

= x2 - x1 Solution: The radius of the circle is the distance from C to P.

By the distance formula, we have
QB = SB - SQ = OM - ON

( 7 - ( -5) ) + ( -2 - 3)
2 2
= y2 - y1 Radius= CP=

Therefore, (1) takes the form = 144 + 25= 13


d 2 = ( x2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 )
2 2

4.1.2 Point Dividing the Join of Two Points in a given Ratio

( x2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 )
2 2
or d = AB = (2)

which is the formula for the distance d. The distance is always taken to be positive and Theorem: Let A (x1 , y1) and B (x2 , y2) be the two given points in a plane. The coordinates of
it is not a directed distance from A to B when A and B do not lie on the same horizontal or the point dividing the line segment AB in the ratio k1 : k2 are
vertical line.  k1 x2 + k2 x1 k1 y2 + k2 y1 
 , 
If A and B lie on a line parallel to one of the coordinate axes, then by the formula (2),  1 2k + k k1 + k2 

the distance AB is absolute value of the directed distance AB .
The formula (2) shows that any of the two points can be taken as first point. Proof: Let P ( x, y ) be the point that divides AB in the ratio k1: k2
From A, B and P draw perpendiculars to the x-axis as shown in the figure. Also draw
Example 1: Show that the points A (-1, 2), B (7, 5) and BC ^ AQ . Since LP is parallel to CA, in the triangle ACB, we have
C (2, -6) are vertices of a right triangle.
k1 AP CL QM x - x1
= = = =
k2 PB LB MR x2 - x
Solution: Let a, b and c denote the lengths of the sides BC,
k1 x - x1
CA and AB respectively. So, =
k2 x2 - x
By the distance formula, we have
or k1 x2 - k1 x = k2 x - k2 x1
( 7 - ( -1) ) + ( 5 - 2 )
2 2
c= AB= = 73
or ( k1 + k2 ) x =k1x2 + k2 x1
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k1 x2 + k2 x1  -8 
or x= Coordinates of the required point are  ,1
k1 + k2  5 
(ii) In this case
Similarly, by drawing perpendiculars from A , B and P to the y-axis and
2 × 5 - 3 × ( -6 ) 2(-2) - 3(3)
x = -28 and y=
= 13
=
k1 y2 + k2 y1 2-3 2-3
proceeding as before, we can show that y=
k1 + k2 Thus the required point has coordinates (-28, 13)
Theorem:
Note:
(i) If the directed distances AP and PB have the same sign, then their ratio is positive and P The centroid of a ∆ABC is a point that divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1. Using this
is said to divide AB internally. show that medians of a triangle are concurrent.
(ii) If the directed distances AP and PB have opposite signs i.e, P is beyond AB. then their Proof: Let the vertices of a ∆ABC have coordinates as shown in the figure.
ratio is negative and P is said to divide AB externally.
AP k1 AP k  x + x y + y3 
= or = - 1 Midpoint of BC is D  2 3 , 2 .
BP k2 PB k2  2 2 
Proceeding as before, we can show in this case that

= x =
k1 x2 - k2 x1 k y -k y
y 1 2 2 1 ( )
Let G x, y be the centroid of the ∆ .
k1 - k2 k1 - k2 Then G divides AD in the ratio 2 : 1. Therefore
Thus P is said to divide the line segment AB in ratio k1 : k2 , internally or externally according
x +x
as P lies between AB or beyond AB. 2. 2 3 + 1.x1 x + x + x
= x = 2 1 2 3
(iii) If k=
1 k=
2 1:1, then P becomes midpoint of AB and coordinates of P are : 2 +1 3
y + y2 + y3
x1 + x2 y1 - y2 Similarly, y = 1 .
=x = , y 3
2 2
In the same way. we can show that coordinate of the point that divides BE and CF each
(iv) The above theorem is valid in whichever quadrant A and B lie.
 x + x + x y + y2 + y3 
in the ratio 2 : 1 are  1 2 3 , 1 .
Example 1: Find the coordinates of the point that divides the join of A (-6, 3) and B (5,  3 3 
-2) in the ratio 2 : 3.
(i) internally (ii) externally Thus ( x, y ) lies on each median and so the medians of the ∆ABC are concurrent.

Solution: (i) Here k1 =

2, k2 =
3, x1 =
-6, x2 =
5. Theorem: Bisectors of angles of a triangle are concurrent.
By the formula, we have
Proof: Let the coordinates of the vertices of a triangle be as shown in the figure.
2 × 5 + 3 × ( -6 ) -8 2 ( -2 ) + 3 ( 3) Suppose = BC a=, CA b and= AB c
=

x = = and y = 1
2+3 5 2+3 Let the bisector of ∠A meet BC at D. Then D divides BC in the ratio c : b. Therefore

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2. Find in each of the following:

 cx + bx2 cy3 + by2  (i) the distance between the two given points
coordinates of D are  3 , 
 b+c b+c  (ii) midpoint of the line segment joining the two points
The bisector of ∠B meets AC at I and I (a) A (3 ,1); B (-2 ,-4 )
divides AD in the ratio c : BD (b) A (-8 ,3); B (2, -1)

1
Now
=
BD c
DC b
=or
DC b
BD c
(c)

 3
(
A  - 5, -  ; B -3 5,5 )
DC + BD b + c 3. Which of the following points are at a distance of 15 units from the origin?
or =
BD c
 15 15 
or
=
a b+c
= or BD
ac (a) ( 176,7 ) (b) (10, -10) (c) (1, 15 ) (d)  , 
 2 2
BD c b+c
4. Show that

Thus I divides AD in the ratio c :

ac
or in the ratio b + c : a (i) the points A (0, 2), B ( )
3,1 and C (0, -2) are vertices of a right triangle.
b+c
Coordinates of I are (ii) the points A (3, 1), B (-2, -3) and C (2, 2) are vertices of an isosceles triangle.
(iii) the points A (5, 2), B (-2, 3), C (-3, -4) and D (4, -5) are vertices of a parallelogram.
 bx2 + cx3 by2 + cy3  Is the parallelogram a square?
 ( b + c ) + ax1 ( b + c ) + ay1  5. The midpoints of the sides of a triangle are (1, -1), (-4, -3) and (-1, 1). Find coordinates
b+c , b+c
 
 a+b+c a+b+c  of the vertices of the triangle.

 

i.e.,
 ax1 + bx2 + cx3 ay1 + by2 + cy3 
 , 
6. Find h such that the points A ( )
3, - 1 , B (0, 2) and C (h, -2) are vertices of a right
 a + b + c a+b+c 
triangle with right angle at the vertex A.
The symmetry of these coordinates shows that the bisector
7. Find h such that A (-1, h ), B (3, 2) and C (7, 3) are collinear.
of ∠C will also pass through this point.
8. The points A (-5, -2) and B (5, -4) are ends of a diameter of a circle. Find the centre
Thus the angle bisectors of a triangle are concurrent.
and radius of the circle.
9. Find h such that the points A ( h , 1), B (2, 7) and C (-6, -7) are vertices of a right triangle
EXERCISE 4.1
with right angle at the vertex A.

1. Describe the location in the plane o f the point P ( x, y ) for which

10. A quadrilateral has the points A (9, 3), B (-7, 7), C (-3, -7) and D(5, -5) as its vertices.
(i) x > 0 (ii) x > 0 and y > 0 (iii) x=0
Find the midpoints of its sides. Show that the figure formed by joining the midpoints
(iv) y = 0 (v) x < 0 and y ≥ 0 (vi) x= y
consecutively is a parallelogram.
(vii) x = y (viii) x ≥ 3 (ix) x > 2 and y =
2
(x) x and y have opposite signs.
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11. Find h such that the quadrilateral with vertices A (-3, 0), B (1, -2), C (5, 0) and D (1, h ) Draw PM and O’ N perpendiculars to Ox .
is parallelogram. Is it a square? From the figure, we have
12. If two vertices of an equilateral triangle are A (-3, 0) and B (3, 0), find the third OM= x, MP= y, ON= h, NO =' k= MM '
vertex. How many of these triangles are possible? Now X =O'M' =NM = OM - OM - ON =- x h
13. Find the points trisecting the join of A (-1, 4) and B (6, 2). Similarly, Y =M 'P = MP - MM ' = y-k
14. Find the point three-fifth of the way along the line segment from A (-5, 8) to B (5, 3). Thus the coordinates of P referred to XY-system are ( x - h, y - k )
15. Find the point P on the join of A (1, 4) and B (5, 6) that is twice as far from A as B is i.e. X= x - h
from A and lies Y= y - k
(i) on the same side of A as B does. Moreover, x =+ X h, y = Y + k.

(ii) on the opposite side of A as B does.

Example 1: The coordinates of a point P are (-6, 9). The axes are translated through the
16. Find the point which is equidistant from the points A (5, 3),
point O’ (-3, 2). Find the coordinates of P referred to the new axes.
B (-2, 2) and C (4, 2). What is the radius of the circumcircle of the ∆ABC ?
17. The points (4, -2), (-2, 4) and (5, 5) are the vertices of a triangle. Find in-centre of
Solution. Here h = -3, k = 2
the triangle.
Coordinates of P referred to the new axes are (X, Y) given by
18. Find the points that divide the line segment joining A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x2 , y2 ) into X = -6 - (-3) = -3 and Y = 9 - 2 = 7
four equal parts. Thus P (X, Y) = P (-3 ,7).

4.2 TRANSLATION AND ROTATION OF AXES Example 2: The xy -coordinate axes are translated through the point O’ (4, 6). The
coordinates of the point P are (2, -3) referred to the new axes. Find the coordinates of P
Translation of Axes referred to the original axes.
Let xy-coordinate system be given and
O ' (h, k ) be any point in the plane. Through Solution: Here X = 2, Y =
-3, h = 6.
4, k =
O’ draw two mutually perpendicular lines We have x =X + h =4 + 2 =6
O’X , O’Y such that O’X is parallel to Ox . The y =Y + k =-3 + 6 =3
new axes O’X and O’Y are called translation Thus required coordinates are P (6, 3).
of the Ox - and Oy - axes through the point
O’. In translation of axes, origin is shifted Rotation of Axes
to another point in the plane but the axes Let xy-coordinate system be given. We rotate
remain parallel to the old axes. Ox and Oy about the origin through an angle
Let P be a point with coordinates ( x, y ) referred to xy -coordinate system and the axes θ (0 < θ < 90 ) so that the new axes are OX and
be translated through the point O '(h, k ) and O’X, O’Y be the new axes. If P has coordinates OY as shown in the figure. Let a point P have
(X, Y) referred to the new axes, then we need to find X, Y in terms of x, y. coordinates (x, y ) referred to the xy-system of

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coordinates. Suppose P has coordinates (X, Y) referred to the XY-coordinate system. We have
to find X, Y in terms of the given coordinates x, y. Let a be measure of the angle that OP  5 3 + 7 -5 + 7 3 
makes with O. i.e., (X, Y)  
 2 2 
From P, draw PM perpendicular to Ox and PM’ perpendicular to OX. Let OP = r , From the are the required coordinates.
right triangle OPM ', we have

OM=' X= r cos (a - θ )  4
Example 4: The xy-axes are rotated about the origin through an angle of arctan
lying
 (1) 3
M ' P= Y= r sin (a - θ )  in the first quadrant. The coordinates of a point P referred to the new axes OX and OY

Also from the ∆ OPM , we have are P (-1, -7). Find the coordinates of P referred to the xy-coordinate system.

x = r cos a , y = r sin a
System of equations (1) may be re-written as: Solution. Let P(x, y) be the coordinates of P referred to the xy-coordinate system.

= X r cos a cosθ + r sin a sin θ  4 4 3

(2) Angle of rotation is given by arctan θ = . Therefore, sin θ = , cosθ = .
= Y r sin a cosθ - r cos a sin θ  3 5 5

From equations (3) above, we have
Substituting from (2) into the above equations, we have X= x cos θ + y sin θ and Y =
- x sin θ + y cosθ

= X x cos θ + y sin θ  3 4 4 3
(3) or -1 = x + y and - 7 =- x + y
= Y y cosθ - x sin θ  5 5 5 5

or 3 x + 4 y +=
5 0 and - 4 x + 3 y +=35 0
i.e., ( X , Y ) =
( x cosθ + ysin θ , x sin θ + y cosθ ) Solving these equations, we have

are the coordinates of P referred to the new axes OX and OY.
x y 1
= = ⇒ x= 5, y = -5
125 -125 25
Example 3: The xy-coordinate axes are rotated about the origin through an angle of
Thus coordinates of P referred to the xy-system are (5, -5).
300. If the xy-coordinates of a point are (5, 7), find its XY-coordinates, where OX and OY are
the axes obtained after rotation.
EXERCISE 4.2
Solution. Let (X, Y) be the coordinates of P referred to the XY-axes. Here θ = 300.
1. The two points P and O’ are given in xy-coordinate system. Find the XY-coordinates
From equations (3) above, we have
of P reffered to the translated axes O’X and O’Y.
X 5cos 30 + 7sin 30 and Y =
= - 5sin 30 + 7cos30
(i) P ( 3, 2 ) ; O ' (1, 3) (ii) P ( -2, 6 ) ; O ' ( -3, 2 )
5 3 7 -5 7 3
or X = + and Y= + 3 5  1 7
2 2 2 2 (iii) P ( -6, - 8 ) ; O' ( -4, - 6 ) (iv) P  ,  ; O ' - , 
2 2  2 2

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2. The xy-coordinate axes are translated through the point whose coordinates are Note: (i) If l is parallel to x-axis , then a = 0°
given in xy-coordinate system. The coordinates of P are given in the XY-coordinate (ii) If l is parallel to y-axis , then a = 90°
system. Find the coordinates of P in xy-coordinate system.
(i) P (8, 10); O’ (3, 4) (ii) P (-5, -3) ; O’ (-2 ,-6) Slope or gradient of a line: When we walk on
an inclined plane, we cover horizontal distance
 3 7 1 1
(iii) P  - , -  ; O '  , -  (iv) P (4, -3); 0‘ (-2, 3) (run) as well as vertical distance (rise) at the same
 4 6 4 6
time.
3. The xy-coordinate axes are rotated about the origin through the indicated angle. It is harder to climb a steeper inclined plane. The
The new axes are OX and OY. Find the XY-coordinates of the point P with the given measure of steepness (ratio of rise to the run) is
xy-coordinates. termed as slope or gradient of the inclined path
(i) P (5, 3 ); θ = 450 (ii) P (3, -7); θ = 300 and is denoted by m .
1 rise y
(iii) P (11, -15); θ = 600 (iv) P (15, 10): θ = arctan = = tan a
3 m= run x
4. The xy-coordinate axes are rotated about the origin through the indicated angle and In analytical geometry, slope or gradient m of a non-vertical straight line with a as its
the new axes are OX and OY. inclination is defined by: m : tana
Find the xy-coordinates of P with the given XY-coordinates. If l is horizontal its slope is zero and if l is vertical then its slope is undefined.
(i) P(-5, 3); θ = 300 (ii) (
P -7 2, 5 2 ; θ =)
45ο If 0 < a < 900, m is positive and if 900 < a < 1800, then m is negative

4.3.1 Slope or Gradient of a Straight Line Joining Two Points

4.3 EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES
If a non-vertical line l with inclination a
Inclination of a Line: The angle a ( 0 < a < 180
ο ο
) measured counterclockwise from
passes through two points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 )
positive x-axis to a non-horizontal straight line l is called the inclination of l . , then the slope or gradient m of l
y2 - y1
by m
is given= = tana
x2 - x1

Proof: Let m be the slope of the line l .

Draw perpendiculars PM and QM‘ on x-axis and a perpendicular PR on QM‘
Then a , mPR =
∠RPQ = x2 - x1 and mQR =y2 - y1

y2 - y1
Observe that the angle a in the different positions of the line l is a, 0 and 90 0 0 The slope or gradient of l is defined as: m = tan a = .
x2 - x1
respectively.
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Theorem: The two lines l1 and l2 with respective Remember that:

π
Case (i). When 0 < a < slopes m1 and m2 are
2 The symbol
In the right triangle PRQ , we have (i)  stands for “parallel”.
(i) parallel iff m1 = m2 (ii)  stands for “not parallel”.
y2 - y1
=m tan
= a (iii) ^ stands for “perpendicular”.
x2 - x1 -1
(ii) perpendicular iff m1 =
m2

or m1m2 + 1 =0
π
Case (ii) When < a < π
2
In the right triangle PRQ Example 1: Show that the points A(-3, 6), B(3, 2) and C(6, 0) are collinear.

y2 - y1 Solution: We know that the points A, B and C are collinear if Notice that:
tan (π - a ) =
x1 - x2 the line AB and BC have the same slopes. Here Slope of Slope of AB = slope of AC
y2 - y1
or - tan a = 2-6 -4 -4 -2 0 - 2 -2
x1 - x2 AB= = = = and slope of=
BC =
3 - ( -3) 3 + 3 6 3 6-3 3
y2 - y1 y2 - y1
or tan a = or m=
x2 - x1 x2 - x1 a Slope of AB = Slope of BC
Thus A, B and C are collinear.
Thus if P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) are two points on a line, then slope of PQ is given by:
Example 2: Show that the triangle with vertices A (1, 1), B (4, 5) and C (12, -1) is a right
y2 - y1 y1 - y2
m = or m triangle.
x2 - x1 x1 - x2

5 -1 4
Solution: Slope of AB
= m=
1 =
4 -1 3
y2 - y1 y - y2 -1 - 5 -6 -3
Note: (i) m≠ and m ≠ 1 and Slope of BC
= m= = =
x1 - x2 x2 - x1 2
12 - 4 8 4
(ii) l is horizontal, iff m = 0 (a a = 00)  4  3 
(iii) l is vertical, iff m is not defined (a a = 900) Since m1m2 =
  -  = -1, therefore, AB ^ BC
 3  4 
(iv) If slope of AB = slope of BC, then the points A, B and C are collinear.
So ∆ABC is a right triangle.

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4.3.2
Equation of a Straight Line Parallel to the x-axis Proof: Let P (x, y) be an arbitrary point of the straight line l with slope m and y-intercept
(or perpendicular to the y-axis) c. As C (0, c) and P (x, y) lie on the line, so the slope of the line is:

y-c
m= or y - c = mx and y = mx + c
x-0
is an equation of l .
The equation of the line for which
c = 0 is
y = mc
In this case the line passes through the origin.

Example 1: Find an equation of the straight line if

(a) its slope is 2 and y-intercept is 5
All the points on the line l parallel to x-axis remain at a constant distance (say a) from
x-axis. Therefore, each point on the line has its distance from x-axis equal to a, which is its 4
(b) it is perpendicular to a line with slope -6 and its y-intercept is
y-coordinate (ordinate). So, all the points on this line satisfy the equation: y = a 3
Solution: (a) The slope and y-intercept of the line are respectively:
Note: (i) If a > 0, then the line l is above the x-axis. m = 2 and c=5
(ii) If a < 0, then the line l is below the x-axis. Thus y = 2x + 5 (Slope-intercept form: y = mx + c)
(iii) If a = 0, then the line l becomes the x-axis. is the required equation.
Thus the equation of x-axis is y = 0 (b) The slope of the given line is
m = -6
4.3.4 Derivation of Standard Forms of Equations of 1

Straight Lines 1 1
∴ The slope of the required line is: m2 =
- =
m1 6
Intercepts: The slope and y-intercept of the required line are respectively:
• If a line intersects x-axis at (a, 0), then a is called
1 4
x-intercept of the line. m= (slope of ^ line is -6) and c =
6 3
• If a line intersects y-axis at (0, b), then b is called 1 4
y-intercept of the line. Thus y= ( x ) + or 6y = x+8
6 3
1. Slope-Intercept form of Equation of a Straight Line: is the required equation.

Theorem: Equation of a non-vertical straight line with slope m and y-intercept c is 2. Point-slope Form of Equation of a Straight Line:
given by: Theorem: Equation of a non-vertical straight line l with slope m and passing through a
= y mx + c point Q (x1 , y1) is
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4. Two-point Form of Equation of a Straight Line:

y - y1= m ( x - x1 )

Proof: Let P(x, y) be an arbitrary point of the straight line
with slope m and passing through Q(x1 , y1). Theorem: Equation of a non-vertical straight line
As Q(x1 , y1) and P(x, y) both lie on the line, so the slope of passing through two points Q(x1 , y1) and R(x2 , y2) is
the line is
y2 - y1 y2 - y1
m= y - y1 or y - y = m x - x y - y1
= ( x - x1 ) or y=
- y2 ( x - x2 )
1 ( 1) x2 - x1 x2 - x1
x - x1

which is an equation of the straight line passing through x1 , y1 with slope m.

3. Symmetric Form of Equation of a Straight Line: Proof: Let P (x, y) be an arbitrary point of the line passing through Q (x1 , y1) and
R (x2 , y2). So
y - y1
We have = tan a , where a is the inclination of the line.
x - x1 y - y1 y - y2 y2 - y1
= = (P, Q and R are collinear points)

x - x1 x - x2 x2 - x1
x - x1 y - y1
or = = r ( say ) We take
cos a sin a
This is called symmetric form of equation of the line. y - y1 y2 - y1
=
x - x1 x2 - x1
Example 2: Write down an equation of the straight line passing through (5, 1) and
y2 - y1
parallel to a line passing through the points (0,-1), (7, -15). or y - y1
= ( x - x1 ) the required equation of the line PQ .
x2 - x1
or ( y2 - y1 ) x - ( x2 - x1 ) y + ( x1 y2 - x2 y1 ) =
0
Solution: Let m be the slope of the required straight line, then

-15 - ( -1) x y 1
m = (a Slopes of parallel lines are equal)
7-0 We may write this equation in determinant form as: x1 y1 1 = 0
= -2 x2 y2 1
As the point (5, 1) lies on the required line having slope -2 so, by point-slope form of Note: (i) If x1 - x2, then the slope becomes undefined. So, the line is vertical.
equation of the straight line, we have
y - (1) = -2(x - 5) y2 - y1
(ii) y=
- y2 ( x - x2 ) can be derived similarly.
or y = -2x + 11 x2 - x1

or 2x + y - 11 = 0
is an equation of the required line.

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Example 3: Find an equation of line through the points (-2, 1) and (6, -4).
x y
= + 1 or = 2x - y + 4 0
Solution: Using two-points form of the equation of straight line, the required equation is 2 -4
which is the required equation.
-4 - 1
= y -1  x - ( -2 ) 
6 - ( -2 )  Example 5: Find an equation of the line through the point
P(2, 3) which forms an isosceles triangle with the coordinate
-5
or -1
y= ( x + 2 ) or 5 x + 8 y +=
2 0 axes in the first quadrant.
8

5. Intercept Form of Equation of a Straight Line: Solution: Let OAB be an isosceles triangle so
that the line AB passes through A = (a, 0) and
Theorem: Equation of a line whose non-zero x and B(0, a), where a is some positive real number.
y-intercepts are a and b respectively is
a-0
x y Slope of AB = = - 1 . But AB passes through P (2, 3).
+ = 1 0-a
a b a Equation of the line through P(2, 3) with slope -1 is

Proof: Let P(x , y) be an arbitrary point of the line y - 3 =-1( x - 2 ) or x + y - 5 =0

whose non-zero x and y-intercepts are a and b respectively.
Obviously, the points A(a, 0) and B(0, b) lie on the required 6. Normal Form of Equation of a Straight Line:
line. So, by the two-point form of the equation of line,
we have Theorem: An equation of a non-vertical straight line l , such that length of the perpendicular
from the origin to l is p and a is the inclination of this perpendicular, is
b-0
y=
-0 ( x - a) (P, A and B are collinear) x cos a + y sin a =
p
0-a
or -ay = b ( x - a )
or bx + ay = ab Proof: Let the line l meet the x-axis and y-axis at the
x y points A and B respectively. Let P (x, y) be an arbitrary
or + = 1 (dividing by ab) point of AB and let OR be perpendicular to the line l .
a b
Hence the result. Then OR = p .
From the right triangles ORA and ORB, we have,
Example 4: Write down an equation of the line which cuts the x-axis at (2, 0) and y-axis
at (0, -4). p p
cos a = or OA =
OA cos a
p p
Solution: As 2 and -4 are respectively x and y-intercepts of the required line, so by and cos(90 - a ) = or OB =
OB sin a
two-intercepts form of equation of a straight line, we have
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Proof: Here a and b cannot be both zero. So the following cases arise:

[∴cos(90 - a ) =
sin a )]
Case I: a≠0 , b= 0
As OA and OB are the x and y-intercepts of the line AB, so equation of AB is
In this case equation (1) takes the form: Remember that:
x y c The equation (I) represents
+ =1 (Two-intercept form) ax + c =0 or x =-
p / cos a p / sin a a a straight line and is called
That is x cos a + y sin a =p is the required equation.
which is an equation of the straight line parallel to the general equation of a

c straight line.
Example 6: The length of perpendicular from the origin to a line is 5 units and the the y-axis at a directed distance - from the y-axis.
inclination of this perpendicular is 1200. Find the slope and y-intercept of the line. a
Case II:= a 0 , b≠0
Solution. Here p = 5, a = 1200. In this case equation (1) takes the form:

Equation of the line in normal form is c

bx + c =0 or y=-
x cos120 + y sin120 =
5 b

-c
1 3 which is an equation of the straight line parallel to x-axis at a directed distance
⇒ - x+ y=5 b
2 2 from the x-axis.
⇒ 0 (1)
x - 3 y + 10 = Case III: a ≠ 0 , b≠0

x 10 In this case equation (1) takes the form:

To find the slope of the line, we re-write (1) as:=
y +
3 3 -a c
which is slope-intercept form of the equation. by =
- ax - c or y = x - =mx + c
b b

1 10 -a -c
Here=
m = and c which is the slope-intercept form of the straight line with slope and y-intercept
3 3 b b
.
4.3.5 A Linear Equation in two Variables Represents Thus the equation ax + by + c =0 , always represents a straight line.
a Straight Line
4.3.6 To Transform the General Linear Equation
Theorem: The linear equation ax + by + c = 0 in two variables x and y represents a to Standard Forms
straight line. A linear equation in two variables x and y is
ax + by + c = 0 (1) Theorem: To transform the equation ax + by + c = 0 in the standard form
where a, b and c are constants and a and b are not simultaneously zero.
1. Slope-Intercept Form.
We have
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5. Intercept Form.
-a c -a -c
by =
- ax - c or y = x - =mx + c, where m = , c =
b b b b ax by x y
ax + by =
-c + =or
1 i.e + 1
=
2. Point - Slope Form - c - c - c / a - c / b
which is an equation in two intercepts form.
-a
We note from (1) above that slope o f the line ax + by + c =0 is . A point on the
b
6. Normal Form.
 -c 
line is  ,0 
 a  The equation: ax + by + c =0 (1)
-a  c can be written in the normal form as:
Equation of the line becomes
= y  x + 
b  a
which is in the point-slope form. ax + by -c
= (2)
3. Symmetric Form ±
2
a +b 2 2
± a +b 2

The sign of the radical to be such that the right hand side of (2) is positive.
-a a b
= m tan
= a . sin
= a , cos
= a Proof. We know that an equation of a line in normal form is
b ± a 2 + b2 ± a 2 + b2
 -c 
x cos a + y sin a =
p (3)
A point on ax + by + c = 0 is  ,0 
 a  If (1) and (3) are identical, we must have
Equation in the symmetric form becomes
a b -c
 c = =
x --  cos a sin a p
 a y-0
= = r p cos a sin a cos 2 a + sin 2 a 1

b / ± a 2 + b2 a / ± a 2 + b2 i.e., = = = =
is the required transformed equation. Sign of the radical to be properly chosen. -c a b ± a 2 + b2 ± a 2 + b2
a b
4. Two -Point Form
= Hence, cos a = and sin a
± a 2 + b2 ± a 2 + b2
We choose two arbitrary points on 0
ax + by + c =. Two such points are Substituting for cos a , sin a and p into (3), we have

 -c   -c  ax + by -c
 ,0  and  0,  . Equation of the line through these points is =
 a   b  ± a 2 + b2 ± a 2 + b2

c Thus (1) can be reduced to the form (2) by dividing it by ± a 2 + b 2 . The sign of the
x+
y-0 a -a  c radical to be chosen so that the right hand side of (2) is positive.
= i.e., y=
-0 x+ 
c c b  a
0+ - -0
b a

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Example 1: Transform the equation 5x - 12y + 39 = 0 into Example 2: Sketch the line
(i) Slope intercept form. (ii) Two-intercept form.
0 (1)
3 x + 2 y + 6 =.
(iii) Normal form. (iv) Point-slope form.
(v) Two-point form. (vi) Symmetric form. Solution: To sketch the graph of (1), we find two points on it.
If y = 0, x = -2 and if x = 0 , y = -3 .
Solution: Thus x intercept = -2
y intercept = -3
5 39 5 39
(i) We have 12 y =+ 5 x 39 or y = x + , m =, y-intercept c = The points A(-2, 0), B(0, -3) are on (1). Plot these points in the
12 12 12 12
5 x 12 y x y plane and draw the straight line through A and B. It is the graph
(ii) 5 x - 12 y =
-39 or + 1 or
= + 1 is the required equation.
= of (1).
-39 39 -39 / 5 39 / 12

-39 . Divide both sides by ± 52 + 122 =

(iii) 5 x - 12 y = ±13 . Since R.H.S is to be Example 3: Find the distance between the parallel lines
positive, we have to take negative sign.
2 x + y + 2 = (1)
0
and 6 x + 3 y - 8 = (2)
0
5 x 12 y
Hence = + 3 is the normal form of the equation.
= Sketch the lines. Also find an equation of the line parallel to the given lines and lying midway
-13 13
between them.
 -39  5
(iv) A point on the line is  ,0  and its slope is .
 5  12
Solution: We first convert both the lines into normal form. (1) can be written as
5 39 
Equation can be written as: y -= 0 x+ 
2x + y =-2
12  5 
Dividing both sides by - 4 + 1 , we have
 39   -39   39 
(v) Another point on the line is  0,  . Line through  ,0  and  0,  is
 12   5   12  -2 -y 2
x+ = (3)
39 5 5 5
x+
y-0 5 which is normal form of (1). Normal form of (2) is
=
39 -39
0- -0 6x 3y 8
12 5 + =
5 5 12  -39  45 45 45
(vi) We have tan a
= m, sin a
= = ,cos a
= . A point of the line is  ,0  . 2x y 8
12 13 13  5  i.e., + = (4)
Equation of the line in symmetric form is
5 5 3 5

x + 39 / 5 y - 0 Length of the perpendicular from (0, 0) to the line (1) is [ From (3)]
= = r (say)
12 / 13 5 / 13
8
Similarly, length of the perpendicular from (0, 0) to the line (2) is [From (4)]
3 5

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From the graphs of the lines it is clear that the lines are on
The point P ( x1 , y1 ) is above the line if y1 > y′ that is
opposite sides of the origin, so the distance between them
y - y′ > 0
equals the sum of the two perpendicular lengths. 1

 a c
2 8 14 i.e.
y1 -  - x1 -  > 0
i.e., Required distance = + =  b b
5 3 5 3 5

ax1 + by1 + c > 0
⇒⇒
The line parallel to the given lines lying midway between
Similarly P ( x1 , y1 ) is below the line if
them is such that length of the perpendicular
 a c
8 7
 7 2  1 y1 - y′ < 0 i.e. y1 -  - x1 - 
from O to the line = -  or - =  b b
3 5 3 5  3 5 5 3 5 or ax1 + by1 + c < 0
2x y 1
Required line is = = + or 6=x + 3y 1 The point P ( x1 , y1 ) is on the line if
5 5 3 5
ax1 + by1 + c =
4.3.7 Position of a point with respect to a line
Corollary 1. The point P is above or below l respectively if ax1 + by1 + c and b have the
same sign or have opposite signs.
Consider a non-vertical line l

l : ax + by + c =0 ax1 + by1 + c
Proof. If P is above l , then y1 - y′ > 0 i.e., >0
in the xy-plane. Obviously, each point of the plane is either above b
the line or below the line or on the line.
Thus ax1 + by1 + c and b have the same sign.
Similarly, P is below l if
Theorem: Let P ( x1 , y1 ) be a point in the plane not lying on
l ax1 + by1 + c
y1 - y′ < 0 i.e., <0
l : ax + by + c =0 (1) b

Thus ax1 + by1 + c and b have opposite signs.
then P lies
a) above the line (1) if ax1 + by1 + c > 0 Corollary 2. The point P ( x1 , y1 ) and the origin are
b) below the line (1) if ax1 + by1 + c < 0 (i) on the same side of l according as ax1 + by1 + c and c have the same sign.
(ii) on the opposite sides of l according as ax1 + by1 + c and c have opposite signs.
Proof: We can suppose that b > 0 (first multiply the Proof. (i) The point P ( x1 , y1 ) and O (0,0) are on the same side of l if ax1 + by1 + c and
equation by -1 if needed). Draw a perpendicular from P on a.0 + b.0 + c have the same sign.
x-axis meeting the line at Q( x1 , y′) . (ii) Proof is left as an exercise
Thus ax1 + by′ + c = 0 so that

a c
y′ =
- x1 -
b b
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Example 1: Check whether the point ( -2 , 4 ) lies above or below the line
(i) l1  l2 ⇔ slope of l1 (m1 ) = slope of l2 (m2 ) .

4x + 5 y - 3 =0 (1)
a1 a
⇔ - =- 2
Solution: Here b = 5 is positive. Also b1 b2
4 (-2) + 5(4) - 3 = -8 + 20 - 3 = 9 > 0 (2) a1 a
⇔ - =- 2 ⇔ a1b2 - b1a2 =0
The coefficient of y in (1) and the expression (2) have the same sign and so the point
b1 b2
(-2, 4) lies above (1).
(ii) l1 ^ l2 ⇔ m1m2 =-1

Example 2: Check whether the origin and the point P (5, -8) lie on the same side or on  a  a 
the opposite sides of the line: ⇔  - 1  - 2  =-1 ⇔ a1a2 + b1b2 =0
 b1  b2 

0 (1)
3 x + 7 y + 15 =
(iii) If l1 and l2 are not related as in (i) and (ii), then there is no simple relation of the
Solution: above forms.
Here c = 15
For P (5, -8), 4.4.1 The Point of Intersection of two Straight Lines
3(5) + 7(-8) + 15 = -26 < 0 (2)
But c = 15 >0 Let l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 =
0 (1)
c and the expression (2) have opposite signs. Thus O (0, 0) and P (5, -8) are on the opposite and l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 =0 (2)
sides of (1). be two non-parallel lines. Then a1b2 - b1a2 ≠ 0
Let P( x1 , y1 ) be the point of intersection of l1 and l2 . Then
Note: To check whether a point P(x1 , y1) lies above or below the line
0 (3)
a1 x1 + b1 y1 + c1 = Recall that:
ax + by + c = 0
a2 x1 + b2 y1 + c2 =0 (4) Two non-parallel lines
we make the co-efficient of y positive by multiplying the equation by (-1) if needed. Solving (3) and (4) simultaneously, we have intersect each other at
one and only one point.
x1 y1 1
4.4 TWO AND THREE STRAIGHT LINES = =
b1c2 - b2c1 a2c1 - a1c2 a1b2 - a2b1

b1c2 - b2c1 a c -ac
For any two distinct lines l1 , l2 . = x1 = and y1 2 1 1 2
a1b2 - a2b1 a1b2 - a2b1
l1 : a1=
x + b1 y + c 0 and l2 : a2 x=+ b2 y + c 0 , one and only one of the
is the required point of intersection.
following holds: Recall that:
(i) l1  l2 (ii) l1 ^ l2 (iii) l1 and l2 are not related as (i) or (ii). Two non-parallel lines
intersect each other at Note: a1b2 - a2b1 ≠ 0, otherwise l1  l2 .
a a
The slopes of l1 and l2 are m1 =
- 1 , m2 =
- 2 one and only one point.
b1 b2

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Examples 1: Find the point of intersection of the lines An easier way to write the above equation is in the following determinant form:

35 (i)
5x + 7 y = a1 b1 c1

21 (ii)
3x - 7 y = a2 b2 c2 = 0
a3 b3 c3
Solution: We note that the lines are not parallel and so they Remember that:
This is a necessary and sufficient condition of concurrency of the given three lines.
must intersect at a point. Adding (i) and (ii), we have * If the lines are parallel,
then solution does not
Example 1: Check whether the following lines are concurrent or not. If concurrent, find
8x = 56 or x=7 exist ( a1b2 - a2b1 =
0) the point of concurrency.
Setting this value of x into (1), we find, y = 0. * Before solving equations 3 x - 4 y - 3 = 0 (1)
Thus (7, 0) is the point of intersection of the two lines. one should ensure that 5 x + 12 y + 1 = 0 (2)
lines are not parallel. 32 x + 4 y - 17 = 0 (3)

4.4.2 Condition of Concurrency of Three Straight Lines Solution. The determinant of the coefficients of the given equations is
Three non-parallel lines 3 -4 - 3 18 32 0
5 12 1 = 5 12 1 ,by R1 + 3R2

l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 =
0 (1)
32 4 - 17 117 208 0 and R + 17 R

l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 =
0 (2) 3 2

l3 : a3 x + b3 y + c3 =
0 (3) 18 32
-1
= - ( 208 × 18 - 117 × 32 ) =
= 0
117 208
a1 b1 c1 Thus the lines are concurrent.
are concurrent iff a2 b2 c2 = 0 The point of intersection of any two lines is the required point
a3 b3 c3 of concurrency. From (1) and (2), we have

x y 1
Proof: If the lines are concurrent then they have a common point of intersection = =
-4 + 36 -15 - 3 36 + 20
P ( x1 , y1 ) say. As l1  l2 , so their point of intersection ( x, y ) is 32 4 -18 -9  4 -9 
= x = and =y = i.e.  , 
56 7 56 28  7 28 
b1c2 - b2c1 a2c1 - a1c2
=x = and y is the point of intersection.

a1b2 - a2b1 a1b2 - a2b1
This point also lies on (3), so
4.4.3 Equation of Lines through the point of
 bc -b c  a c -ac  intersection of two lines
a3  1 2 2 1  + b3  2 1 1 2  + c3 = 0
a b - a b a b - a b
 1 2 2 1   1 2 2 1 
We can find a family of lines through the point of intersection of two non parallel lines
or a3 ( b1c2 - b2c1 ) + b3 ( a2c1 - a1c2 ) + c3 ( a1b2 - a2b1 ) =
0
l1 and l2 .
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Let l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 =
0 (1) Do you remember?
3+ k -2
and l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 =
0 (2) An infinite number of - = or 9 + 3k = - 8 + 4k i.e., k = 17
- 4 + 2k 3
For a non-zero real h, consider the equation lines can pass through
Substituting k = 17 into (3), equation of the member of the family is
a point
a1 x + b1 y + c1 + h ( a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) =
0 (3) 20 x + 30 y - 180 = 0 i.e., 2 x + 3 y - 18 =0

This, being a linear equation, represents a straight line. For different values of h, (3) (ii) Slope of 3 x - 4 y + 1 = 0 (4)
represents different lines. Thus (3) is a family of lines.
3
is . Since (3) is to be perpendicular to (4), we have - 3 + k × 3 =- 1
If ( x1 , y1 ) is any point lying on both (1) and (2), then it is their point of intersection. Since 4 - 4 + 2k 4
(x1 , y1) lies on both (1) and (2), we have or 9 + 3k =- 16 + 8k or k = 5
+ b1 y + c1 0 and a2 x=
a x= + b2 y + c2 0 Inserting this value of k into (3), we get 4 x + 3 y - 30 = 0 which is required equation of
1
From the above two equations, we note that ( x1 , y1 ) also lies on (3). the line.

Thus (3) is the required family of lines through the point of intersection of (1) and (2).
Since h can assume an infinite number of values, (3) represents an infinite number of lines. Theorem: Altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
A particular line of the family (3) can be determined if one more condition is given.
Proof. Let the coordinates of the vertices of ∆ ABC be as
Example 2: Find the family of lines through the point of intersection of the lines shown in the figure.
y - y3
3 x - 4 y - 10 = 0 (1) Then slope of BC = 2
x2 - x3
x + 2 y - 10 = 0 (2)
Find the member of the family which is x2 - x3
Therefore slope of the altitude AD = -
y2 - y3
-2 Equation of the altitude AD is
(i) parallel to a line with slope
3
(ii) perpendicular to the line l : 3 x - 4 y + 1 =0. x2 - x3
y - y1 =- ( x - x1 ) (Point-slope form)

y2 - y3
Solution: (i) A family of lines through the point of intersection of equations (1) and (2) is
or x (x2 - x3) + y (y2 - y3) - x1 (x2 - x3) - y1 (y2 - y3) = 0 (1)
3 x - 4 y - 10 + k ( x + 2 y - 10) = 0 Equations of the altitudes BE and CF are respectively (by symmetry)
or (3 + k ) x + (- 4 + 2k ) y + (-10 - 10k ) =0 (3)
0 (2)
x ( x3 - x1 ) + y ( y3 - y1 ) - x2 ( x3 - x1 ) - y2 ( y3 - y1 ) =
3+ k and x ( x1 - x2 ) + y ( y1 - y2 ) - x3 ( x1 - x2 ) - y3 ( y3 - y1 ) =
0 (3)
Slope m of (3) is given by: m = -
- 4 + 2k The three lines (1), (2) and (3) are concurrent if and only if
This is slope of any member of the family (3).

2 x2 - x3 y2 - y3 - x1 ( x2 - x3 ) - y1 ( y2 - y3 )
If (3) is parallel to the line with slope - then
3 D= x3 - x1 y3 - y1 - x2 ( x3 - x1 ) - y2 ( y3 - y1 ) is zero
x1 - x2 y1 - y2 - x3 ( x1 - x2 ) - y3 ( y1 - y2 )

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Adding 2nd and 3rd rows to the 1st row of the determihant, we have 1 1
x2 - x3 y2 - y3 - ( y2 2 - y32 ) - ( x2 2 - x32 )
2 2
1 1
0 0 0 x3 - x1 y3 - y1 - ( y32 - y12 ) - ( x32 - x12 ) = 0
2 2
x3 - x1 y3 - y1 - x2 ( x3 - x1 ) - y2 ( y3 - y1 ) =
0
1 1
x1 - x2 y1 - y2 - x3 ( x1 - x2 ) - y3 ( y1 - y2 ) x1 - x2 y1 - y2 - ( y12 - y2 2 ) - ( x12 - x2 2 )
2 2
Thus the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent.
Adding 2nd and 3rd rows to 1st row of the determinant, we have

Theorem: Right bisectors of a triangle are concurrent.
0 0 0
1 1
x3 - x1 y3 - y1 - ( y32 - y12 ) - ( x32 - x12 ) 0
=
Proof. Let A ( x1 , y1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 ) be the vertices 2 2
of ∆ABC 1 1
x1 - x2 y1 - y2 - ( y12 - y2 2 ) - ( x12 - x2 2 )
The midpoint D of BC has coordinates 2 2
Thus the right bisectors of a triangle are concurrent.
 x + x y + y3 
 2 3 , 2 
 2 2 
y - y3 x -x Note: If equations of sides of the triangle are given, then intersection of any two lines
Since the slope of BC is 2 , the slope of the right bisector DO of BC is - 2 3 gives a vertex of the triangle.
x2 - x3 y2 - y3

Equation of the right bisector DO of BC is

4.4.4 Distance of a point from a line
y2 + y3 x -x  x + x3 
y - = - 2 3 x- 2  (Point-slope form)

2 y 2 - y3  2  Theorem: The distance d from the point P( x1 , y1 ) to the line l
1 1 l : ax + by + c =0 (1)
or x ( x2 - x3 ) + y ( y2 - y3 ) - ( y2 2 - y32 ) - ( x2 2 - x32 ) = 0 (1)
2 2
ax1 + by1 + c
By symmetry, equations of the other two right bisectors EO and FO are respectively: is given by d =
a 2 + b2
1 1 Proof: Let l be non-vertical and
x ( x3 - x1 ) + y ( y3 - y1 ) - ( y32 - y12 ) - ( x32 - x12 ) =0 (2)
2 2 non-horizontal line.
1 1 From P, draw
and x ( x1 - x2 ) + y ( y1 - y2 ) - ( y12 - y2 2 ) - ( x12 - x2 2 ) =0 (3)
2 2 PQR ^ Ox and PM ^ l .
The lines (1), (2) and (3) will be concurrent if and only if Let the ordinate of Q be y2 so that
coordinates of Q are ( x1 , y2 ) . Since Q lies on
l , we have ax1 + by2 + c =0

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Solution: First find any point on one of the lines, say l1 . If x = 1 Challenge!
-ax1 - c
or y2 = lies on l1 , then Check the answer by
b
From the figure it is clear that ∠MPQ = a = the y = 3 and the point (1,3) lies on it. The distance d from (1, 3) taking
to l2 is (i) any other point on l1
inclination of l .
(ii) any point of l2 and
-a 2(1) - 5(3) + 6 2 - 15 + 6 7 finding its distance from l1
Now
= tan a slope
= of l = d = =
b ( -2) 2
+ 5 2
4 + 25 29

b 7
Therefore, cos a = The distance between the parallel lines is .
a 2 + b2 29
Thus PM = d= PQ cos a= y1 - y2 cos a

-ax1 - c b 4.4.6 Area of a Triangular Region Whose Vertices are Given

= y1 - .
b a 2 + b2
by1 + ax1 + c ax1 + by1 + c To find the area of a triangular region whose vertices are:

= = .b P ( x1 , y1 ) , Q( x2 , y2 ) and R ( x3 , y3 ) .
b a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
c Draw perpendiculars PL , QN and RM on x -axis.
If l is horizontal, its equation is of the form y = - and the distance from P( x1 , y1 ) to l
b Area of the triangular region PQR
is simply the difference of the y-values.
= Area of the trapezoidal region PLMR
 c by1 + c + Area of the trapezoidal region RMNQ
∴ d = y1 -  -  =
 b b - Area of the trapezoidal region PLNQ .
-c ax1 + c
Similarly, if the line is vertical and has equation:
= x =
a
then d
a

1
2
= (
PL + RM LM + )( ) ( 1
2
)(
RM + QN MN - ) ( 1
2
)( )
PL + QN LN
Note: 1
If the point P( x1 , y1 ) lies on l , then the distance d is zero, sinceP ( x1 , y1 ) satisfies the = [( y1 + y3 )( x3 - x1 ) + ( y3 + y2 )( x2 - x3 ) - ( y1 + y2 )( x2 - x1 )]
equation i.e., ax1 + by1 + c = 0 2
1
= ( x3 y1 + x3 y3 - x1 y1 + x1 y3 + x2 y3 + x2 y2 - x3 y3 - x2 y1 - x2 y2 + x1 y1 + x1 y2 )
2
4.4.5 Distance Between two Parallel Lines 1
= ( x3 y1 - x1 y3 + x2 y3 - x3 y2 - x2 y1 + x1 y2 ) Have you observed that:
2
The distance between two parallel lines is the distance from any point on one of the Thus required area A is given by: x1 y1 1
1
lines to the other line. ∆ = x2 y2 1
1 2
=∆ [ x1 ( y2 - y3 ) + x2 ( y3 - y1 ) + x3 ( y1 - y2 )] x3 y3 1
2
Example: Find the distance between the parallel lines
l :2 x - 5 y + 13 =0 and Corollary: If the points P,Q and R are collinear, then
l2 :2 x - 5 y + 6 =0 ∆ =0
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Note: In numerical problems, if sign of the area is negative, then it is to be omitted. EXERCISE 4.3

Example 1: Find the area of the region bounded by the triangle with vertices (a,b + c ) , 1. Find the slope and inclination o f the line joining the points:
(a , b - c) and (-a , c). (i) (-2, 4) ; (5, 11) (ii) (3, -2) ; (2, 7) (iii) (4, 6) ; (4, 8)
Solution: Required area ∆ is Sketch each line in the plane.
a b+c 1
1 Trapezium: 2. In the triangle A (8, 6) B (-4, 2), C (-2 , -6) , find the slope of
=∆ a b-c 1
2 A quadrilateral having two parallel and two (i) each side of the triangle
-a c 1
non-parallel sides. (ii) each median of the triangle
a b+c 1 Area of trapezoidal region:
1 (iii) each altitude of the triangle.
= 0 - 2c 0 ,by R2 - R1
2 1
-a c 1 (sum of  sides) (distance between  sides) 3. By means of slopes, show that the following points lie on the same line:
2
(a) (-1, -3) ; (1, 5) ; (2, 9) (b) (4 ,-5) ; (7, 5) ; (10, 15)
1
= [-2c(a + a )] , expanding by the second row (c) (-4, 6) ; (3, 8) ; (10, 10) (d) (a, 2b): (c, a + b); (2c - a, 2a)
2
= -2ca 4. Find k so that the line joining A (7, 3); B (k, -6) and the line joining C (-4, 5) ; D (-6, 4)
Thus ∆ = 2ca are (i) parallel (ii) perpendicular.

5. Using slopes, show that the triangle with its vertices A (6, 1), B (2, 7) and C (-6, -7) is a
Example 2: By considering the area of the region bounded by the triangle with vertices
right triangle.
A (1, 4), B (2, - 3) and C (3, - 10)
check whether the three points are collinear or not. 6. The three points A (7, -1), B (-2, 2) and C (1, 4) are consecutive vertices of a
parallelogram. Find the fourth vertex.
Solution: Area ∆ of the region bounded by the triangle ABC is
7. The points A (-1, 2), B (3, -1) and C (6, 3) are consecutive vertices

1 4 1 1 4 1 of a rhombus. Find the fourth vertex and show that the diagonals of the rhombus
1 1 are perpendicular to each other.
=
∆ 2 - 3 1= 1 - 7 0 by R2 - R1 and R3 - R1
2 2 8. Two pairs of points are given. Find whether the two lines determined by these points
3 - 10 1 3 - 14 0

are :
1 (i) parallel (ii) perpendicular (iii) none.
= [1(-14 + 14)] , expanding by third column
2 (a) (1, -2), (2, 4) and (4, 1), (-8, 2)
=0
Thus the points are collinear. (b) (-3, 4 ), (6, 2) and (4, 5), (-2, -7)
9. Find an equation of
(a) the horizontal line through (7, -9)
(b) the vertical line through (-5, 3)

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(c) the line bisecting the first and third quadrants. 18. A house was purchased for Rs.1 million in 1980. It is worth Rs. 4 million in 1996.
(d) the line bisecting the second and fourth quadrants. Assuming that the value increased by the same amount each year, find an equation
that gives the value of the house after t years of the date of purchase. What was its
10. Find an equation of the line
value in 1990?
(a) through A (-6, 5) having slope 7 19. Plot the Celsius (C) and Fahrenheit (F) temperature scales on the horizontal axis
(b) through (8, -3) having slope 0 and the vertical axis respectively. Draw the line joining the freezing point and the
(c) through (-8 , 5) having slope undefined boiling point of water. Find an equation giving F temperature in terms of C.
(d) through (-5, -3) and (9, -1)
(e) y-intercept: -7 and slope: -5 20. The average entry test score of engineering candidates was 592 in the year 1998
while the score was 564 in 2002. Assuming that the relationship between time and
(f) x-intercept: -3 and y-intercept: 4
score is linear, find the average score for 2006.
(g) x-intercept: -9 and slope: -4

11. Find an equation of the perpendicular bisector of the segment joining the points 21. Convert each of the following equation into
A (3 ,5) and B (9, 8). (i) Slope intercept form (ii) two intercept form (iii) normal form
12. Find equations of the sides, altitudes and medians of the triangle whose vertices are 0
(a) 2 x - 4 y + 11 = (b) 4 x + 7 y - 2 =0 (c) 15 y - 8 x + 13 =
0
A (-3, 2), B (5, 4) and C (3, -8). Also find the length of the perpendicular from (0, 0) to each line.
13. Find an equation of the line through (-4, -6) and perpendicular to a line having
22. In each of the following check whether the two lines are
-3
slope (i) parallel
2
(ii) perpendicular
14. Find an equation of the line through (11, -5) and parallel to a line with slope -24.
(iii) neither parallel nor perpendicular
15. The points A (-1, 2), B (6, 3) and C (2, -4) are vertices of a triangle.
(a) =
2x + y - 3 0 ; 4=
x + 2y + 5 0
Show that the line joining the midpoint D of AB and the midpoint E of AC is parallel
(b) 3 y = 2 x + 5 ; 3x + 2 y - 8 = 0
1 (c) 4 y= + 2x - 1 0 ; - 2y - 7 0
x=
to BC and DE = BC .
2 (d) =
4x - y + 2 0 ; 12
= x - 3y +1 0
16. A milkman can sell 560 litres of milk at Rs. 12.50 per litre and 700 litres of milk at Rs.
(e) 12 x + 35=
y-7 0 ; 105 x - 36=
y + 11 0
12.00 per litre. Assuming the graph of the sale price and the milk sold to be a straight
line, find the number of litres of milk that the milkman can sell at Rs. 12.25 per litre.
23. Find the distance between the given parallel lines. Sketch the lines. Also find an
17. The population of Pakistan to the nearest million was 60 million in 1961 and
equation of the parallel line lying midway between them.
95 million in 1981. Using t as the number of years after 1961, find an equation of
(a) 3 x =
- 4y + 3 0 ; 3x -
= 4y + 7 0
the line that gives the population in terms of t. Use this equation to find the
(b) 12 x=
+ 5y - 6 0 ; 12 x +=
5 y + 13 0
population in (a) 1947 (b) 1997.
(c) =
x + 2y - 5 0 ;=
2x + 4 y 1
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24. Find an equation of the line through (-4, 7) and parallel to the line 2 x - 7 y + 4 =.
0 Theorem: Let l1 and l2 be two non-vertical lines such that they are not perpendicular
25. Find an equation of the line through (5, -8) and perpendicular to the join of A (-15, -8), to each other. If m1 and m2 are the slopes of l1 and l2 respectively: the angle θ from l1 to l2 is
B (10, 7). given by;
26. Find equations of two parallel lines perpendicular to 2 x - y + 3 = 0 such that the
product of the x-and y-intercepts of each is 3. m2 - m1
tan θ =
27. One vertex of a parallelogram is (1, 4); the diagonals intersect at (2, 1) and the sides
1 + m1m2

-1
have slopes 1 and . Find the other three vertices. Proof: From the figure, we have
7
a= a1 + θ
28. Find whether the given point lies above or below the given line 2

(a) (5, 8) ; 2 x - 3 y + 6 = 0 or θ= a 2 - a1
(b) (-7, 6) ; 4 x + 3 y - 9 =0
29. Check whether the given points are on the same or opposite sides of the given line.
(a) (0, 0) and (-4, 7) ; 6 x - 7 y + 70 = 0
tan a 2 - tan a1 m2 - m1
(b) (2, 3) and (-2, 3) ; 3 x - 5 y + 8 =0 ∴ tan θ = tan(a 2 - a1 ) = =

1 + tan a1 tan a 2 1 + m1m2
30. Find the distance from the point P(6, -1) to the line 6x - 4y + 9 = 0.
31. Find the area of the triangular region whose vertices are A (5, 3), B (-2, 2), C (4, 2).
Corollary 1. l1  l2 if and only if m1 = m2
32. The coordinates of three points are A(2, 3), B(-1, 1) and C(4, -5). By computing the
area bounded by ABC check whether the points are collinear. m2 - m1
⇔ tan θ =
0=
1 + m1m2
4.5. ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES ⇔ m2 =
m1
Corollary 2. l1 ^ l2 iff 1 + m1m2 =
0
Let l1 and l2 be two intersecting lines, which meet at a point P. At the point P two
supplementary angles are formed by the lines l1 and l2 . m2 - m1 π
⇔ tan θ = tan =
= ∞ ⇔ 1 + m1m2 =
0
Unless l1 ^ l2 one of the two angles is acute. The angle from l1 to l2 is the angle θ 1 + m1m2 2
through which l1 is rotated anti-clockwise about the point P so that it coincides with l2 These two results have already been stated in 4.3.1.
In the figure below θ is angle of intersection of the two lines and it is measured from -7 5
l1 to l2 in counterclockwise direction, ψ is also angle of intersection but it is measured from Example 1: Find the angle from the line with slope to the line with slope .
3 2
l2 to l1 .
With this convention for angle of intersection, it is clear that the inclination of a line is 5 -7
Solution: Here=
m2 =, m1 . If θ is measure of the required angle, then
the angle measured in the counterclockwise direction from the positive x-axis to the line, 2 3
and it tallies with the earlier definition of the inclination of a line.
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5  -7 
- 
4.5.1 Equation of a Straight Line in Matrix form
2  3  29
tan θ = = = -1
5  -7  -29 It is easy to solve two or three simultaneous linear equations by elementary methods.
1+  
2 3  If the number of equations and variables become large, the solution of the equations by
ordinary method becomes very difficult. In such a case, given equations are written in matrix
Thus θ = 135
form and solved.

Example 2: Find the angles of the triangle One Linear Equation:

whose vertices are A linear equation
A (-5, 4), B (-2, -1), C (7, -5) l : ax + by + c = 0 (1)
in two variables x and y has its matrix form as:
Solution: Let the slopes of the sides AB, BC and CA [ ax + by ] =
[ -c ]
be denoted by mc , ma , mb respectively. Then
x 
4 + 1 -5 -5 + 1 -4 -5 - 4 -3 or [ a b ]   = [ -c ]
mc
= = =, ma = = , mb =  y
-5 + 2 3 7+2 9 7+5 4
or AX= C
Now angle A is measured from AB to AC.
-3 5 x 
mb - mc 4
+
3 11 where A= [ a b] , X =   and C = [ -c ]
= tan A = = or
= m A 22.2  y
1 + mb mc  -3  -5  27
1 +   
 4  3 
A System of Two Linear Equations:
The angle B is measured from BC to BA
A system of two linear equations
-5 4
+
mc - ma 3 9 -33
∴ tan B = = = or m B = 144.9 l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c =0
1 + mc ma  -5  -4  47  (2)
1 +    l : a2 x + b2 y + c = 0
 3  9 

The angle C is measured from CA to CB. in two variables x and y can be written in matrix form as:
-4 3
+  a x + b1 y   -c1 
ma - mb 9 4 11
∴ tan A = = = or m C = 12.9  1  =  
1 + ma mb  -4  -3 
1 +   
48  a2 x + b2 y   -c2 
 9  4  a b1   x   -c1 
or  1   y  =  -c  (3)
a
 2 b 2    2
or AX=C

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 a1 b1  x   -c1  3 4 - 7   x  0 
where
= A = , X and C = 2

 a2 b2 
 y
 
 -c 
 2 - 5 8   y = 0 
    
1 1 - 3 1  0 
Equations (2) have a solution iff det A ≠ 0 . 
Coefficient matrix of the system is
A System of Three Linear Equations: 3 4 - 7  0 1 2

A= 2 -5 8  and det A =
0 - 7
14
A system of three linear equations
  by R1 - 3R3
1 1 - 3  1 1 - 3
and R2 - 2 R3
l1 : a1 x + b1 y + c1 =
0 
 and det A = 1(14+14) = 28 ≠ 0
l2 : a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0
(5) As A is non-singular, so the lines are not concurrent.
l : a x + b3 y + c3 = 0 
3 3
in two variables y and y takes the matrix form as Example 2: Find a system of linear equations corresponding to the matrix form
 a1 x + b1 y + c1  0 
a x + b y + c  = 0  1 2 5   x  0 
 2 2 2    1   y  = 0  (1)
 a x + b3 y + c3  0  3 5
   
 3  4 7 6  1  0 

 a1 b1 c1   x  0 
Are the lines represented by the system concurrent?
or a b2 c2   y  = 0 
 2    
 a3
b3 c3  1  0  Solution: Multiplying the matrices on the L.H.S. of (1), we have

If the matrix  x + 2 y + 5  0 
 a1 b1 c1  (2) 3 x + 5 y + 1  = 0 
   
 
 a2 b2 c2  is singular, then the lines (5) are concurrent
 4 x + 7 y + 6  0 
 a3 b3 c3  and so the system (5) has a unique solution.
By using the definition of equality of two matrices, we have from (2),
x + 2 y + 5 = 0 
Example 1: Express the system 3x + 5 y + 1 = 0

3x + 4 y - 7 =0 4x + 7 y + 6 = 0 

2x - 5 y + 8 =0
as the required system of equations. The coefficient matrix A of the system is such that
x+ y -3= 0 
1 2 5 1 2 5
in matrix form and check whether the three lines are concurrent det A = 3 5 1 = 0 - 1 - 14 = 0
4 7 6 0 - 1 - 14

Solution. The matrix form of the system is
Thus the lines of the system are concurrent.
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EXERCISE 4.4 9. Find the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle formed by the lines

x - 2y - 6 =0; 3 x - y + 3 = 0; 2 x + y - 4 = 0
1. Find the point of intersection of the lines Also find measures of the angles of the triangle.
(i) =
x - 2y +1 0 and = 2x - y + 2 0 10. Find the angle measured from the line l1 to the line l2 where
(ii) =
3 x + y + 12 0 and =
x + 2 y -1 0
l1 : Joining ( 2 , 7 ) and ( 7 , 10 )
(iii) =
x + 4 y - 12 0 and = x - 3y + 3 0 (a)
2. Find an equation of the line through l2 : Joining (1, 1) and ( -5, 3)
(i) the point (2, -9) and the intersection of the lines l1 : Joining ( 3, - 1) and ( 5,7 )
(b)

2x + 5 y - 8 0
= and =
3x - 4 y - 6 0 l2 : Joining ( 2,4 ) and ( -8,2 )

(ii) the intersection of the lines
Also find the acute angle in each case.
=

x- y-4 0 and =
7 x + y + 20 0 and
(a) parallel (b) perpendicular l1 : Joining (1, - 7 ) and ( 6, - 4 )
(c)
to the line 6 x + y - 14 =
0 l2 : Joining ( -1,2 ) and ( -6, - 1)
(iii) through the intersection of the lines x + 2 y + 3 =,
0 3x + 4 y + 7 =0 and making
l1 : Joining ( -9, - 1) and ( 3, -5 )
equal intercepts on the axes. (d)
l2 :Joining ( 2,7 ) and ( -6, - 7 )
3. Find an equation of the line through the intersection of
16x - 10y - 33 = 0 ; 12x - 14y - 29 = 0 and the intersection of 11. Find the interior angles of the triangle whose vertices are

x-y+4=0 ; x - 7y + 2 = 0 (a) A (-2, 11), B (-6, -3), (4, -9)
4. Find the condition that the lines y =m1 x + c1; y =m2 x + c2 and = y m3 x + c3 are (b) A (6, 1), B (2, 7), C(-6, -7)
concurrent. (c) A (2, -5), B (-4, -3), (-1, 5)
5. Determine the value of p such that the lines 2x - 3y - 1 = 0,
(d) A (2, 8), B (-5, 4), C(4, -9)
3x - y - 5 = 0 and 3x + 4y + 8 = 0 meet at a point.
12. Find the interior angles of the quadrilateral whose vertices are A (5, 2), B (-2, 3),
6. Show that the lines 4x - 3y - 8 = 0 , 3x - 4y - 6 = 0 and x - y - 2 = 0 are concurrent
C (-3, -4) and D (4, -5)
and the third-line bisects the angle formed by the first two lines.
7. The vertices of a triangle are A (-2, 3), B (-4, 1) and C (3, 5). Find coordinates of the 13. Show that the points
(i) centroid (ii) orthocentre A (0, 0), B (2, 1), C (3, 3), D (1, 2) are the vertices of a rhombus.
(iii) circumcentre of the triangle Find its interior angles.
Are these three points collinear? 14. Find the area of the region bounded by the triangle whose sides are
8. Check whether the lines 7 x - y - 10 =0; 10 x + y - 14 =
0; 3x + 2 y + 3 =0


4x - 3y - 8 = 0 ; 3 x - 4 y - 6 = 0; x - y - 2 = 0 15. The vertices of a triangle are A(-2, 3), B(-4, 1) and C(3, 5). Find the centre of the
are concurrent. If so, find the point where they meet circumcircle of the triangle.

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16. Express the given system of equations in matrix form. Find in each case whether
Let y = m1 x and y = m2 x be two lines passing through the origin. Their joint equation is:
the lines are concurrent.
( y - m1 x )( y - m2 x ) = 0
(a) x + 3y - 2 =0; 2x - y + 4 =0; x - 11 y + 14 =
0
or y 2 - ( m1 + m2 ) xy + m1m2 x 2
0
= (5)
(b) 2 x + 3 y + 4 =0; x - 2y - 3 =0; 3x + y - 8 =0
Equation (5) is a special type of a second degree homogeneous equation.
(c) 3 x - 4 y - 2 =0; x + 2 y - 4 =0; 3x - 2 y + 5 =0.
17. Find a system of linear equations corresponding to the given matrix form. Check
whether the lines represented by the system are concurrent. 4.6.1 Homogeneous Equation

1 0 - 1  x  0  1 1 2   x  0  Let f ( x, y ) = 0 (1)
(a) 2 0 1   y  = 0  (b)  2 4 - 3  y  = 0  be any equation in the variables x and y. Equation (1) is called a homogeneous equation
         
0 - 1 6  1  0  3 6 - 5  1  0  of degree n (a positive integer) if
f ( kx,ky ) = k n f ( x, y )
4.6 HOMOGENEOUS EQUATION OF THE for some real number k.
SECOND DEGREE IN TWO VARIABLES For example, in equation (5) above if we replace x and y by kx and ky respectively, we
have
We have already seen that if a graph is a straight line, then its equation is a linear
k
2
y 2 - k 2 ( m1 + m2 ) xy + k 2 m1m2 x 2 =
0
equation in the variables x and y. Conversely, the graph of any linear equation in x and y is a
or k 2  y 2 - ( m1 + m=
2 ) xy + m1m2 x 
2
 0 i.e.,
= k 2 f ( x, y ) 0
straight line.
Suppose we have two straight lines represented by Thus (5) is a homogeneous equation of degree 2.
2
0
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = (1) ax + 2hxy + by 2 =
0
A general second degree homogeneous equation can be written as:
and 0
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = (2)
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 =0
Multiplying equations (1) and (2), we have
provided a, h and b are not simultaneously zero.

( a1x + b1 y + c1 )( a2 x + b2 y + c2 ) =
0 (3)
It is a second degree equation in x and y.
Theorem: Every homogenous second degree equation
Equation (3) is called joint equation of the pair of lines (1) and (2). On the other hand,
given an equation of the second degree in x and y, say
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 =
0 (1)
represents a pair of lines through the origin. The lines are

ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c =
0 (4)
(i) real and distinct, if h 2 > ab (ii) real and coincident, if h ab
where a ≠ 0 , represents equations of a pair of lines if (4) can be resolved into two linear
factors. In this section, we shall study special joint equations of pairs of lines which pass (iii) imaginary, if h 2 < ab
through the origin.

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Proof: Multiplying (1) by b and re-arranging the terms, we have 4.6.2 To find measure of the angle between the lines
b 2 y 2 + 2bhxy + abx 2 =
0 represented by
or b 2 y 2 + 2bhxy + h 2 x 2 - h 2 x 2 + abx 2 =
0
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 =
0 (1)
- x 2 ( h 2 - ab ) =

( by + hx )
2
or 0 We have already seen that the lines represented by (1) are

or (by + hx + x )(
h 2 - ab by + hx - x h 2 - ab =
0) (
by + x h + h 2 - ab =
0 )
(2)

by + x ( h - h - ab ) =
Thus (1) represents a pair of lines whose equations are: 2
and 0 (3)

(
by + x h + h 2 - ab =
0 (2) ) Now slopes of (2) and (3) are respectively given by:

and by + x ( h - h - ab ) =
2
0

(3)
=
- h + h 2 - ab
m1 =
(
, and m2
)
- h - h 2 - ab ( )
Clearly, the lines (2) and (3) are b b

(i) real and distinct if h 2 > ab . (ii) real and coincident, if h 2 = ab . -2h a
=Therefore , m1 + m2 and m1m2
=
(iii) imaginary, if h 2 < ab . b b
It is interesting to note that even in case the lines are imaginary, they intersect in a real If θ is measure of the angle between the lines (2) and (3), then
point viz (0, 0) since this point lies on their joint equation (1).

Example: Find an equation of each of the lines represented by 4h 2 4a

-
( m1 + m2 ) - 4m1m2
2
m1 - m2 b 2
b 2 h 2 - ab
20 x 2 + 17 xy - 24 y 2 =
0 = tanθ = = =
1 + m1m2 1 + m1m2 a a+b
1+
b
Solution. The equation may be written as The two lines are parallel, if θ = 0 , so that tan θ = 0 which implies h2 - ab =
0 , which
2
is the condition for the lines to be coincident.
 y  y If the lines are orthogonal, then θ = 90 , so that tan θ is not defined. This implies
24   - 17   - 20 =
0
x x a + b = 0. Hence the condition for (1) to represent a pair of orthogonal (perpendicular)
y 17 ± 289 + 1920 17 ± 47 4 -5 lines is that sum of the coefficients of x2 and y2 is 0.
⇒ = = = ,
x 48 48 3 8
4 -5 Example 1: Find measure of the angle between the lines represented by
⇒ y= x and y= x
3 8 x 2 - xy - 6 y 2 =
0
⇒ 4x - 3y =
0 and 5x + 8 y =0

1
Solution. Here a ==
1, h - , b =
-6
2
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If θ is measure of the angle between the given lines, then 5. 6 x 2 - 19 xy + 15 y 2 =

0
1
2 2+6
2 h - ab 4
tanθ = = = -1 ⇒ θ =135
a+b -5 6. x 2 + 2 xy sec a + y 2 =
0
Acute angle between the lines =180° - θ = 180° - 135° = 45°
7. Find a joint equation of the lines through the origin and perpendicular to
Example2: Find a joint equation of the straight lines through the origin perpendicular the lines:
to the lines represented by x 2 - 2 xy tan a - y 2 =
0

x 2 + xy - 6 y 2 =
0 (1)
8. Find a joint equation of the lines through the origin and perpendicular to the
Solution: (1) may be written as lines:

( x - 2 y )( x + 3 y ) =
0 ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 =
0
Thus the lines represented by (1) are
x - 2 y = 0 (2) 9. Find the area of the region bounded by:
and x + 3y =0 (3) 10 x 2 - xy=
- 21 y 2 0 and x + y +1 0
=
The line through (0, 0) and perpendicular to (2) is
y = -2 x or y + 2x =0 (4)
Similarly, the line through (0, 0) and perpendicular to (3) is
= y 3 x or = y - 3 x 0 (5)
Joint equation of the lines (4) and (5) is

( y + 2 x=
)( y - 3x ) 0 or y2 -
= xy - 6 x 2 0

EXERCISE 4.5

Find the lines represented by each of the following and also find measure of the,
angle between them (Problems 1-6):

1. 10 x 2 - 23 xy - 5 y 2 =
0

2. 3 x 2 + 7 xy + 2 y 2 =
0

3. 9 x 2 + 24 xy + 16 y 2 =
0

4. 2 x 2 + 3 xy - 5 y 2 =
0
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