Electric Circuit Fall 2015 Pingqiang Zhou

ShanghaiTech University

School of Information Science and Technology

Professor Pingqiang Zhou

LABORATORY 12

Gyrator

Guide

1. Objective

In this laboratory measurement you will learn about the gyrator, its op amp circuit
synthesis, and some possible gyrator applications.

2. Introduction: Gyrator

A gyrator is an ideal two-port element defined by the following equations:

 i1  G  v2

i2  G  v1
where the constant G is called the gyration conductance. The symbol for a gyrator is
shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 an ideal gyrator

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Properties of the ideal gyrator: It is easy to check that the ideal gyrator is a
non-energetic element, i.e., at all times the power delivered to the two-port is
identically zero. Proof: the total instantaneous power entering a gyrator is:

p(t )  v1  i1  v2  i2  v1  (G  v2 )  v2  (G  v1 )  0

The fundamental property of an ideal gyrator is given by the following equation:

v1  i2 / G 1 i
  2 2
i1 G  v2 G v2

That is, when a gyrator is terminated at the output port with an RL linear resistor as
shown in Figure 2, the input port behaves as a linear resistor with resistance
1/( G 2 RL).

Figure 2 A gyrator terminated at the output port with a resistor.

Capacitor-to-Inductor Mutation Property: An interesting property is the following: if

the output port of an ideal gyrator is terminated with a capacitor as shown in Figure 3,
the input port behaves like an inductor. Thus a gyrator is a useful element in the
design of inductorless filters.

Proof: the input voltage of the gyrator is

1 1  dv  C  1 di   C  di   di 
v1    i2      C 2      1    2  1   L   1 
G G  dt  G  G dt    dt 
G  dt 
L

where L inductance is C/ G 2 .

Figure 3 A gyrator terminated at the output port with a capacitor behaves like an inductor.

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Current Source to Voltage Source Mutation Property: If the output port of an ideal
gyrator is terminated with a voltage source as shown in Figure 4, the input ports
behaves like a current source. Similarly, connecting a current source across the output
port of a gyrator we get a voltage source.

Figure 4 A gyrator terminated at the output port with a voltage source behaves like a current
source.

3. Op Amp Gyrator Synthesis

Now, we will present some ways for making a gyrator using components which are
available commercially. We will focus on op amp realization only. Remark: Physical
gyrators which approximate the property of an ideal gyrator over low operating
frequencies (below 10 kHz) are available commercially in the form of integrated
circuit modules. A single dual power supply implementation is shown in Figure 8.
This will be used in your laboratory measurement. A good exercise is to derive the
port equations.

Figure 5 Gyrator realization using two op amps with single dual power supply.

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 1
 i1   0 
R   v1  1
i    1   Gyrator: G=
 2  0  v2  R
R 

Next we show two circuits realizing a current source and an inductor both via gyrator.
These test circuits will be measured in the laboratory experiment.

Figure 6 Current source realization via Gyrator

 1
 i1   0 
R   v1  1
i    1   Gyrator: G= I G  G  E0
 2  0  v2  R
R 

Figure 7. Inductor realization via Gyrator

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 1
 i1   0 
R   v1  1 C
i    1   Gyrator: G= L
G2
 2  0  v2  R
R 

Exp1 – Current source realization via Gyrator

Build the circuit shown in Figure 6. (VDD = 12V and VSS = -12V). Let E0 = 1V, 2V,
3V and RL = 100 Ω. Measure the output current ( i2 ) and the output voltages of the
operational amplifier ( v01 and v02 ). Repeat the measurement with different load
resistor values, e.g. RL = 430Ω, 1k, 2k and different voltage sources E0 = -1V, -2V,
-3V. Derive and verify the conditions necessary for the op amp implementation to
work as a current source. What is the maximum value of the load resistor for this
current source realization if it is designed to work over the current range [-3 mA; 3
mA]?

(Hint: The circuit works as a current source only in the linear operating region of the
op-amp. Output voltage of the op amp cannot exceed its saturation voltage level, appr.
VDD or VSS).

Exp2 – Inductor realization via Gyrator

Build the circuit as shown in Figure 7. (VDD = 12V and VSS = -12V). Let C be 10nF,
220nF, or 1uF. (You need to measure only one case). Let RL be 1k. Verify that the
circuit works as an inductor (i.e., whether the input impedance is inductive, in the
sense that the current lags the voltage by 90 ). Set the output of the function
generator to a 1Vpp, 1kHz sine wave with 0 DC offset. Using the scope, display and
measure both the voltage and the current of our “inductor”. Check whether the current
of the “inductor” lags its voltage. You can use the X/Y mode of the scope as well.
(Hint: the “inductor” current - i2 is related to the voltage across the load resistor ( RL ). )
(b) - Set different sine wave frequencies (from 100 Hz, to 10kHz), and repeat the
previous measurement. What is the frequency when there is an exact 90 phase shift?
Explain the reason of this behavior.

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Prelab

Name TA

Teammate Score

Prelab Assignment

1. Complete the prelab tasks over the next few pages (25 points).

2. Familiarize yourself with the rest of this document before arriving in lab!

3. Optional: simulate and Built your sensor circuit in Multisim.

TASK

In a sinusoidally exited linear circuit the voltages and currents are sinusoids at the
same frequency as the excitation signal. But the voltages and currents may be shifted
in phase with respect to the excitation signal. Derive the relationships between voltage
phase and current phase of the three basic linear components. The defining equations
are

Resistor : v  R  i ,

dvC t 
Capacitor: iC t   C 
dt

diL t 
Inductor: vL t   L 
dt

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1. What can be stated for these components concerning only the phases between their
voltages and currents? /4pt

2. Which component has impedance dependency on frequency and which one has
not?

/4pt

3. Which component has low impedance at low frequencies and large impedance at
high frequencies?

/4pt

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4. Which component has high impedance at low frequencies and low impedance at
high frequencies?

/4pt

5. How can this frequency dependent impedance related to DC analysis and circuit
substitutions of the capacitor and the inductor? (e.g. at the steady state the
inductor behaves like a short circuit).
/9pt

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Report

Name TA Checkoff

Teammate Score

1-a)

R=430  /10pt

E0

i2

vout

The saturation value of the op amp is Esat  ___________

1-b)
R=1k  /10pt

E0

i2

vout

R=2k  /10pt

E0

i2

vout

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Condition for the linear region operation is: /10pt

Maximum load resistor value =_________________.

2-a)

Voltage and Current versus Time

/10pt

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Voltage versus Current (X/Y)

Conclusion (Does the circuit work as an inductor?): /10pt

2-b)
Inductance dependency on frequency Z L  f   : /15pt


L 

Frequency range for constant L is: ______________________________

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