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Probability Class 12 Notes - Chapter 13

This document discusses probability and conditional probability. It provides examples of calculating probabilities of events occurring from sample spaces of coin tosses. Formulas for conditional probability are also defined.

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Avantika S
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126 views1 page

Probability Class 12 Notes - Chapter 13

This document discusses probability and conditional probability. It provides examples of calculating probabilities of events occurring from sample spaces of coin tosses. Formulas for conditional probability are also defined.

Uploaded by

Avantika S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability Class 12 Notes - Chapter 13

The sample space of an experiment of tossing three coins is S = {TTT, HHH, TTH, HHT, THT,
HTH, HTT, THH}. Since the sample space comprises of 8 elements, therefore, the probability of
occurring each sample point is ⅛. Let A and B be the events of displaying 2 heads and 1st coin
showing tail respectively. Then, A = {HHT, HHH, THH, HTH} and B = {THT, THH, TTT,
TTH}. Therefore P(A) = P({HHT}) + P ({HHH}) + P ({THH}) + P ({HTH})  = ⅛ + ⅛ + ⅛ + ⅛
= ½. Similarly, P(B) = P({THT}) + P({THH}) + P ({TTT}) + P ({TTH}) = = ⅛ + ⅛ + ⅛ + ⅛ =
½. Also, A ∩ B = {THH} and P({THH}) = P(A ∩ B) = ⅛.
The sample point of B which is favorable to event A is THH. Thus, P(A) considering B as the
sample space (S) = ¼. This P(A) is known as the conditional probability of A provided B has
already occurred. The conditional probability of an event is denoted by P (A|B). Thus, from the
above case P(A|B) = ¼.
Or, P(A|B)=TotaleventsfavourabletoA∩BTotaleventsfavourabletoB
Now, dividing both numerator and denominator by total elementary events of the S (sample
space) we get:
P(A|B)=n(A∩B)nSn(B)nS=P(A∩B)P(F)
The above equation is valid only when P(A) ≠ 0. Hence, the conditional probability can be
described as:

 0 ≤ P (P|Q) ≤ 1
 P (P′|Q) = 1 – P (P|Q)
 P ((P ∪ Q)|R) = P (P|R) + P (Q|R) – P ((P ∩ Q)|R)
 P (P ∩ Q) = P (P) P (Q|P), P (P) ≠ 0
 P (P ∩ Q) = P (P) P (P|Q), P (Q) ≠ 0
If P and Q are independent, then

 P (P ∩ Q) = P (P) P (Q)
 P (P|Q) = P (P), P (Q) ≠ 0
 P (Q|P) = P (Q), P(P) ≠ 0

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