W r i t i n g a n d L a n g u a g e Test

35 M I N U T E S , 4 4 Q U E S T I O N S

Turn t o Section 2 o f y o u r answer sheet t o a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n s in t h i s section.

Pyiiz3 cH

Each passage below is accompanied by a n u m b e r of questions. For some questions, you

will consider how the passage m i g h t be revised to improve t h e expression o f ideas. For
other questions, you will consider how the passage m i g h t be edited to correct errors in
sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied by
one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make revising
and editing decisions.

S o m e q u e s t i o n s w i l l d i r e c t y o u to a n u n d e r l i n e d p o r t i o n o fa passage. O t h e r q u e s t i o n s w i l l
d i r e c t y o u t o a l o c a t i o n i n a p a s s a g e o r ask y o u t o t h i n k a b o u t t h e p a s s a g e as a w h o l e .

A f t e r r e a d i n g e a c h passage, c h o o s e t h e a n s w e r t o e a c h q u e s t i o n t h a t m o s t e f f e c t i v e l y
i m p r o v e s t h e q u a l i t y o f w r i t i n g in t h e p a s s a g e o r t h a t m a k e s t h e p a s s a g e c o n f o r m t o t h e
c o n v e n t i o n s o f s t a n d a r d w r i t t e n English. M a n y q u e s t i o n s i n c l u d e a * N O CHANGE? o p t i o n .
C h o o s e t h a t o p t i o n i f y o u t h i n k t h e b e s t c h o i c e is t o leave t h e r e l e v a n t p o r t i o n o f t h e
passage as itis.

Questions 1-11 a r e based o n t h e f o l l o w i n g passage.

A) N O CHANGE
The A r t o f T r a n s l a t i o n B) philosopher, W a l t e r Benjamin,

Translators perform the extraordinary feat o f :

C) philosopher?Walter Benjamin?
D) philosopher: W a l t e r Benjamin
metamorphosing a pieceo f w r i t i n g from one language to

another. This act, as German [ J j phitosopher W a l t e r

Benjamin argued in his 1921 essay ?The Task o f the

Translator,? is an art formof its own, Technological

advancements i n machine-translation software, however,

have concerned some translators about the future o f the

translation industry. M a c h i n e translators, such as Google

Translate o r Microsoft Translator, may be able to

translate a text in mere seconds, but when it comes to

more creative projects, machine translators fall short in

nn E >
 [2 2
crafting the kinds o f works o f art that Benjamin had in
W h i c h choice most effectively sets u p the main
m i n d ; [ E J more human translators should learn f r o m
argument o f the passage?
Benjamin?s ideas about art.
A) NO CHANGE
The translator?s task is rife w i t h complex decisions, B) experienced h u m a n translators are stilt the only
ones who possess the ability to make truly artful
but i n t r o d u c i n g more technology-based classes in
translations.
translation degree programs may help meet these Cc there is a concern about whether translators
k n o w how to properly use the technology.
demands. This expertise, according to linguistics
D) machine translation software w o u l d likely need
professorA d r i a n [ZW Buzo. Is vital to using a language to be constantly updated to stay relevant.

w i t h i n appropriate tonal and cultural contexts. T o

translate literary or discipline-specific w o r k s ? s u c h as

novels, movie dialogue, o r scholarly a r t i c l e s ? t h e W h i c h choice provides the most effective

i n t r o d u c t i o n to the paragraph?
translator must consider the degree o f formality, the
A} N O CHANGE
intended audience, and the [ E i cost-effectiveness o f B as it can be difficult to predict which books in
human versus machine translators and choose the best translation will be commercially successful.
C} and these challenges sometimes necessitate the
approximation within the target language to replicate not services of machine translators.
o n l y the precise content but also the personality of the D) m a n y of which require advanced sociolinguistic
skills.
writing.

A) NO CHANGE
B) Buzo and is

Buzo, which is
D) Buzo, is

Which choice provides a supporting example that is

most similar to the examples already in the sentence?
A) NO CHANGE
B) given deadline o f the assignment
Cc
historical m o m e n t o f the original text
D type o f software that translation programs
use

1 8 HK
O n
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Machine translators, on the other hand, are still

notoriously bad at making such dynamic sociolinguistic W h i c h choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
choices. This is in part because current machine
A) misleading ambiguous words or phrases
translators base their decisions largely on the frequency especially cause these two things when they
with w h i c h a w o r d o r phrase has been translated in a B) m i s t e a d i n g ? i t is especially awkward and
misleading when ambiguous words o r phrases
particular way within their databases, not necessarily on
C) misleading, and this happens especially when
what is most appropriate to the specific tent at hand. As a ambiguous words or phrases
result, machine translations are often laughably awkward D) misleading especially when ambiguous words or
phrases
and outright [ J misleading. They are especially

awkward and misleading when ambiguous words or

phrases are used.

R19 H
[2 ?

[1] O f course, as technology continues to Improve,

A) NO CHANGE
the translation field w i l l undoubtedly experience some
B) are p r e d i c t i n g
changes. (2] Sung Hee Kir k , a professor o f English C) h a v e predicted

language and literature, [ J p r e d i c t that the role o f D) predicts

translator will increasingly become that o f the e d i t o r o f

machine-translated texts. [3] T o reiterate Benjamin's

A) NOCHANGE
point, translators are artists, and therefore [ E J their work
B) there
should be valued as such. [4] As long as there is demand
C) i t s
for quality translations?ones that [ E J capture not o n l y
D) its
the precise meaning but also the personality of an

original t e x t ? t h e skill o f living, breathing h u m a n

translators [QQ] will continue to be needed. I J A} NO CHANGE

B) seize

C)} occupy

D} obtain

A NO CHANGE

B will have continued

c are continuing
D had continued

The writer wants to add the following sentence to

the paragraph.

Wh i l e such may become the case w i t h simpler

translation projects, the roleo f the translator o f
creative and literary works w i l l always be m o r e
than that o f a proofreader.

The best placement for the sentence is

A) before sentence I.

B) a f t e r s e n t e n c e 2.

C} a f t e r s e n t e n c e 3.

D} a f t e r s e n t e n c e 4.

H 20 WH
[2
Questions 12-22 are based on t h e f o l l o w i n g passage.

A) NO C H A N G E
Dusting O f f Family History B) hears

?1-? C) heard
D) w i l l hear
In 1975 screenwriter and filmmaker Julie Dash began

taking notes on the stories she [ F Y has heard f r o m her

ie
family members who were part o f the Gullah
The writer is considering revising the underlined
c o m m u n i t y . Dash refined these notes into a movie portion to the following.

script that, through a series o f nonlinear vignette, it community?a groupo f African Americans who
live on the islands of South Carolina and Georgia
told the tale o fa Gullah family preparing to migrate to and are known for their adherence to the
spiritual and cultural practices of West Africa.
the m a i n l a n d and adopt a new wayo f l i f e . T h o u g h her
Should the writer make this revision?
script was undeniably brilliant, Dash w o u l d have to
A) Yes, because it provides relevant content about
overcomea s t r i n g o f challenges over the course of almost
the p r i m a r y subject mattero f t h e film discussed
ten years to b r i n g h e r EE] p r o j e c t Daughters o f the Dust, in the passage, Daughters of the Dust.
B Yes, because it provides a detail that is essential
to theaters.
to understanding the paragraph's discussion o f
the challenges Dash faced i n her filmmaking.
C) No, because it introduces information about the
Gullah community that blurs the paragraph?s
main focus on Dash?s movie script.
D) N o . because it fails to explain w h y the Gullah
c o m m u n i t y continues to adhere to West A f r i c a n
practices i n South Carolina and Georgia.

NO CHANGE
telling
told
it was telling

A) NO CHANGE

B) project,
c) project:

D) p r o j e c t ?

R21 HK
 ) ?

? 2 ?

Her film?s episodic, dreamlike plot and lingering Which choice most effectively combines the
sentences at the underlined portion?
close-up camera shots o f characters and food dishes
A) life, instead o f having the story advance.
served to memorialize a wayo f B q life. They did this
B) life rather than advance the story.
instead of advancing the story. This ambition didn?t CC)
life they did it rather than advancing the story.
appeal to the more action-oriented preferences of the D)} life this wis done Instead of advancing the story.

film studios. ?Tn independent film, we are never able

to pay top salaries,? Dash explained. ?We do it to create

W h i c h quotation f r o m Julie Dash?s bock Daughters
the work. We do it to sharpen our skills.? It wasn?t until a
o f the Dust: The M a k i n go f an African American
Woman's Film best supports the p o i n t made in the
chance meeting in 1988 that Dash finally found a backer
previous sentence?
in the public television series American Playhouse.
A) N O CHANGE

B) ?For the most part, the crew and actors all

w o r k e d in the same spirit, everyone appreciating
that we were doing something different,
something special,? Dash said.
C) ?They thought the film w o u l d be unmarketable,?
Dash said. ?Every major studio either passed o n
it o r didn?t respond at all.?
D) ?Oneof t h e ongoing struggles of African
American filmmakers is the fight against being
pushed, through financial and social pressure,
into telling only one kind of story,? Dash
exptained.

He 22
 2 2
? 3 ?

T h o u g h financing was[ R J nailed down, Dash NO CHANGE

encountered another challenge once she started f i l m i n g B) guaranteed beyond a shadow o f doubt,
i n the bag,
the full movie o n a South Carolina island: the island?s
secured,
environmental restrictions prohibited the use o f the

generator she required for proper lighting. [ J Given that ie

W h i c h choice provides the most effective transition

the crew h a d o n l y 28 days to f i l m , this technical
f r o m the previous sentence to the i n f o r m a t i o n that
constraint influenced oneo f cinematographer A r t h u r foltows in this sentence?

Jafa? most celebrated d e c i s i o n s ? u s i n g natural sunlight. A) NO CHANGE

B T h o u g h the film w o u l d face other trials,
The resulting beachfront scenes o f Dash?s black female
¢ W i t h production already delayed because of bad
characters i n f l o w i n g white dresses are someo f t h e film?s weather,

most iconic, the natural Light suffusing t h e m with a D) An obstacle at first,

warm, ethereal glow. This effect perfectly suited Dash?s

creative aim to, as the Los Angeles Times p u t it, ?convey

the very look, feel and texture o f something that is about

to he lost forever.?

H 2a
 ) ?

? 4 ?

Dash entered the completed Daughters of the Dust A) NO CHANGE

B) festivals,
into film festivals. Where its popularity led to a 1992
C) festivals, w h e r e
theatrical debut that made her the first African American
D) festivals; w h e r e
woman filmmaker to have a theatrical release for a

feature-length film, Since then, the film has captivated

viewers and provided inspiration to many, with director A) NO CHANGE

Ava D u V e r n a y citing it as a m ajor influence and B) their

recording artist Beyoncé d r a w i n g on m a n y of E J it's C) they're

D) its
motifs in h e r visual album Lemonade. Daughterso f the

Dust's theatrical debut marked the end o f Dash?s

decade-long struggle and the beginning o f her T h i n k about the previous passage as a w h o l e as you
a n s w e r question 22.
f i l m m a k i n g legacy. sr

The writer wants to add the following sentence to

Q u e s t i o n EB} asks a b o u t the previous passage as a the passage.

whole. In 1987 Dash shot a segment of her movie and.

sent it to f i l m studios w i t h the hopeo f r e c e i v i n g
financial support, but her own originality
worked against her.

To make the passage most logical, the sentence

should be placed at the beginning of

A) paragraph 1.

B) p a r a g r a p2 h.

C) paragraph 3.

D) paragraph 4.

wu E >
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Questions 23-33 a r e based on t h e f o l l o w i n g passage.

W h i c h choice most effectively establishes the m a i n

Curating the African American Experience topic o f the passage?

W h e n Lonnie Bunch accepted the job of founding A) N O C H A N G E

B) took the first step in realizing a long-held vision.
director at the National Museumo f A f r i c a n American
c) was faced w i t h a challenging curatorial task.
History and Culture (NMAAHC) in 2005, he E J made D) brought with him over a decade of experience as
a museum curator.
the decision to leave his previous job at the Chicago

Historical Society. Some museum stakeholders

could be interested in building a museum that would

A) N O C H A N G E
highlight inspiring and uplifting images of African B ) were
American achievement. Others envisioned a museum Cc) are

that reckoned more directly with the suffering caused by D) w i l l be

slavery and segregation. Bunch, J therefore, rejected

both approaches in favor o f a different one altogether. H e

NO CHANGE
decided that the N M A A H C should use the experiences o f
B) however,
African Americans as a E Z Jens. He made this decision © similarly,
w i t h the thought that through sucha lens one can view D) moreover,

American culture as a whole.

Which choive most effectively combines the

sentences at the underlined portion?

A) lens t h r o u g h which to view

B) lens; through this lens, one views
Cc) lens, with the view o f

D) lens, and through it, to view

2 8
i ? )

The museum?s Slavery and Freedom exhibitEM takes

visitors chronologically through relics f r o m the era o f W h i c h choice provides the best transition f r o m the
previous paragraph to this one?
slavery and emancipation. The display features a w a l l
A) N O CHANGE
engraved with quotations about freedom; i n c l u d i n g
B) exemplifies Bunch?'s approacho f s i t u a t i n g the
parts of the Declaration o f Independence ando f an 1808 experiences o f A f r i c a n Americans within the
broader context o f American culture.
sermon preached by African American minister Absalom
C) encompasses large artifacts, f r o m a cabin that
Jones upon the abolition o f the transatlantic slave trade. once housed enslaved people to a Jim C r o w ? e r a
segregated railcar.
M o r e quotations, as well as a r t i f a c t s ? i n c l u d i n g a Union
D) is located underground, three stories beneath the
a r m y recruitment poster from the Civil War and a building?s striking exterior.

t r a i n i n g plane piloted by the Tuskegee A i r m e n ?

showcase African American emancipation and progress

A N O CHANGE
as American history unfolds, Bunch explains that the
B freedom: i n c l u d i n g
expansion o f African American freedom coincides w i t h freedom (including

the expansion o f freedom in the U n i t e d States m o r e D) freedom, including

generally.[EZ] ?Museums that specialize i n given ethnic

group usually focus solely on an insider's perspective o f

W h i c h quotation f r o m L o n n i e Bunch?s article best
that group,? he asserted i n a 2016 article i n Smithsonian
supports the point made in the previous sentence?
magazine. A) NO CHANGE

B) ?A times I took some flak, but i f ] was arguing

that we were telling the quintessential American
story, then I neededn variety o f perspectives,?
Cc ?Ef you're interested i n American notions o f
freedom, i f you're interested in the broadening of
fairness, o p p o r t u n i t y and citizenship, then
regardless o f who you are, this is y o u r story, too,?
D) ?One [objective of the museum] was to harness
the power o f m e m o r y to help America illuminate
all the dark corners of its past,?

R26
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The choices Bunch has made f o r displaying the Ea

NMAAHC?s collection[ E J has been well-received by A) NO CHANGE

visitor. Since opening in 2016, the museum has become B) was

one of the most popular of the Smithsonian museums on ° have been

is
the National Mall in Washington, DC. Bunch?s »

methodology is not without its critics, however. Writing aI

in the New Yorker magazine, Vinson C u n n i n g h a m A) NO CHANGE

argues that the effort to tell a broad story about America B) an article by Vinson C u n n i n g h a m argues that
the effort to tell a broad story about America
through African American culture cuns the risk o f
t h r o u g h African American culture runs the risk
seeming incoherent, The museum, C u n n i n g h a m o f seeming incoherent.

reduces history to scatteringo f b r i g h t but c) it runs the risk o f seeming incoherent to tell a
broad story about America t h r o u g h African
unconstellated stars.? American culture, V i n s o n C u n n i n g h a m argues.

Bunch stands by his decision to present a history o f D) the effort to tell a broad story about A m e r i c a
through African American culture runs the risk
the United States through the prism kJ o f their lives. He o f seeming incoherent, argues Vinson
Cunningham.
notes that the N M A A H C display inspirational instances

of progress alongside powerful memorials to hardship,

allowing visitors to interpret what they see for

A) N O C H A N G E
themselves. ?Ultimately,? Bunch says, ?I trust that our B) lectures,

visitors will draw sustenance, inspiration and a CQ) urges,

D) cautions,
c o m m i t m e n t from the lessons o f history to make

A m e r i c a better.?

NO CHANGE
of those lives.

of the lives of African Americans.

D E L E T E the underlined portion and end the

sentence with a period.

W T
[2 2
Questions 34-44 a r e based on t h e f o l l o w i n g passage 34
a n d supplementary m a t e r i a l .
PP ¥ W h i c h choice introduces the passage most
Deer o n the M o v e effectively?

A) NO CHANGE
Becauseo f t h e i r digestive anatomy, mule deer are B) Because of a continued population decline in
Wyoming?s mule deer population, m u l t i p l e
selective in their diet and feed mostly on various weeds,
conservation efforts are now under way to
leaves, and twigs. The vegetation they feed on at high protect t h e m f r o m extinction.

elevations in the spring and summer provides the deer Every year some of Wyoming?s mule deer
°)
migrate between their s u m m e r ranges in the
w i t h the sustenance they need to survive w i n t e r s i n a mountain slopes of the Hoback Basin and winter
ranges in the Red Desert.
barren (though warmer) desert environment. However, D) Named for their large, m u l e like ears, mule deer
roadways have obstructed the three-hundred-mile are social animals that usually live in
multigenerational groups of related females and
round-trip journey of the deer, prompting researchers their offspring.

and W y o m i n g state officials for adopting a clever

strategy to ensure the migration is not disrupted.

NO CHANGE
to adopt
adopt
in the adoption of

2 8
 [2
Tn 2001, to aid mule deer migration and prevent road
A) N O C H A N G E
accidents that E { J dangerously p u t motorist and deer at
B) put motorists a n d deer at risk,
tisk, state authorities installed KP49, a concrete box
c) expose motorists and deer to risky accidents,
culvert (tunnel) approximately 60 feet long, 19 feet wide, D) threaten motorists and deer by p u t t i n g t h e m at
tisk,
and 10 feet high that runs beneath a highway in the mule

deer w i n t e r range and migration route. Tall fences were

constructed along 3.4 miles of highway on either Kj

NO CHANGE
o f these tunnels to channel migrating deer into it. Several sideso f t h i s tunnel

additional E J underpasses, and another six miles of sideo f t h i s tunnel

fencing were constructed in 2008. Beginning that D ) sides o f these tunnels

December, a research team launched a EX] study. The

team wanted to determine whether deer did in fact use 8il

A) N O C H A N G E
the underpasses over three annual migratory cycles B)
underpasses;
(lasting until May 2011). They installed digital infrared Cc)
underpasses?
cameras in each underpass, allowing them to count the D) underpasses
n u m b e r o f deer that came close to the culverts and the

n u m b e r that actually traveled through t h e m to cross the

Which choice most effectively combines the
highway. The average passage rate f o r a given migratory
sentences at the underlined portion?
cycle was calculated by dividing the n u m b e ro f d e e r that A) study to determine
successfully used an underpass by the total n u m b e r o f B) study determining

deer that approached w i t h i n r o u g h l y 200 feet o f it. c) study whose goal was the determination o f
D) study that was initiated to determine

W298
[2 2
During the first year of the study, researchers found

that approximately 80 percent o f the deer that came W h i c h choice offers an accurate interpretation o f the
data in the graph?
w i t h i n range o f underpass KP49 passed t h r o u g h it
A) NO CHANGE
successfully. By contrast, at the KP58 site the rate was
B) remained near constant for some sites,
about 65 percent, and at KP65 it Was only 40 percent. at all sites Increased over time,
c)
Passage rates Efi] fluctuated widely throughout the study, D) d r o p p e d f o r at least one site,

however, and by the third year the [ 3 ] passage rates at

every underpass had climbed to approximately

W h i c h choice most effectively uses i n f o r m a t i o n from
90 percent. Researchers concluded that the deer needed the graph to support the point made in the next
time to habituate to these new landscape E Q features, sentence o f the paragraph?

A) NO CHANGE
once the underpasses were familiar, deer used them
B} passage rate for the oldest underpass, KP49, had
w i t h o u t hesitation. This accounts f o r the higher-than- leveled off.
average passage rates at KP49 in the first m i g r a t o r y cycle. c) KP58 site had, by a smail margin, the highest
passage rateo f a l l .
In contrast, greater migratory use of underpasses
D) success rate of KP65 was consistent w i t h those o f
coincided w i t h an 81 percent decrease in collisions the other three sites.

between vehicles and deer.

Average Passage Rate of M u l e Deer

t h r o u g h Highway 30 Underpasses A) NO CHANGE
over a Three-Year Period
B) features
° features: i n that

D) features;

ry N O CHANGE

B) Specifically,
© Generally,

D) Crucially,

2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011

Migratorycycle
O x r s s Okps6 @kpss MKP6S

Adapted from Hall Sawyer et al, "Mitigating Roadway Impacts to

Migratory Mule Deer?A Case Study with Underpasses and Continuous
Fencing.? ©2012 by The Wildlife Society.

30
i ? )

The Wyoming project demonstrated that mule deer f i s|

can adapt to underpasses, but this improves safety A) NOCHANGE

B) improving
outcomes f o r b o t h deer and humans. Researchers hope
C) yet i m p r o v i n g
that t h e i r results can be used to produce more effective a
D) this improves
measures to protect this and other species, keeping

h u m a n and animal travelers outo f each other's way.

STOP
If y o u f i n i s h b e f o r e t i m e is called, y o u m a y check y o u r w o r k on t h i s s e c t i o n o n l y .
Do n o t t u r n t o any o t h e r s e c t i o n .

B31