PHP Notes

PHP Tutorial
PHP tutorial for beginners and professionals provides in-depth knowledge of PHP scripting
language. Our PHP tutorial will help you to learn PHP scripting language easily.
This PHP tutorial covers all the topics of PHP such as introduction, control statements,
functions, array, string, file handling, form handling, regular expression, date and time,
object-oriented programming in PHP, math, PHP MySQL, PHP with Ajax, PHP with jQuery
and PHP with XML.
What is PHP
o PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor.
o PHP is an interpreted language, i.e., there is no need for compilation.
o PHP is a server-side scripting language.
o PHP is faster than other scripting languages, for example, ASP and JSP.
PHP Example
In this tutorial, you will get a lot of PHP examples to understand the topic well. You must
save the PHP file with a .php extension. Let's see a simple PHP example.
File: hello.php
1. <!DOCTYPE>
2. <html>
3. <body>
4. <?php
5. echo "<h2>Hello by PHP</h2>";
6. ?>
7. </body>
8. </html>
Output:
Hello by PHP
What is PHP
PHP is a open source, interpreted and object-oriented scripting language i.e. executed at
server side. It is used to develop web applications (an application i.e. executed at server
side and generates dynamic page).
What is PHP
o PHP is a server side scripting language.
o PHP is an interpreted language, i.e. there is no need for compilation.
o PHP is an object-oriented language.
o PHP is an open-source scripting language.
o PHP is simple and easy to learn language.
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What is PHP
PHP is a open source, interpreted and object-oriented scripting language i.e. executed at
server side. It is used to develop web applications (an application i.e. executed at server
side and generates dynamic page).
What is PHP
o PHP is a server side scripting language.
o PHP is an interpreted language, i.e. there is no need for compilation.
o PHP is an object-oriented language.
o PHP is an open-source scripting language.
o PHP is simple and easy to learn language.
PHP Features
There are given many features of PHP.
Performance: Script written in PHP executes much faster then those scripts written in
other languages such as JSP & ASP.
Open Source Software: PHP source code is free available on the web, you can developed
all the version of PHP according to your requirement without paying any cost.
Platform Independent: PHP are available for WINDOWS, MAC, LINUX & UNIX operating
system. A PHP application developed in one OS can be easily executed in other OS also.
Compatibility: PHP is compatible with almost all local servers used today like Apache, IIS
etc.
Embedded: PHP code can be easily embedded within HTML tags and script.
PHP Example
It is very easy to create a simple PHP example. To do so, create a file and write HTML tags
+ PHP code and save this file with .php extension.
All PHP code goes between php tag. A syntax of PHP tag is given below:
1. <?php
2. //your code here
3. ?>
Let's see a simple PHP example where we are writing some text using PHP echo command.
File: first.php
1. <!DOCTYPE>
2. <html>
3. <body>
4. <?php
5. echo "<h2>Hello First PHP</h2>";
6. ?>
7. </body>
8. </html>
Output:
Hello First PHP
PHP Echo
PHP echo is a language construct not a function, so you don't need to use parenthesis with
it. But if you want to use more than one parameters, it is required to use parenthesis.
The syntax of PHP echo is given below:
1. void echo ( string $arg1 [, string $... ] )
PHP echo statement can be used to print string, multi line strings, escaping characters,
variable, array etc.
PHP echo: printing string

File: echo1.php
1. <?php
2. echo "Hello by PHP echo";
3. ?>
Output:
Hello by PHP echo
PHP echo: printing multi line string

File: echo2.php
1. <?php
2. echo "Hello by PHP echo
3. this is multi line
4. text printed by
5. PHP echo statement
6. ";
7. ?>
Output:
Hello by PHP echo this is multi line text printed by PHP echo statement
PHP echo: printing escaping characters

File: echo3.php
1. <?php
2. echo "Hello escape \"sequence\" characters";
3. ?>
Output:
Hello escape "sequence" characters
PHP echo: printing variable value

File: echo4.php
1. <?php
2. $msg="Hello JavaTpoint PHP";
3. echo "Message is: $msg";
4. ?>
Output:
Message is: Hello JavaTpoint PHP

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PHP Print
Like PHP echo, PHP print is a language construct, so you don't need to use parenthesis
with the argument list. Unlike echo, it always returns 1.
The syntax of PHP print is given below:
1. int print(string $arg)
PHP print statement can be used to print string, multi line strings, escaping characters,
variable, array etc.
PHP print: printing string

File: print1.php
1. <?php
2. print "Hello by PHP print ";
3. print ("Hello by PHP print()");
4. ?>
Output:
Hello by PHP print Hello by PHP print()
PHP print: printing multi line string

File: print2.php
1. <?php
2. print "Hello by PHP print
3. this is multi line
4. text printed by
5. PHP print statement
6. ";
7. ?>
Output:
Hello by PHP print this is multi line text printed by PHP print statement
PHP print: printing escaping characters

File: print3.php
1. <?php
2. print "Hello escape \"sequence\" characters by PHP print";
3. ?>
Output:
Hello escape "sequence" characters by PHP print
PHP print: printing variable value

File: print4.php
1. <?php
2. $msg="Hello print() in PHP";
3. print "Message is: $msg";
4. ?>
Output:
Message is: Hello print() in PHP
PHP Variables
A variable in PHP is a name of memory location that holds data. A variable is a temporary
storage that is used to store data temporarily.
In PHP, a variable is declared using $ sign followed by variable name.
Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP is given below:
1. $variablename=value;
PHP Variable: Declaring string, integer and float

Let's see the example to store string, integer and float values in PHP variables.
File: variable1.php
1. <?php
2. $str="hello string";
3. $x=200;
4. $y=44.6;
5. echo "string is: $str <br/>";
6. echo "integer is: $x <br/>";
7. echo "float is: $y <br/>";
8. ?>
Output:
string is: hello string

integer is: 200
float is: 44.6
PHP Variable: Sum of two variables

File: variable2.php
1. <?php
2. $x=5;
3. $y=6;
4. $z=$x+$y;
5. echo $z;
6. ?>
Output:
11
PHP Variable: case sensitive

In PHP, variable names are case sensitive. So variable name "color" is different from Color,
COLOR, COLor etc.
File: variable3.php
1. <?php
2. $color="red";
3. echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";
4. echo "My house is " . $COLOR . "<br>";
5. echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";
6. ?>
Output:
My car is red
Notice: Undefined variable: COLOR in C:\wamp\www\variable.php on line 4
My house is
Notice: Undefined variable: coLOR in C:\wamp\www\variable.php on line 5
My boat is
PHP Variable: Rules

PHP variables must start with letter or underscore only.
PHP variable can't be start with numbers and special symbols.
File: variablevalid.php
1. <?php
2. $a="hello";//letter (valid)
3. $_b="hello";//underscore (valid)
4.
5. echo "$a <br/> $_b";
6. ?>
Output:
hello
hello
File: variableinvalid.php
1. <?php
2. $4c="hello";//number (invalid)
3. $*d="hello";//special symbol (invalid)
4.
5. echo "$4c <br/> $*d";
6. ?>
Output:
Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '4' (T_LNUMBER), expecting variable

(T_VARIABLE)
or '$' in C:\wamp\www\variableinvalid.php on line 2
PHP $ and $$ Variables

The $var (single dollar) is a normal variable with the name var that stores any value like
string, integer, float, etc.
The $$var (double dollar) is a reference variable that stores the value of the $variable
inside it.
To understand the difference better, let's see some examples.

Example 1
1. <?php
2. $x = "abc";
3. $$x = 200;
4. echo $x."<br/>";
5. echo $$x."<br/>";
6. echo $abc;
7. ?>
Output:
In the above example, we have assigned a value to the variable x as abc. Value of

reference variable $$x is assigned as 200.
Now we have printed the values $x, $$x and $abc.
Example2
1. <?php
2. $x="U.P";
3. $$x="Lucknow";
4. echo $x. "<br>";
5. echo $$x. "<br>";
6. echo "Capital of $x is " . $$x;
7. ?>
Output:
In the above example, we have assigned a value to the variable x as U.P. Value of

reference variable $$x is assigned as Lucknow.
Now we have printed the values $x, $$x and a string.

Example3
1. <?php
2. $name="Cat";
3. ${$name}="Dog";
4. ${${$name}}="Monkey";
5. echo $name. "<br>";
6. echo ${$name}. "<br>";
7. echo $Cat. "<br>";
8. echo ${${$name}}. "<br>";
9. echo $Dog. "<br>";
10. ?>
Output:
In the above example, we have assigned a value to the variable name Cat. Value of
reference variable ${$name} is assigned as Dog and ${${$name}} as Monkey.
PHP Constants
PHP constants are name or identifier that can't be changed during the execution of the
script. PHP constants can be defined by 2 ways:
1. Using define() function

2. Using const keyword
PHP constants follow the same PHP variable rules. For example, it can be started with letter
or underscore only.
Conventionally, PHP constants should be defined in uppercase letters.
PHP constant: define()

Let's see the syntax of define() function in PHP.
1. define(name, value, case-insensitive)
1. name: specifies the constant name

2. value: specifies the constant value
3. case-insensitive: Default value is false. It means it is case sensitive by default.
Let's see the example to define PHP constant using define().
File: constant1.php
1. <?php
2. define("MESSAGE","Hello JavaTpoint PHP");
3. echo MESSAGE;
4. ?>
Output:
Hello JavaTpoint PHP

File: constant2.php
1. <?php
2. define("MESSAGE","Hello JavaTpoint PHP",true);//not case sensitive
3. echo MESSAGE;
4. echo message;
5. ?>
Output:
Hello JavaTpoint PHPHello JavaTpoint PHP

File: constant3.php
1. <?php
2. define("MESSAGE","Hello JavaTpoint PHP",false);//case sensitive
3. echo MESSAGE;
4. echo message;
5. ?>
Output:
Hello JavaTpoint PHP

Notice: Use of undefined constant message - assumed 'message'
in C:\wamp\www\vconstant3.php on line 4
message
PHP constant: const keyword

The const keyword defines constants at compile time. It is a language construct not a
function.
It is bit faster than define().
It is always case sensitive.
File: constant4.php
1. <?php
2. const MESSAGE="Hello const by JavaTpoint PHP";
3. echo MESSAGE;
4. ?>
Output:
Hello const by JavaTpoint PHP
Magic Constants
Magic constants are the predefined constants in PHP which get changed on the basis of their
use. They start with double underscore (__) and ends with double underscore.
They are similar to other predefined constants but as they change their values with the
context, they are called magic constants.
There are eight magical constants defined in the below table. They are case-insensitive.
Name Description
__LINE__ Represents current line number where it is used.
__FILE__ Represents full path and file name of the file. If it is used inside an include, name
returned.
__DIR__ Represents full directory path of the file. Equivalent to dirname(__file__). It does
slash unless it is a root directory. It also resolves symbolic link.
__FUNCTION__ Represents the function name where it is used. If it is used outside of any functio
return blank.
__CLASS__ Represents the class name where it is used. If it is used outside of any function,
blank.
__TRAIT__ Represents the trait name where it is used. If it is used outside of any function, t
blank. It includes namespace it was declared in.
__METHOD__ Represents the name of the class method where it is used. The method name is
declared.
__NAMESPACE__ Represents the name of the current namespace.

Example
Let's see an example for each of the above magical constants.
File Name: magic.php
1. <?php
2. echo "<h3>Example for __LINE__</h3>";
3. echo "You are at line number " . __LINE__ . "<br><br>";// print Your current line
number i.e;3
4. echo "<h3>Example for __FILE__</h3>";
5. echo __FILE__ . "<br><br>";//print full path of file with .php extension
6. echo "<h3>Example for __DIR__</h3>";
7. echo __DIR__ . "<br><br>";//print full path of directory where script will be placed
8. echo dirname(__FILE__) . "<br><br>"; //its output is equivalent to above one.
9. echo "<h3>Example for __FUNCTION__</h3>";
10. //Using magic constant inside function.
11. function cash(){
12. echo 'the function name is '. __FUNCTION__ . "<br><br>";//the function name is
cash.
13. }
14. cash();
15. //Using magic constant outside function gives the blank output.
16. function test_function(){
17. echo 'HYIIII';
18. }
19. test_function();
20. echo __FUNCTION__ . "<br><br>";//gives the blank output.
21.
22. echo "<h3>Example for __CLASS__</h3>";
23. class abc
24. {
25. public function __construct() {
26. ;
27. }
28. function abc_method(){
29. echo __CLASS__ . "<br><br>";//print name of the class abc.
30. }
31. }
32. $t = new abc;
33. $t->abc_method();
34. class first{
35. function test_first(){
36. echo __CLASS__;//will always print parent class which is first here.
37. }
38. }
39. class second extends first
40. {
42. ;
43. }
44. }
45. $t = new second;
46. $t->test_first();
47. echo "<h3>Example for __TRAIT__</h3>";
48. trait created_trait{
49. function abc(){
50. echo __TRAIT__;//will print name of the trait created_trait
51. }
52. }
53. class anew{
54. use created_trait;
55. }
56. $a = new anew;
57. $a->abc();
58. echo "<h3>Example for __METHOD__</h3>";
59. class meth{
61. echo __METHOD__ . "<br><br>";//print meth::__construct
62. }
63. public function meth_fun(){
64. echo __METHOD__;//print meth::meth_fun
65. }
66. }
67. $a = new meth;
68. $a->meth_fun();
69.
70. echo "<h3>Example for __NAMESPACE__</h3>";
71. class name{
73. echo 'This line will be printed on calling namespace';
74. }
75. }
76. $clas_name= __NAMESPACE__ .'\name';
77. $a = new $clas_name;
78. ?>
Output:
PHP Data Types

PHP data types are used to hold different types of data or values. PHP supports 8 primitive
data types that can be categorized further in 3 types:
1. Scalar Types
2. Compound Types
3. Special Types
PHP Data Types: Scalar Types

There are 4 scalar data types in PHP.
1. boolean
2. integer
3. float
4. string
PHP Data Types: Compound Types

There are 2 compound data types in PHP.
1. array
2. object
PHP Data Types: Special Types

There are 2 special data types in PHP.
1. resource
2. NULL
Boolean
These data types provide output as 0 or 1. In PHP, value of True is one and the value of
False is nothing.
Syntax
1. <?php
2. $foo = True; // assign the value TRUE to $foo
3. ?>
Example 1
1. <?php
2. $a=true;
3. echo $a;
4. ?>
Output:
PHP is_bool() function

By using this function, we can check whether the variable is boolean variable or not.
Syntax
1. bool is_bool ( mixed $var )
Parameters
Parameter Description Is compuls
var_name The variable being evaluated. compulso
Returns
It return True if var is boolean, False otherwise.
Example 1
1. <?php
2. $x=false;
3. echo is_bool($x);
4. ?>
Output:
Example 2
1. <?php
2. $y=false;
3. if (is_bool($y))
4. echo 'This is a boolean type.';
5. else
6. echo 'This is not a boolean type.';
7. ?>
Output:
Integer
This data type holds only numeric values. It stores only whole number with no
fractional component. The range of integers must lie between -2^31 to 2^31.
Syntax
Integers can be defined in decimal(base 10), hexadecimal(base 16), octal(base 8) or
binary(base 2) notation.
Example 1
1. <?php
2. $x=123;
3. echo $x;
4. ?>
Output:
Example 2
1. <?php
2. $a=100;
3. var_dump($a);
4. ?>
Output:
Example 3
1. <?php
2. // decimal base integers
3. $deci1 = 40;
4. $deci2 = 500;
5. // octal base integers
6. $octal1 = 07;
7. // hexadecimal base integers
8. $octal = 0x45;
9. $add = $deci1 + $deci2;
10. echo $add;
11. ?>
Output:
PHP is_int() function

By using this function, we can check the input variable is integer or not. This function
was introduced in PHP 4.0.
Syntax
1. bool is_int (mixed $var)
Parameters
Parameter Description Is compulsory
var_name The variable being checked. compulsory
Return type
This function returns true if var_name is an integer, Otherwise false.
Example 1
1. <?php
2. $x=123;
3. echo is_int($x);
4. ?>
Output:
Example 2
<?php
$x = 56;
$y = "xyz";

if (is_int($x))
{
echo "$x is Integer \n" ;
}
else
{
echo "$x is not an Integer \n" ;
}
if (is_int($y))
{
echo "$y is Integer \n" ;
}
else
{
echo "$y is not Integer \n" ;
}
?>
Output:
Example 3
<?php

$check = 12345;
if( is_int($check ))
{
echo $check . " is an int!";
}
else
{
echo $check . " is not an int!";
}

?>
Output:
Float
This data type represents decimal values. The float (floating point number) is a
number with a decimal point or a number in exponential form.
Syntax
1. $a=1.234;
2. $x=1.2e4;
3. $y=7E-10;
Example 1
1. <?php
2. $x=22.41;
3. echo $x;
4. ?>
Output:
Example 2
1. <?php
2. $a = 11.365;
3. var_dump($a);
4. ?>
Output:
Example 3
<?php
$a = 6.203;
$b = 2.3e4;
$c = 7E-10;
var_dump($a);
var_dump($b);
var_dump($c);
?>
Output:
PHP is_float Function

By using this function, we can check that the input value is float or not. This function
was introduced in PHP 4.0.
Syntax
1. bool is_float ( mixed $var )
Parameters
Parameter Description Is compuls
var The variable being evaluated. compulsory
Return type:
The is_float() function returns TRUE if the var_name is float, otherwise false.
Example 1
1. <?php
2. $x=123.41;
3. echo is_float($x);
4. ?>
Output:
Example 2
1. <?php
2. $a=123.41;
3. $b=12;
4. var_dump (is_float($a));
5. var_dump (is_float($b));
6. ?>
Output:
Compound Types
There are 2 compound data types in PHP.
1. Array
2. Object
Array:
The array is a collection of heterogeneous (dissimilar) data types. PHP is a loosely typed
language that?s why we can store any type of values in arrays.
Normal variable can store single value, array can store multiple values.
The array contains a number of elements, and each element is a combination of element
key and element value.
SYNTAX OF ARRAY DECLARATION:

1. Variable_name = array (element1, element2, element3, element4......)
Example 1
1. <?php
2. $arr= array(10,20,30);
3. print_r($arr);
4. ?>
Example 2
1. <?php
2. $arr= array(10,'sonoo',30);
3. print_r($arr);
4. ?>
Example 3
1. <?php
2. $arr= array(0=>10,2=>'sonoo',3=>30);
3. print_r($arr);
4. ?>
Object:
An object is a data type which accumulates data and information on how to process that
data. An object is a specific instance of a class which delivers as templates for objects.
SYNTAX:
At first, we must declare a class of object. A class is a structure which consists of properties
and methods. Classes are specified with the class keyword. We specify the data type in the
object class, and then we use the data type in instances of that class.
Example 1
1. <?php class vehicle
2. {
3. function car()
4. {
5. echo "Display tata motors";
6. }
7. }
8. $obj1 = new vehicle;
9. $obj1->car();
10. ?>
Example 2
1. <?php
2. class student
3. {
4. function student()
5. {
6. $this->kundan = 100;
7. }
8. }
9. $obj = new student();
10. echo $obj->kundan;
11. ?>
Example 3
1. <?php
2. class greeting
3. {
4. public $str = "Hello javatpoint and SSSIT";
5. function show_greeting()
6. {
7. return $this->str;
8. }
9. }
10. $obj = new greeting;
11. var_dump($obj);
12. ?>
PHP Operators
PHP Operator is a symbol i.e used to perform operations on operands. For example:
1. $num=10+20;//+ is the operator and 10,20 are operands
In the above example, + is the binary + operator, 10 and 20 are operands and $num is
variable.
PHP Operators can be categorized in following forms:
o Arithmetic Operators
o Comparison Operators
o Bitwise Operators
o Logical Operators
o String Operators
o Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
o Array Operators
o Type Operators
o Execution Operators
o Error Control Operators
o Assignment Operators
We can also categorize operators on behalf of operands. They can be categorized in 3

forms:
o Unary Operators: works on single operands such as ++, -- etc.

o Binary Operators: works on two operands such as binary +, -, *, / etc.
o Ternary Operators: works on three operands such as "?:".
PHP Operators Precedence

Let's see the precedence of PHP operators with associativity.
Operators Additional Associativity

Information
clone new clone and new non-associative
[ array() left
** arithmetic right
++ -- ~ (int) (float) (string) (array) increment/decrement right

(object) (bool) @ and types
instanceof types non-associative
! logical (negation) right
*/% arithmetic left
+-. arithmetic and string left

concatenation
<< >> bitwise (shift) left
< <= > >= comparison non-associative
== != === !== <> comparison non-associative
& bitwise AND left
^ bitwise XOR left
| bitwise OR left
&& logical AND left
|| logical OR left
?: ternary left
= += -= *= **= /= .= %= &= |= assignment right

^= <<= >>= =>
and logical left
xor logical left
or logical left
, many uses (comma) left
PHP Comments
PHP comments can be used to describe any line of code so that other developer can
understand the code easily. It can also be used to hide any code.
PHP supports single line and multi line comments. These comments are similar to C/C++
and Perl style (Unix shell style) comments.
PHP Single Line Comments

There are two ways to use single line comments in PHP.
o // (C++ style single line comment)

o # (Unix Shell style single line comment)
1. <?php
2. // this is C++ style single line comment
3. # this is Unix Shell style single line comment
4. echo "Welcome to PHP single line comments";
5. ?>
Output:
Welcome to PHP single line comments
PHP Multi Line Comments

In PHP, we can comments multiple lines also. To do so, we need to enclose all lines
within /* */. Let's see a simple example of PHP multiple line comment.
1. <?php
2. /*
3. Anything placed
4. within comment
5. will not be displayed
6. on the browser;
7. */
8. echo "Welcome to PHP multi line comment";
9. ?>
Output:
Welcome to PHP multi line comment
PHP If Else
PHP if else statement is used to test condition. There are various ways to use if statement in
PHP.
o if
o if-else
o if-else-if
o nested if
PHP If Statement
PHP if statement is executed if condition is true.
Syntax
1. if(condition){
2. //code to be executed
3. }
Flowchart
Example
1. <?php
2. $num=12;
3. if($num<100){
4. echo "$num is less than 100";
5. }
6. ?>
Output:
12 is less than 100

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PHP If Else
PHP if else statement is used to test condition. There are various ways to use if
statement in PHP.
o if
o if-else
o if-else-if
o nested if
PHP If Statement
PHP if statement is executed if condition is true.
Syntax
1. if(condition){
3. }
Flowchart
Example
1. <?php
2. $num=12;
3. if($num<100){
4. echo "$num is less than 100";
5. }
6. ?>
Output:
12 is less than 100
PHP If-else Statement

PHP if-else statement is executed whether condition is true or false.
Syntax
if(condition){
//code to be executed if true
}else{
//code to be executed if false
}
Flowchart
Example
<?php
$num=12;
if($num%2==0){
echo "$num is even number";
}else{
echo "$num is odd number";
}
?>
Output:
12 is even number
PHP Switch
PHP switch statement is used to execute one statement from multiple conditions. It works
like PHP if-else-if statement.
Syntax
1. switch(expression){
2. case value1:
4. break;
5. case value2:
7. break;
8. ......
9. default:
10. code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
11. }
PHP Switch Flowchart

PHP Switch Example
1. <?php
2. $num=20;
3. switch($num){
4. case 10:
5. echo("number is equals to 10");
6. break;
7. case 20:
8. echo("number is equal to 20");
9. break;
10. case 30:
11. echo("number is equal to 30");
12. break;
13. default:
14. echo("number is not equal to 10, 20 or 30");
15. }
16. ?>
Output:
number is equal to 20
PHP For Loop

PHP for loop can be used to traverse set of code for the specified number of times.
It should be used if number of iteration is known otherwise use while loop.
Syntax
1. for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement){
3. }
Flowchart
Example
1. <?php
2. for($n=1;$n<=10;$n++){
3. echo "$n<br/>";
4. }
5. ?>
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PHP Nested For Loop

We can use for loop inside for loop in PHP, it is known as nested for loop.
In case of inner or nested for loop, nested for loop is executed fully for one outer for loop. If
outer for loop is to be executed for 3 times and inner for loop for 3 times, inner for loop will
be executed 9 times (3 times for 1st outer loop, 3 times for 2nd outer loop and 3 times for
3rd outer loop).
Example
1. <?php
2. for($i=1;$i<=3;$i++){
3. for($j=1;$j<=3;$j++){
4. echo "$i $j<br/>";
5. }
6. }
7. ?>
Output:
1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 2
2 3
3 1
3 2
3 3
PHP For Each Loop

PHP for each loop is used to traverse array elements.
Syntax
1. foreach( $array as $var ){
3. }
4. ?>
Example
1. <?php
2. $season=array("summer","winter","spring","autumn");
3. foreach( $season as $arr ){
4. echo "Season is: $arr<br />";
5. }
6. ?>
Output:
Season is: summer

Season is: winter
Season is: spring
Season is: autumn
PHP While Loop

PHP while loop can be used to traverse set of code like for loop.
It should be used if number of iteration is not known.
Syntax
1. while(condition){
3. }
Alternative Syntax
while(condition):
//code to be executed

endwhile;
PHP While Loop Flowchart
PHP While Loop Example
<?php
$n=1;
while($n<=10){
echo "$n<br/>";
$n++;
}
?>
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Alternative Example
<?php
$n=1;
while($n<=10):
echo "$n<br/>";
$n++;
endwhile;
?>
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PHP Nested While Loop

We can use while loop inside another while loop in PHP, it is known as nested while loop.
In case of inner or nested while loop, nested while loop is executed fully for one outer while
loop. If outer while loop is to be executed for 3 times and nested while loop for 3 times,
nested while loop will be executed 9 times (3 times for 1st outer loop, 3 times for 2nd outer
loop and 3 times for 3rd outer loop).
Example
<?php
$i=1;
while($i<=3){
$j=1;
while($j<=3){
echo "$i $j<br/>";
$j++;
}
$i++;
}
?>
Output:
1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 2
2 3
3 1
3 2
3 3
PHP do while loop

PHP do while loop can be used to traverse set of code like php while loop. The PHP do-while
loop is guaranteed to run at least once.
It executes the code at least one time always because condition is checked after executing
the code.
Syntax
1. do{
3. }while(condition);
Flowchart
Example
<?php
$n=1;
do{
echo "$n<br/>";
$n++;
}while($n<=10);
?>
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
PHP Break
PHP break statement breaks the execution of current for, while, do-while, switch and for-
each loop. If you use break inside inner loop, it breaks the execution of inner loop only.
Syntax
1. jump statement;
2. break;
Flowchart
PHP Break: inside loop

Let's see a simple example to break the execution of for loop if value of i is equal to 5.
1. <?php
2. for($i=1;$i<=10;$i++){
3. echo "$i <br/>";
4. if($i==5){
5. break;
6. }
7. }
8. ?>
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
PHP Break: inside inner loop

The PHP break statement breaks the execution of inner loop only.
1. <?php
2. for($i=1;$i<=3;$i++){
3. for($j=1;$j<=3;$j++){
4. echo "$i $j<br/>";
5. if($i==2 && $j==2){
6. break;
7. }
8. }
9. }
10. ?>
Output:
1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 2
3 1
3 2
3 3
PHP Break: inside switch statement

The PHP break statement breaks the flow of switch case also.
<?php
$num=200;
switch($num){
case 100:
echo("number is equals to 100");
break;
case 200:
echo("number is equal to 200");
break;
case 50:
echo("number is equal to 300");
break;
default:
echo("number is not equal to 100, 200 or 500");
}
?>
Output:
number is equal to 200
PHP Functions
PHP function is a piece of code that can be reused many times. It can take input as
argument list and return value. There are thousands of built-in functions in PHP.
In PHP, we can define Conditional function, Function within Function and Recursive

function also.
Advantage of PHP Functions

Code Reusability: PHP functions are defined only once and can be invoked many times,
like in other programming languages.
Less Code: It saves a lot of code because you don't need to write the logic many times. By
the use of function, you can write the logic only once and reuse it.
Easy to understand: PHP functions separate the programming logic. So it is easier to

understand the flow of the application because every logic is divided in the form of
functions.
PHP User-defined Functions

We can declare and call user-defined functions easily. Let's see the syntax to declare user-
defined functions.
Syntax
1. function functionname(){
3. }
PHP Functions Example

File: function1.php
1. <?php
2. function sayHello(){
3. echo "Hello PHP Function";
4. }
5. sayHello();//calling function
6. ?>
Output:
Hello PHP Function
PHP Function Arguments

We can pass the information in PHP function through arguments which is separated by
comma.
PHP supports Call by Value (default), Call by Reference, Default argument

values and Variable-length argument list.
Let's see the example to pass single argument in PHP function.
File: functionarg.php
1. <?php
2. function sayHello($name){
3. echo "Hello $name<br/>";
4. }
5. sayHello("Sonoo");
6. sayHello("Vimal");
7. sayHello("John");
8. ?>
Output:
Hello Sonoo
Hello Vimal
Hello John
Let's see the example to pass two argument in PHP function.
File: functionarg2.php
1. <?php
2. function sayHello($name,$age){
3. echo "Hello $name, you are $age years old<br/>";
4. }
5. sayHello("Sonoo",27);
6. sayHello("Vimal",29);
7. sayHello("John",23);
8. ?>
Output:
Hello Sonoo, you are 27 years old

Hello Vimal, you are 29 years old
Hello John, you are 23 years old
PHP Call By Reference

Value passed to the function doesn't modify the actual value by default (call by value). But
we can do so by passing value as a reference.
By default, value passed to the function is call by value. To pass value as a reference, you
need to use ampersand (&) symbol before the argument name.
Let's see a simple example of call by reference in PHP.
File: functionref.php
1. <?php
2. function adder(&$str2)
3. {
4. $str2 .= 'Call By Reference';
5. }
6. $str = 'Hello ';
7. adder($str);
8. echo $str;
9. ?>
Output:
Hello Call By Reference
PHP Function: Default Argument Value

We can specify a default argument value in function. While calling PHP function if you don't
specify any argument, it will take the default argument. Let's see a simple example of using
default argument value in PHP function.
File: functiondefaultarg.php
1. <?php
2. function sayHello($name="Sonoo"){
4. }
5. sayHello("Rajesh");
6. sayHello();//passing no value
7. sayHello("John");
8. ?>
Output:
Hello Rajesh
Hello Sonoo
Hello John
PHP Function: Returning Value

Let's see an example of PHP function that returns value.
File: functiondefaultarg.php
1. <?php
2. function cube($n){
3. return $n*$n*$n;
4. }
5. echo "Cube of 3 is: ".cube(3);
6. ?>
Output:
Cube of 3 is: 27
PHP Parameterized Function

PHP Parameterized functions are the functions with parameters. You can pass any number
of parameters inside a function. These passed parameters act as variables inside your
function.
They are specified inside the parentheses, after the function name.
The output depends upon the dynamic values passed as the parameters into the function.
PHP Parameterized Example 1

Addition and Subtraction
In this example, we have passed two parameters $x and $y inside two

functions add() and sub().
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Parameter Addition and Subtraction Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php
//Adding two numbers
function add($x, $y) {
$sum = $x + $y;
echo "Sum of two numbers is = $sum <br><br>";
}
add(467, 943);

//Subtracting two numbers
function sub($x, $y) {
$diff = $x - $y;
echo "Difference between two numbers is = $diff";
}
sub(943, 467);
?>
</body>
</html>
Output:
PHP Parameterized Example 2

Addition and Subtraction with Dynamic number
In this example, we have passed two parameters $x and $y inside two
functions add() and sub().
<?php
//add() function with two parameter
function add($x,$y)
{
$sum=$x+$y;
echo "Sum = $sum <br><br>";
}
//sub() function with two parameter
function sub($x,$y)
{
$sub=$x-$y;
echo "Diff = $sub <br><br>";
}
//call function, get two argument through input box and click on add or sub button
if(isset($_POST['add']))
{
//call add() function
add($_POST['first'],$_POST['second']);
}
if(isset($_POST['sub']))
{
//call add() function
sub($_POST['first'],$_POST['second']);
}
?>
<form method="post">
Enter first number: <input type="number" name="first"/><br><br>
Enter second number: <input type="number" name="second"/><br><br>
<input type="submit" name="add" value="ADDITION"/>
<input type="submit" name="sub" value="SUBTRACTION"/>
</form>
Output:
We passed the following number,
Now clicking on ADDITION button, we get the following output.

Now clicking on SUBTRACTION button, we get the following output.
PHP Call By Value

PHP allows you to call function by value and reference both. In case of PHP call by value,
actual value is not modified if it is modified inside the function.
Let's understand the concept of call by value by the help of examples.
Example 1
In this example, variable $str is passed to the adder function where it is concatenated with
'Call By Value' string. But, printing $str variable results 'Hello' only. It is because changes
are done in the local variable $str2 only. It doesn't reflect to $str variable.
<?php
function adder($str2)
{
$str2 .= 'Call By Value';
}
$str = 'Hello ';
adder($str);
echo $str;
?>
Output:
Hello
Example 2
Let's understand PHP call by value concept through another example.
<?php
function increment($i)
{
$i++;
}
$i = 10;
increment($i);
echo $i;
?>
Output:
10
PHP Call By Reference

In case of PHP call by reference, actual value is modified if it is modified inside the function.
In such case, you need to use & (ampersand) symbol with formal arguments. The &
represents reference of the variable.
Let's understand the concept of call by reference by the help of examples.
Example 1
In this example, variable $str is passed to the adder function where it is concatenated with
'Call By Reference' string. Here, printing $str variable results 'This is Call By Reference'. It is
because changes are done in the actual variable $str.
<?php
function adder(&$str2)
{
$str2 .= 'Call By Reference';
}
$str = 'This is ';
adder($str);
echo $str;
?>
Output:
This is Call By Reference
Example 2
Let's understand PHP call by reference concept through another example.
<?php
function increment(&$i)
{
$i++;
}
$i = 10;
increment($i);
echo $i;
?>
Output:
11
PHP Default Argument Values Function

PHP allows you to define C++ style default argument values. In such case, if you don't pass
any value to the function, it will use default argument value.
Let' see the simple example of using PHP default arguments in function.
Example 1
1. <?php
2. function sayHello($name="Ram"){
4. }
5. sayHello("Sonoo");
6. sayHello();//passing no value
7. sayHello("Vimal");
8. ?>
Output:
Hello Sonoo
Hello Ram
Hello Vimal
Example 2
<?php
function greeting($first="Sonoo",$last="Jaiswal"){
echo "Greeting: $first $last<br/>";
}
greeting();
greeting("Rahul");
greeting("Michael","Clark");
?>
Output:
Greeting: Sonoo Jaiswal

Greeting: Rahul Jaiswal
Greeting: Michael Clark
Example 3
<?php
function add($n1=10,$n2=10){
$n3=$n1+$n2;
echo "Addition is: $n3<br/>";
}
add();
add(20);
add(40,40);
?>
Output:
Addition is: 20
Addition is: 30
Addition is: 80
PHP Variable Length Argument Function

PHP supports variable length argument function. It means you can pass 0, 1 or n number of
arguments in function. To do so, you need to use 3 ellipses (dots) before the argument
name.
The 3 dot concept is implemented for variable length argument since PHP 5.6.
Let's see a simple example of PHP variable length argument function.
<?php
function add(...$numbers) {
$sum = 0;
foreach ($numbers as $n) {
$sum += $n;
}
return $sum;
}

echo add(1, 2, 3, 4);
?>
Output:
10
PHP Recursive Function

PHP also supports recursive function call like C/C++. In such case, we call current function
within function. It is also known as recursion.
It is recommended to avoid recursive function call over 200 recursion level because it may
smash the stack and may cause the termination of script.
Example 1: Printing number

<?php
function display($number) {
if($number<=5){
echo "$number <br/>";
display($number+1);
}
}

display(1);
?>
Output:
1
2
3
4
5
Example 2 : Factorial Number

<?php
function factorial($n)
{
if ($n < 0)
return -1; /*Wrong value*/
if ($n == 0)
return 1; /*Terminating condition*/
return ($n * factorial ($n -1));
}

echo factorial(5);
?>
Output:
120
PHP Arrays
PHP array is an ordered map (contains value on the basis of key). It is used to hold multiple
values of similar type in a single variable.
Advantage of PHP Array

Less Code: We don't need to define multiple variables.
Easy to traverse: By the help of single loop, we can traverse all the elements of an array.
Sorting: We can sort the elements of array.
PHP Array Types

There are 3 types of array in PHP.
1. Indexed Array
2. Associative Array
3. Multidimensional Array
PHP Indexed Array

PHP index is represented by number which starts from 0. We can store number, string and
object in the PHP array. All PHP array elements are assigned to an index number by default.
There are two ways to define indexed array:
1st way:
$season=array("summer","winter","spring","autumn");
2nd way:
$season[0]="summer";
$season[1]="winter";
$season[2]="spring";
$season[3]="autumn";
Example
File: array1.php
<?php
echo "Season are: $season[0], $season[1], $season[2] and $season[3]";
?>
Output:
Season are: summer, winter, spring and autumn

File: array2.php
<?php
$season[0]="summer";
$season[1]="winter";
$season[2]="spring";
$season[3]="autumn";
?>
Output:
PHP Indexed Array

PHP indexed array is an array which is represented by an index number by default. All
elements of array are represented by an index number which starts from 0.
PHP indexed array can store numbers, strings or any object. PHP indexed array is also
known as numeric array.
Definition
1st way:
1. $size=array("Big","Medium","Short");
2nd way:
1. $size[0]="Big";
2. $size[1]="Medium";
3. $size[2]="Short";
next →← prev
PHP Indexed Array

PHP indexed array is an array which is represented by an index number by default. All
elements of array are represented by an index number which starts from 0.
PHP indexed array can store numbers, strings or any object. PHP indexed array is also
known as numeric array.
Definition
1st way:
$size=array("Big","Medium","Short");
2nd way:
$size[0]="Big";
$size[1]="Medium";
$size[2]="Short";
PHP Indexed Array Example

File: array1.php
<?php
echo "Size: $size[0], $size[1] and $size[2]";
?>
Output:
Size: Big, Medium and Short

File: array2.php
<?php
$size[0]="Big";
$size[1]="Medium";
$size[2]="Short";
echo "Size: $size[0], $size[1] and $size[2]";
?>
Output:
Size: Big, Medium and Short

Traversing PHP Indexed Array
We can easily traverse array in PHP using foreach loop. Let's see a simple example to
traverse all the elements of PHP array.
File: array3.php
<?php
foreach( $size as $s )
{
echo "Size is: $s<br />";
}
?>
Output:
Size is: Big

Size is: Medium
Size is: Short
Count Length of PHP Indexed Array

PHP provides count() function which returns length of an array.
<?php
echo count($size);
?>
Output:
PHP Associative Array

We can associate name with each array elements in PHP using => symbol.
There are two ways to define associative array:

1st way:
$salary=array("Sonoo"=>"350000","John"=>"450000","Kartik"=>"200000");
2nd way:
$salary["Sonoo"]="350000";
$salary["John"]="450000";
$salary["Kartik"]="200000";
Example
File: arrayassociative1.php
<?php
$salary=array("Sonoo"=>"350000","John"=>"450000","Kartik"=>"200000");
echo "Sonoo salary: ".$salary["Sonoo"]."<br/>";
echo "John salary: ".$salary["John"]."<br/>";
echo "Kartik salary: ".$salary["Kartik"]."<br/>";
?>
Output:
Sonoo salary: 350000

John salary: 450000
Kartik salary: 200000
File: arrayassociative2.php
<?php
$salary["Sonoo"]="350000";
$salary["John"]="450000";
$salary["Kartik"]="200000";
echo "Sonoo salary: ".$salary["Sonoo"]."<br/>";
echo "John salary: ".$salary["John"]."<br/>";
echo "Kartik salary: ".$salary["Kartik"]."<br/>";
?>
Output:
Sonoo salary: 350000

John salary: 450000
Kartik salary: 200000
PHP Multidimensional Array

PHP multidimensional array is also known as array of arrays. It allows you to store tabular
data in an array. PHP multidimensional array can be represented in the form of matrix which
is represented by row * column.
Definition
1. $emp = array
2. (
3. array(1,"sonoo",400000),
4. array(2,"john",500000),
5. array(3,"rahul",300000)
6. );
PHP Multidimensional Array Example

Let's see a simple example of PHP multidimensional array to display following tabular data.
In this example, we are displaying 3 rows and 3 columns.
Id Name Salary
1 sonoo 400000
2 john 500000
3 rahul 300000
File: multiarray.php
<?php
$emp = array
(
array(1,"sonoo",400000),
array(2,"john",500000),
array(3,"rahul",300000)
);

for ($row = 0; $row < 3; $row++) {
for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++) {
echo $emp[$row][$col]." ";
}
echo "<br/>";
}
?>
Output:
1 sonoo 400000
2 john 500000
3 rahul 300000
PHP Array Functions

PHP provides various array functions to access and manipulate the elements of array. The
important PHP array functions are given below.
1) PHP array() function

PHP array() function creates and returns an array. It allows you to create indexed,
associative and multidimensional arrays.
Syntax
array array ([ mixed $... ] )
Example
<?php
?>
Output:
2) PHP array_change_key_case() function

PHP array_change_key_case() function changes the case of all key of an array.
Note: It changes case of key only.
Syntax
array array_change_key_case ( array $array [, int $case = CASE_LOWER ] )
Example
<?php
$salary=array("Sonoo"=>"550000","Vimal"=>"250000","Ratan"=>"200000");
print_r(array_change_key_case($salary,CASE_UPPER));
?>
Output:
Array ( [SONOO] => 550000 [VIMAL] => 250000 [RATAN] => 200000 )
Example
<?php
print_r(array_change_key_case($salary,CASE_LOWER));
?>
Output:
Array ( [sonoo] => 550000 [vimal] => 250000 [ratan] => 200000 )
3) PHP array_chunk() function

PHP array_chunk() function splits array into chunks. By using array_chunk() method, you
can divide array into many parts.
Syntax
array array_chunk ( array $array , int $size [, bool $preserve_keys = false ] )
Example
<?php
print_r(array_chunk($salary,2));
?>
Output:
Array (
[0] => Array ( [0] => 550000 [1] => 250000 )
[1] => Array ( [0] => 200000 )
)
4) PHP count() function
PHP count() function counts all elements in an array.
Syntax
int count ( mixed $array_or_countable [, int $mode = COUNT_NORMAL ] )
Example
<?php
echo count($season);
?>
Output:
5) PHP sort() function

PHP sort() function sorts all the elements in an array.
Syntax
bool sort ( array &$array [, int $sort_flags = SORT_REGULAR ] )
Example
<?php
sort($season);
foreach( $season as $s )
{
echo "$s<br />";
}
?>
Output:
autumn
spring
summer
winter
6) PHP array_reverse() function
PHP array_reverse() function returns an array containing elements in reversed order.
Syntax
array array_reverse ( array $array [, bool $preserve_keys = false ] )
Example
<?php
$reverseseason=array_reverse($season);
foreach( $reverseseason as $s )
{
echo "$s<br />";
}
?>
Output:
autumn
spring
winter
summer
7) PHP array_search() function

PHP array_search() function searches the specified value in an array. It returns key if
search is successful.
Syntax
mixed array_search ( mixed $needle , array $haystack [, bool $strict = false ] )
Example
<?php
$key=array_search("spring",$season);
echo $key;
?>
Output:
2
8) PHP array_intersect() function

PHP array_intersect() function returns the intersection of two array. In other words, it
returns the matching elements of two array.
Syntax
array array_intersect ( array $array1 , array $array2 [, array $... ] )
Example
<?php
$name1=array("sonoo","john","vivek","smith");
$name2=array("umesh","sonoo","kartik","smith");
$name3=array_intersect($name1,$name2);
foreach( $name3 as $n )
{
echo "$n<br />";
}
?>
Output:
sonoo
smith
PHP String
A PHP string is a sequence of characters i.e. used to store and manipulate text. There are 4 ways to
specify string in PHP.
o single quoted
o double quoted
o heredoc syntax
o newdoc syntax (since PHP 5.3)
Single Quoted PHP String

We can create a string in PHP by enclosing text in a single quote. It is the easiest way to specify string in
PHP.
1. <?php
2. $str='Hello text within single quote';
3. echo $str;
4. ?>
Output:
Hello text within single quote
We can store multiple line text, special characters and escape sequences in a single quoted PHP string.
1. <?php
2. $str1='Hello text
3. multiple line
4. text within single quoted string';
5. $str2='Using double "quote" directly inside single quoted string';
6. $str3='Using escape sequences \n in single quoted string';
7. echo "$str1 <br/> $str2 <br/> $str3";
8. ?>
Output:
Hello text multiple line text within single quoted string

Using double "quote" directly inside single quoted string
Using escape sequences \n in single quoted string
Note: In single quoted PHP strings, most escape sequences and variables will not be interpreted. But, we can use
single quote through \' and backslash through \\ inside single quoted PHP strings.
1. <?php
2. $num1=10;
3. $str1='trying variable $num1';
4. $str2='trying backslash n and backslash t inside single quoted string \n \t';
5. $str3='Using single quote \'my quote\' and \\backslash';
7. ?>
Output:
trying variable $num1

trying backslash n and backslash t inside single quoted string \n \t
Using single quote 'my quote' and \backslash
Double Quoted PHP String

In PHP, we can specify string through enclosing text within double quote also. But escape sequences and
variables will be interpreted using double quote PHP strings.
1. <?php
2. $str="Hello text within double quote";
3. echo $str;
4. ?>
Output:
Hello text within double quote
Now, you can't use double quote directly inside double quoted string.
1. <?php
2. $str1="Using double "quote" directly inside double quoted string";
3. echo $str1;
4. ?>
Output:
Parse error: syntax error, unexpected 'quote' (T_STRING) in C:\wamp\www\string1.php on

line 2
We can store multiple line text, special characters and escape sequences in a
double quoted PHP string.
1. <?php
2. $str1="Hello text
3. multiple line
4. text within double quoted string";
5. $str2="Using double \"quote\" with backslash inside double quoted string";
6. $str3="Using escape sequences \n in double quoted string";
8. ?>
Output:
Hello text multiple line text within double quoted string

Using double "quote" with backslash inside double quoted string
Using escape sequences in double quoted string
In double quoted strings, variable will be interpreted.
1. <?php
2. $num1=10;
3. echo "Number is: $num1";
4. ?>
Output:
Number is: 10
PHP Form Handling

We can create and use forms in PHP. To get form data, we need to use PHP superglobals
$_GET and $_POST.
The form request may be get or post. To retrieve data from get request, we need to use
$_GET, for post request $_POST.
PHP Get Form

Get request is the default form request. The data passed through get request is visible on
the URL browser so it is not secured. You can send limited amount of data through get
request.
Let's see a simple example to receive data from get request in PHP.
File: form1.html
1. <form action="welcome.php" method="get">
2. Name: <input type="text" name="name"/>
3. <input type="submit" value="visit"/>
4. </form>
File: welcome.php
1. <?php
2. $name=$_GET["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable
3. echo "Welcome, $name";
4. ?>
PHP Post Form

Post request is widely used to submit form that have large amount of data such as file
upload, image upload, login form, registration form etc.
The data passed through post request is not visible on the URL browser so it is secured. You
can send large amount of data through post request.
Let's see a simple example to receive data from post request in PHP.
File: form1.html
<form action="login.php" method="post">
<table>
<tr><td>Name:</td><td> <input type="text" name="name"/></td></tr>
<tr><td>Password:</td><td> <input type="password" name="password"/></td></tr
>
<tr><td colspan="2"><input type="submit" value="login"/> </td></tr>
</table>
</form>
File: login.php
<?php
$name=$_POST["name"];//receiving name field value in $name variable
$password=$_POST["password"];//receiving password field value in $password variable

echo "Welcome: $name, your password is: $password";
?>
Output:

PHP Include File

PHP allows you to include file so that a page content can be reused many times. There are
two ways to include file in PHP.
1. include
2. require
Advantage
Code Reusability: By the help of include and require construct, we can reuse HTML code or
PHP script in many PHP scripts.
PHP include example

PHP include is used to include file on the basis of given path. You may use relative or
absolute path of the file. Let's see a simple PHP include example.
File: menu.html
1. <a href="http://www.javatpoint.com">Home</a> |
2. <a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/php-tutorial">PHP</a> |
3. <a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/java-tutorial">Java</a> |
4. <a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/html-tutorial">HTML</a>
File: include1.php
1. <?php include("menu.html"); ?>
2. <h1>This is Main Page</h1>
Output:
Home | PHP | Java | HTML
This is Main Page

PHP require example
PHP require is similar to include. Let's see a simple PHP require example.
File: menu.html
1. <a href="http://www.javatpoint.com">Home</a> |
2. <a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/php-tutorial">PHP</a> |
3. <a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/java-tutorial">Java</a> |
4. <a href="http://www.javatpoint.com/html-tutorial">HTML</a>
File: require1.php
1. <?php require("menu.html"); ?>
2. <h1>This is Main Page</h1>
Output:
Home | PHP | Java | HTML
This is Main Page
PHP File Handling

PHP File System allows us to create file, read file line by line, read file character by
character, write file, append file, delete file and close file.
PHP Open File - fopen()

The PHP fopen() function is used to open a file.
Syntax
resource fopen ( string $filename , string $mode [, bool $use_include_path = false [, res
ource $context ]] )
Example
<?php
$handle = fopen("c:\\folder\\file.txt", "r");
?>
PHP Close File - fclose()

The PHP fclose() function is used to close an open file pointer.
Syntax
1. ool fclose ( resource $handle )
Example
1. <?php
2. fclose($handle);
3. ?>
PHP Read File - fread()

The PHP fread() function is used to read the content of the file. It accepts two arguments:
resource and file size.
Syntax
1. string fread ( resource $handle , int $length )
Example
<?php
$filename = "c:\\myfile.txt";
$handle = fopen($filename, "r");//open file in read mode

$contents = fread($handle, filesize($filename));//read file

echo $contents;//printing data of file
fclose($handle);//close file
?>
Output
hello php file
PHP Read File

PHP provides various functions to read data from file. There are different functions that
allow you to read all file data, read data line by line and read data character by character.
The available PHP file read functions are given below.
o fread()
o fgets()
o fgetc()
PHP Read File - fread()

The PHP fread() function is used to read data of the file. It requires two arguments: file
resource and file size.
Syntax
1. string fread (resource $handle , int $length )
$handle represents file pointer that is created by fopen() function.
$length represents length of byte to be read.
Example
1. <?php
2. $filename = "c:\\file1.txt";
3. $fp = fopen($filename, "r");//open file in read mode
4.
5. $contents = fread($fp, filesize($filename));//read file
6.
7. echo "<pre>$contents</pre>";//printing data of file
8. fclose($fp);//close file
9. ?>
Output
this is first line

this is another line
this is third line
PHP Read File - fgets()

The PHP fgets() function is used to read single line from the file.
Syntax
1. string fgets ( resource $handle [, int $length ] )
Example
1. <?php
2. $fp = fopen("c:\\file1.txt", "r");//open file in read mode
3. echo fgets($fp);
4. fclose($fp);
5. ?>
Output
this is first line
PHP Read File - fgetc()

The PHP fgetc() function is used to read single character from the file. To get all data using
fgetc() function, use !feof() function inside the while loop.
Syntax
1. string fgetc ( resource $handle )
Example
1. <?php
2. $fp = fopen("c:\\file1.txt", "r");//open file in read mode
3. while(!feof($fp)) {
4. echo fgetc($fp);
5. }
6. fclose($fp);
7. ?>
Output
this is first line this is another line this is third line
PHP Write File - fwrite()

The PHP fwrite() function is used to write content of the string into file.
Syntax
1. int fwrite ( resource $handle , string $string [, int $length ] )
Example
1. <?php
2. $fp = fopen('data.txt', 'w');//open file in write mode
3. fwrite($fp, 'hello ');
4. fwrite($fp, 'php file');
5. fclose($fp);
6.
7. echo "File written successfully";
8. ?>
Output
File written successfully

next →← prev
PHP Write File

PHP fwrite() and fputs() functions are used to write data into file. To write data into file,
you need to use w, r+, w+, x, x+, c or c+ mode.
PHP Write File - fwrite()
The PHP fwrite() function is used to write content of the string into file.
Syntax
1. int fwrite ( resource $handle , string $string [, int $length ] )
Example
1. <?php
2. $fp = fopen('data.txt', 'w');//opens file in write-only mode
3. fwrite($fp, 'welcome ');
4. fwrite($fp, 'to php file write');
5. fclose($fp);
6.
8. ?>
Output: data.txt
welcome to php file write
PHP Overwriting File

If you run the above code again, it will erase the previous data of the file and writes the
new data. Let's see the code that writes only new data into data.txt file.
1. <?php
2. $fp = fopen('data.txt', 'w');//opens file in write-only mode
3. fwrite($fp, 'hello');
4. fclose($fp);
5.
7. ?>
Output: data.txt
hello
PHP Append to File

If you use a mode, it will not erase the data of the file. It will write the data at the end of
the file. Visit the next page to see the example of appending data into file.
PHP Append to File

You can append data into file by using a or a+ mode in fopen() function. Let's see a simple
example that appends data into data.txt file.
Let's see the data of file first.
data.txt
welcome to php file write
PHP Append to File - fwrite()

The PHP fwrite() function is used to write and append data into file.
Example
1. <?php
2. $fp = fopen('data.txt', 'a');//opens file in append mode
3. fwrite($fp, ' this is additional text ');
4. fwrite($fp, 'appending data');
5. fclose($fp);
6.
7. echo "File appended successfully";
8. ?>
Output: data.txt
welcome to php file write this is additional text appending data
PHP Delete File - unlink()

The PHP unlink() function is used to delete file.
Syntax
bool unlink ( string $filename [, resource $context ] )
Example
<?php
unlink('data.txt');

echo "File deleted successfully";
?>
PHP MySQL Connect

Since PHP 5.5, mysql_connect() extension is deprecated. Now it is recommended to use
one of the 2 alternatives.
o mysqli_connect()
o PDO::__construct()
PHP mysqli_connect()
PHP mysqli_connect() function is used to connect with MySQL database. It
returns resource if connection is established or null.
Syntax
1. resource mysqli_connect (server, username, password)
PHP mysqli_close()
PHP mysqli_close() function is used to disconnect with MySQL database. It returns true if
connection is closed or false.
Syntax
1. bool mysqli_close(resource $resource_link)
next →← prev
PHP MySQL Connect

Since PHP 5.5, mysql_connect() extension is deprecated. Now it is recommended to
use one of the 2 alternatives.
o mysqli_connect()
o PDO::__construct()
PHP mysqli_connect()
PHP mysqli_connect() function is used to connect with MySQL database. It
returns resource if connection is established or null.
Syntax
1. resource mysqli_connect (server, username, password)
PHP mysqli_close()
PHP mysqli_close() function is used to disconnect with MySQL database. It
returns true if connection is closed or false.
Syntax
1. bool mysqli_close(resource $resource_link)
PHP MySQL Connect Example

Example
<?php
$host = 'localhost:3306';
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$conn = mysqli_connect($host, $user, $pass);
if(! $conn )
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
echo 'Connected successfully';
mysqli_close($conn);
?>
Output:
Connected successfully
PHP MySQL Create Database

Since PHP 4.3, mysql_create_db() function is deprecated. Now it is recommended to use
one of the 2 alternatives.
o mysqli_query()
o PDO::__query()
PHP MySQLi Create Database Example

Example
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$conn = mysqli_connect($host, $user, $pass);
if(! $conn )
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo 'Connected successfully<br/>';

$sql = 'CREATE Database mydb';
if(mysqli_query( $conn,$sql)){
echo "Database mydb created successfully.";
}else{
echo "Sorry, database creation failed ".mysqli_error($conn);
}
?>
Output:
Database mydb created successfully.
PHP MySQL Create Table

PHP mysql_query() function is used to create table. Since PHP
5.5, mysql_query() function is deprecated. Now it is recommended to use one of the 2
alternatives.
o mysqli_query()
o PDO::__query()
PHP MySQLi Create Table Example
Example
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';

$conn = mysqli_connect($host, $user, $pass,$dbname);
if(!$conn){
die('Could not connect: '.mysqli_connect_error());
}

$sql = "create table emp5(id INT AUTO_INCREMENT,name VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
emp_salary INT NOT NULL,primary key (id))";
if(mysqli_query($conn, $sql)){
echo "Table emp5 created successfully";
}else{
echo "Could not create table: ". mysqli_error($conn);
}

?>
Output:
Table emp5 created successfully
PHP MySQL Insert Record

PHP mysql_query() function is used to insert record in a table. Since PHP
alternatives.
o mysqli_query()
o PDO::__query()
PHP MySQLi Insert Record Example

Example
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';

if(!$conn){
}

$sql = 'INSERT INTO emp4(name,salary) VALUES ("sonoo", 9000)';
echo "Record inserted successfully";
}else{
echo "Could not insert record: ". mysqli_error($conn);
}

?>
Output:
Record inserted successfully
PHP MySQL Update Record

PHP mysql_query() function is used to update record in a table. Since PHP
alternatives.
o mysqli_query()
o PDO::__query()
PHP MySQLi Update Record Example

Example
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';

if(!$conn){
}

$id=2;
$name="Rahul";
$salary=80000;
$sql = "update emp4 set name=\"$name\", salary=$salary where id=$id";
echo "Record updated successfully";
}else{
echo "Could not update record: ". mysqli_error($conn);
}

?>
Output:
Record updated successfully
PHP MySQL Delete Record

PHP mysql_query() function is used to delete record in a table. Since PHP
alternatives.
o mysqli_query()
o PDO::__query()
PHP MySQLi Delete Record Example

Example
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';

if(!$conn){
}

$id=2;
$sql = "delete from emp4 where id=$id";
echo "Record deleted successfully";
}else{
echo "Could not deleted record: ". mysqli_error($conn);
}

?>
Output:
Record deleted successfully
PHP MySQL Select Query

PHP mysql_query() function is used to execute select query. Since PHP
alternatives.
o mysqli_query()
o PDO::__query()
There are two other MySQLi functions used in select query.
o mysqli_num_rows(mysqli_result $result): returns number of rows.

o mysqli_fetch_assoc(mysqli_result $result): returns row as an associative array.
Each key of the array represents the column name of the table. It return NULL if
there are no more rows.
PHP MySQLi Select Query Example

Example
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';
if(!$conn){
}

$sql = 'SELECT * FROM emp4';
$retval=mysqli_query($conn, $sql);

if(mysqli_num_rows($retval) > 0){
while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($retval)){
echo "EMP ID :{$row['id']} <br> ".
"EMP NAME : {$row['name']} <br> ".
"EMP SALARY : {$row['salary']} <br> ".
"--------------------------------<br>";
} //end of while
}else{
echo "0 results";
}
?>
Output:
EMP ID :1
EMP NAME : ratan
EMP SALARY : 9000
--------------------------------
EMP ID :2
EMP NAME : karan
EMP SALARY : 40000
--------------------------------
EMP ID :3
EMP NAME : jai
EMP SALARY : 90000
--------------------------------
PHP MySQL Order By

PHP mysql_query() function is used to execute select query with order by clause. Since PHP
alternatives.
o mysqli_query()
o PDO::__query()
The order by clause is used to fetch data in ascending order or descending order on the
basis of column.
Let's see the query to select data from emp4 table in ascending order on the basis of name
column.
1. SELECT * FROM emp4 order by name
Let's see the query to select data from emp4 table in descending order on the basis of name
column.
1. SELECT * FROM emp4 order by name desc
PHP MySQLi Order by Example

Example
<?php
$user = '';
$pass = '';
$dbname = 'test';
if(!$conn){
}

$sql = 'SELECT * FROM emp4 order by name';
$retval=mysqli_query($conn, $sql);

if(mysqli_num_rows($retval) > 0){
while($row = mysqli_fetch_assoc($retval)){
echo "EMP ID :{$row['id']} <br> ".
"EMP NAME : {$row['name']} <br> ".
"EMP SALARY : {$row['salary']} <br> ".
"--------------------------------<br>";
} //end of while
}else{
echo "0 results";
}
?>
Output:
EMP ID :3
EMP NAME : jai
EMP SALARY : 90000
--------------------------------
EMP ID :2
EMP NAME : karan
EMP SALARY : 40000
--------------------------------
EMP ID :1
EMP NAME : ratan
EMP SALARY : 9000
--------------------------------

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PHP Tutorial

There are given many features of PHP.

Hello First PHP

The syntax of PHP echo is given below:

PHP echo: printing string

Hello by PHP echo

PHP echo: printing multi line string

PHP echo: printing escaping characters

Hello escape "sequence" characters

PHP echo: printing variable value

Message is: Hello JavaTpoint PHP

The syntax of PHP print is given below:

PHP print: printing string

Hello by PHP print Hello by PHP print()

PHP print: printing multi line string

PHP print: printing escaping characters

Hello escape "sequence" characters by PHP print

PHP print: printing variable value

Message is: Hello print() in PHP

In PHP, a variable is declared using $ sign followed by variable name.

Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP is given below:

PHP Variable: Declaring string, integer and float

string is: hello string

PHP Variable: Sum of two variables

PHP Variable: case sensitive

PHP Variable: Rules

PHP variable can't be start with numbers and special symbols.

Parse error: syntax error, unexpected '4' (T_LNUMBER), expecting variable

PHP $ and $$ Variables

To understand the difference better, let's see some examples.

In the above example, we have assigned a value to the variable x as abc. Value of

Now we have printed the values $x, $$x and $abc.

In the above example, we have assigned a value to the variable x as U.P. Value of

Now we have printed the values $x, $$x and a string.

1. Using define() function

Conventionally, PHP constants should be defined in uppercase letters.

PHP constant: define()

1. name: specifies the constant name

Hello JavaTpoint PHP

Hello JavaTpoint PHPHello JavaTpoint PHP

Hello JavaTpoint PHP

PHP constant: const keyword

It is bit faster than define().

It is always case sensitive.

Hello const by JavaTpoint PHP

__LINE__ Represents current line number where it is used.

__NAMESPACE__ Represents the name of the current namespace.

PHP Data Types

PHP Data Types: Scalar Types

PHP Data Types: Compound Types

PHP Data Types: Special Types

PHP is_bool() function

Parameter Description Is compuls

var_name The variable being evaluated. compulso

PHP is_int() function

Parameter Description Is compulsory

var_name The variable being checked. compulsory

PHP is_float Function

Parameter Description Is compuls

var The variable being evaluated. compulsory

LINE Represents current line number where it is used.

NAMESPACE Represents the name of the current namespace.