INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

CC 105
At the end of module, you should be able to:
1. Explain and discuss the concepts of Database Management
System.
2. Design a logical database model by applying rules of
normalization on existing relations.
3. Design a logical database model by applying rules of
normalization on existing relations.
4. Develop a relational database system and write documentation
by discussing the research issues and approach used in
developing the project.
5. Analyze more advanced issues in relational database design and
management.
6. Investigate emerging technologies and recent trends in database
design.

Prepared by:

ROMEO N. LABAYNA
Subject Teacher

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The Database Management System

Unit I: Introduction to Database Management System

Information Management

Topic Learning Outcomes

At the end of this topic, you are expected to:

1. Define and explain the different terminologies in database

management system.
2. Discuss the concepts of Database Management System.
3. Appreciate the Importance of a database system
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Lesson Outline

1. Timeline of Database

2. Data vs Information

3. Traditional File System to Database Approach

4. Database Management System Environment

5. The Database

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Engage DATA MATTER!

The world has become a very complex place. Effective collection,

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managing and interpreting of information are consider to be a great

advantage of people and organizations today. Let us look on the situation of
Continental Airlines now United Airlines to make a point. Over a decade ago,
Continental airlines was at the bottom of U.S. airlines rank in terms of on-
time performance, mishandled baggage, customer complaint and
overbooking. Filing for bankruptcy of the airlines for the third time was the
speculation of many during that time. In the past 10 years, the organization
had 10 CEOs.

Now, let’s take a look on a primary question that can possibly help the
situation of the organization. Could more effective collection, management
and interpretation of Continental’s data and information help the company
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situation? The answer is definitely a “YES”.

Continental’s turnaround from the bottom rank to today’s one of the

most respected global airlines and Most Admired Global Airlines on Fortune
Magazine list since 2004, and, Best Airline based in North America were
because of a significant factor pointed by their former chairman of the board
and CEO Larry Kellner – the use of real – time business intelligence and
implementation of active data warehouse supported the airlines business
strategy which improves in company cost savings, customer service and
operations, and generating revenue. Here is the list of some wins that came
from integrating revenue, flight schedule, customer, and inventory and data
security. We can see from these that placing a high value on customer

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service and the effective use of information through the integration of data in
the database up to the data warehouse. DATA DO, INDEED, MATTER.

A recent study by IBM shows that one of the top priorities of the
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companies is the ability to use insight and intelligence that can be gleaned
from data for competitive advantages. The topics covered will equip you to
understand data and how to collect, organize and manage data. For us to
start let’s have first the Introduction to Database Management System.

EXPLORE Let’s Play!

You need to classify the following pictures in the box to Data,

Information, Manual File System, Traditional Filing System, and Database
Management System
Pictures Answer
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Information Management

EXPLAIN Unit I: Introduction to Database Management System

Lesson 1: Timeline of Database

Ancient Times: Human
beings began to store
information very long ago.
In the ancient times,
elaborate database
systems were developed
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by government offices,
libraries, hospitals, and
business organizations, and some of the basic principles of these systems
are still being used today.

1960s: Computerized database started in the 1960s, when the use of

computers became a more cost-effective option for private organizations.
There were two popular data models in this decade: a network model called
CODASYL and a hierarchical model called IMS. One database system that
proved to be a commercial success was the SABRE system that was used
by IBM to help American Airlines manage its reservations data.

1970 to 1972: E.F. Codd published an important paper to propose the use
of a relational database model, and his ideas changed the way people

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thought about databases. In his model, the database’s schema, or logical

organization, is disconnected from physical information storage, and this
became the standard principle for database systems.
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1970s: Two major relational database system prototypes were created

between the years 1974 and 1977, and they were the Ingres, which was
developed at UBC, and System R, created at IBM San Jose. Ingres used a
query language known as QUEL, and it led to the creation of systems such
as Ingres Corp., MS SQL Server, Sybase, Wang’s PACE, and Britton-Lee.
On the other hand, System R used the SEQUEL query language, and it
contributed to the development of SQL/DS, DB2, Allbase, Oracle, and Non-
Stop SQL. It was also in this decade that Relational Database Management
System, or RDBMS, became a recognized term.

1976: A new database model called Entity-Relationship, or ER, was

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proposed by P. Chen this year. This model made it possible for designers to
focus on data application, instead of logical table structure.

1980s: Structured Query Language, or SQL, became the standard query

language.
Reference: https://www.quickbase.com/articles/timeline-of-database-history

Lesson 2: Data vs Information

The terms data and information are often used interchangeably and
are closely related to one another. However, as an IT students who will be
someday a Data Specialist, Data Analyst or Software Developer, you must
know the difference between the two and be able to distinguish data and
information.

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Table 1.1. List of Data

Benjamin Albright 999-999-999 Data - Raw facts or observation that is
Jackeline Albright 888-888-888 processed or stored by a computer. This
Paul Carter 456-456-456
may be in the form of text documents,
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Marck Crawford 333-333-333

images, audio clips, software programs,
Julian Crosby 777-777-777
or other types of data. Data may be
processed by the computer's CPU and is stored in files and folders on the
computer's hard disk. Data stores representations of objects and events that
have meaning and importance in the user’s environment.

Table 1.2. Data in Context

Information – a data that has been

processed into a useful form in such
a way to increase the knowledge of
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the person who uses the data.

Figure 1.1. Summarized Data

Note: Data can be converted into
Membership of
Employee's in SSS information in two forms. 1.) By
providing few additional data items
Sales
Representative and providing structure which gives
27% Worker us the idea of what the data means.
33%

Secretary Look at table 1.1, by simply looking

20%
20%
Manager at the table, we do not know what
those entries means but by looking
at the complete structure Table 1.2, we can now interpret that the entries are
useful information of employee’s social security report. 2.) Another way to

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convert data is by summarizing them and to present the data for human
interpretation.

Metadata – commonly describe as “data about data”. Metadata are

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data that describe the properties or characteristics of end-user data and the
context of those data. Some of data properties typically described data
names, types, length or size and allowable values, while metadata
describing the context include the source of data, data storage and usage.
Table 1.3. Data about data
Name Type Length Min Max Description Source
Soc_Sec_No Integer 12 Social Security Number SSS Office
Name Character 20 Last Name Employee IS
First Name Character 50 Employees First Name Employee IS
Gender Character 1 1 8 Employees Gender (M,F,L,G,B,T,Q,+) Employee IS
Title Alphanumeric 10 1 4 Employees Position HR Office
Salary Alphanumeric 10 1 35 Salary Grade HR Office
Category Integer 12 Social Security Member category SSS Office
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Now let us discuss the transition of file systems before learning what
Database is. We must know how data processing improves and change over
decades.

Lesson 3: Traditional File System to Database Approach

Manual File systems - are collection of file folders kept in file cabinet.
Organization within folders based on data’s expected use (ideally logically
related). Systems are adequate for small amounts of data with few reporting
requirements. Finding and using data in growing collections of file folders
became time-consuming and cumbersome. These are the manual filing that
are still observe in different establishment here in the country.

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Traditional File Processing System – During early use of computer based

data processing there were no database available. In order to be useful to
business applications, computers need to manipulate, retrieve and store
large files of data in different storage.
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Figure 1.2. File Processing System VS Database Processing System

As business applications becomes more complex based on the increased

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needs, traditional file processing systems had a great number of

shortcomings and limitations like program data dependency, duplication of
data and limited data sharing. As a result of these discrepancies these filing
processing system have been replaced by the database processing system
in most business today.

Managing data with file systems is obsolete

 Understanding file system characteristics makes database
design easier to understand
 Awareness of problems with file systems helps prevent
similar problems in DBMS
 Knowledge of file systems is helpful if you plan to convert
an obsolete file system to a DBMS. Example are the
pictures below, the first picture shows us the customer file,

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but we need to identify from these certain file its part

(Picture 2).
Data
Field
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Record
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Lesson 4: Database Management System Environment

Database Management System (DBMS) - is a collection of programs that

manages the database structure and controls access to the data stored in
the database. It is a software system that uses a standard method of
cataloguing, retrieving, and running queries on data. It used to create,
maintain and provide controlled access to user databases. Examples are :
MySQL, Oracle, DB2

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Advantages of DBMS
1. Data Redundancy
Unlike traditional file-system storage, Data Redundancy in DBMS is
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very less or not present. Data Redundancy occurs when the same data are
stored unnecessarily at different places. Data Redundancy is reduced or
eliminated in DBMS because all data are stored at a centralized location
rather than being created by individual users and for each application.
For e.g: Application A and Application B have the same user MARVEL,
and we need to store personal information about the user such as Name,
age, address, Date of Birth etc. Not to mention, this user has also access to
different application, so in traditional file-based system, there is a need to
maintain separate file system for each of the application to store user’s
information while in DBMS approach, there could be just one centralized
location where information can be down streamed to different application as
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and when needed.

2. Data Inconsistency
In traditional file system storage, the changes made by one user in one
application doesn’t update the changes in other application, given both have
the same set of details. While this is not the case with DBMS systems as
there is a single repository of data that is defined once and is accessed by
many users, and data are consistent.

3. Data Sharing
Data Sharing is the primary advantage of Database management
systems. DBMS system allows users and applications to share Data with
multiple applications and users. Data are stored in one or more servers in
the network and that there is some software locking mechanism that

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prevents the same set of data from being changed by two people at the same
time. While the file system doesn’t have this capability.

4. Data Searching
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Searching and retrieving of data is very easy in DBMS systems. The

need to write separate programs for each of the search is eliminated as in
the case with a traditional file-based approach. In DBMS, we can write small
queries to search for multiple information at a time from the data from DB
servers.
5. Data Security
DBMS systems provide a strong framework to protect data privacy and
security. DBMS ensures that only authorized users have access to data and
there is a mechanism to define access privileges.

6. Data Concurrency
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In DBMS, Data are stored in one or more servers in the network and
that there is some software locking mechanism that prevents the same set
of data from being changed by two people at the same time.

7. Data Integration
Data integration is a process of combining the data residing at different
locations and present the user with a unified view of data. DBMS systems
allow Data Integration with much feasibility.

8. Data Access
While in traditional file-based approach, it might take hours to look for
very specific information that might be needed in the context of some
business emergency, while DBMS reduces this time to a few seconds. This
is a great advantage of DBMS because we can write small queries which will

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search the Database for you and it will retrieve the information in the fastest
way possible due to its inbuilt searching operations.

9. Decision making
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Improved Data Sharing and better-managed data allow business to

make quality business decisions which will promote the growth of the
organization.

10. Data Backup and Recovery

This is another advantage of DBMS as it provides a strong framework
for Data backup, users are not required to back up their data periodically and
manually, it is automatically taken care by DBMS. Moreover, in case of a
server crash, DBMS restores the Database to its previous condition.

11. Data Migration

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There are some data which are access very frequently while there are
few that aren’t. So, DBMS provides the capability to access the frequently
accessed data as quickly as possible.

12. Low Maintenance Cost

Though DBMS systems might be costly at the time of purchase but
their maintenance involves a very minimal cost.

14. Data Loss is almost eliminated

With DBMS, one can keep information for thousands of years, provided
we don’t see the doomsday. Data security and very low storage cost (as
compared to our previous generations) in the current century cut any
possibility of Data Loss.

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15. Data Atomicity

An atomic transaction is one in which all of the database actions occur
or none of them do. It is the duty of DBMS to store a complete transaction in
the database. If any transaction is partially completed, then it rolls backs
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them.

Disadvantages of DBMS
There are many advantages and disadvantages of DBMS (Database
Management System). Disadvantages of DBMS are explained as following
below.

1. Increased Cost: These are different types of costs:

Cost of Hardware and Software –This is the first disadvantage of database

management system. This is because for DBMS, it is mandatory to have a
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high speed processor and also a large memory size because now a days
there is a large amount of data in every field which needs to be store safely
and with a security.The requirement of these large amount of space and a
high speed processor needs an expensive hardware and an expensive
software too. That is, there is a requirement of sophisticated hardware and
software which means that we need to upgrade the hardware which is used
for file-based system. Hardware and Software, both requires maintenance
which costs very high. All the operating, Training (all levels including
programming, application development, and database administration),
licensing, and regulation compliance costs very high.

Cost of Staff Training –Educated staff (database administrator, application

programmers, data entry operations) who maintains the database
management system also requires good amount. We need the database

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system designers to be hired along with application programmers.

Alternatively the services of some software house need to be taken. So there
is a lot of money which needs to be spent for developing software.
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Cost of Data Conversion –We need to convert our data into database
management system, there is a requirement of lot of money as it adds on to
the cost of the database management system. This is because, for this
conversion we need to hire database system designers whom we have to
pay a lot of money and also services of some software house will be required.
All this shows that a high initial investment for hardware, software and trained
staff is required by DBMS. So, altogether Database Management System
results in a costlier system.
2. Complexity:
As we all know that now a days all companies are using the database
management system as it fulfils lots of requirement and also solves the
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problem. But a problem arises, that is all these functionality has made
database management system an extremely complex software. For the
proper requirement of DBMS it is very important to have a good knowledge
of it by the developers, DBA, designers and also the end users. This is
because if any one of them do not acquire a proper and complete skills than
this may lead to data loss or database failure. These failure may lead to bad
design decisions due to which there may be a serious and bad
consequences for the organization. So this complex system needs to be
understood by everyone using it. As it cannot be managed very easily. All
this shows that database management system is not a child’s game as it
cannot be managed very easily. It requires a lot of management. A good staff
is needed to manage this database at times when it becomes very
complicated to decide where to pick data from and where to save it.

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3. Currency Maintenance:
This is very necessary to keep your system current because efficiency
which is one of the biggest factor and need to be overlook must be
maximised. That is we need to maximise the efficiency of the database
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system to keep our system current. For this, frequent update must be
performed on all the components as new threats come daily. DBMS should
be updated according to the current scenario. Also, security measures must
be implemented. Due to advancement in database technology, training cost
tends to be significant.

4. Performance:
Traditional file system is written for small organizations and for some
specific applications due to which performance is generally very good. But
for the small scale firms, DBMS does not give a good performance as its
speed is very slow. As a result some applications will not run as fast as they
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could. Hence it is not good to use DBMS for the small firms. Because
performance is a factor which is overlooked by everyone. If performance is
good than everyone (developers, designers, end users) will use it easily and
it will be user friendly too. As speed of the system totally depends on the
performance so performance needs to be good.

5. Frequency Upgrade/Replacement Cycles:

Now a days in this world we need to stay up-to-date about the latest
technologies, developments arriving in the market. Frequent upgrade of the
products is done by the DBMS vendors in order to add new functionality to
the systems. New upgrade versions of the software often come bundled.
Sometimes these updates also need hardware upgrades. Sometimes these
changes and updates are so fast that the users find it difficult to work with
that system because it is not easy to learn new commands and understand

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them again when the new upgrades are done. All these upgrades also cost
money in order to train users, designers etc. to use the new features.

Roles in the Database System Environment

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Database system is composed of five main parts:

– Hardware
– Software
 Operating system software
 DBMS software
 Application programs and utility
software
– People
– Procedures
– Data

Components of Database Management System

1. Hardware
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Hardware is the one of the most important component of dbms system.

It refers to all of the system’s physical devices like computers (PCs,
workstations, servers, and supercomputers), storage devices, printers,
network devices (hubs, switches, routers, fiber optics),and other devices
(automated teller machines, ID readers, and so on).

2. Software
Although the most readily identified software is the DBMS itself, to
make the database system function fully, three types of software are needed:
operating system software, DBMS software, and application programs and
utilities.
a. Operating system software: It manages all hardware components and
makes it possible for all other software to run on the computers. Examples

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of operating system software include Microsoft Windows, Linux, MacOS,

UNIX, and MVS.
b. DBMS software:It manages the database within the database system.
Some examples of DBMS software include Microsoft’s SQL Server, Oracle
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Corporation’s Oracle, Sun’s MySQL, and IBM’s DB2.

c. Application programs and utility software: These are used to access and
manipulate data in the DBMS and to manage the computer environment in
which data access and manipulation take place. Application programs are
most commonly used to access data found within the database to generate
reports, tabulations, and other information to facilitate decision making.
Utilities are the software tools used to help manage the database system’s
computer components. For example, all of the major DBMS vendors now
provide graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to help create database structures,
control database access, and monitor database operations.
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3. DBMS users
This component includes all DBMS users. On the basis of primary job
functions, five types of users can be identified in a database system: system
administrators, database administrators, database designers, system
analysts and programmers, and end users. Each user type, described below,
performs both unique and complementary functions.
-System administrators oversee the database system’s general
operations.
-Database administrators, also known as DBAs, manage the DBMS
and ensure that the database is functioning properly.
-Database designers design the database structure. They are, in
effect, the database architects. If the database design is poor, even the best
application programmers and the most dedicated DBAs cannot produce a
useful database environment. Because organizations strive to optimize their

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data resources, the database designer’s job description has expanded to

cover new dimensions and growing responsibilities.
-System analysts and programmers design and implement the
application programs. They design and create the data entry screens,
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reports, and procedures through which end users access and manipulate the
database’s data.
-End users are the people who use the application programs to run the
organization’s daily operations. For example, salesclerks, supervisors,
managers, and directors are all classified as end users. High-level end users
employ the information obtained from the database to make tactical and
strategic business decisions.

4. Procedures
Procedures are the instructions and rules that govern the design and
use of the database system. Procedures are another important component
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of the DBMS system. Procedures play an important role in a company

because they enforce the standards by which business is conducted within
the organization and with customers. Procedures are also used to ensure
that there is an organized way to monitor and audit both the data that enter
the database and the information that is generated through the use of those
data.

5. Data
The word data covers the collection of facts stored in the database.
Because data are the raw material from which information is generated, the
determination of what data are to be entered into the database and how
those data are to be organized is a vital part of the database designer’s job.

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Functions of Database Management System (DBMS)

DBMS performs several important functions that guarantee the
integrity and consistency of the data in the database. The most important
functions of Database Management System are:
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1. Data Dictionary Management

Data Dictionary Management is the one of the most important function
of database management system. DBMS stores definitions of the data
elements and their relationships (metadata) in a data dictionary. So, all
programs that access the data in the database work through the DBMS. The
DBMS uses the data dictionary to look up the required data component
structures and relationships which relieves you from coding such complex
relationships in each program. Additionally, any changes made in a database
structure are automatically recorded in the data dictionary, thereby freeing
you from having to modify all of the programs that access the changed
structure. In other words, the DBMS system provides data abstraction, and
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it removes structural and data dependence from the system.

2. Data Storage Management

One of the DBMS functionality is creating and managing the complex
structures required for data storage, thus relieving you from the difficult task
of defining and programming the physical data characteristics. A modern
DBMS system provides storage not only for the data, but also for related data
entry forms or screen definitions, report definitions, data validation rules,
procedural code, structures to handle video and picture formats, and so on.
Data storage management is also important for database performance
tuning. Performance tuning relates to the activities that make the database
perform more efficiently in terms of storage and access speed. So, the data
storage management is another important function of Database
Management System.

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3. Data transformation and presentation

The DBMS transforms entered data in to required data structures. The
DBMS relieves you of the chore of making a distinction between the logical
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data format and the physical data format. That is, the DBMS formats the
physically retrieved data to make it conform to the user’s logical
expectations. For example, imagine an enterprise database used by a
multinational company. An end user in England would expect to enter data
such as July 11, 2009, as “11/07/2009.” In contrast, the same date would be
entered in the United States as “07/11/2009.” Regardless of the data
presentation format, the DBMS system must manage the date in the proper
format for each country.

4. Security Management
Management is another important function of Database Management
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System (DBMS). The DBMS creates a security system that enforces user
security and data privacy. Security rules determine which users can access
the database, which data items each user can access, and which data
operations (read, add, delete, or modify) the user can perform. This is
especially important in multiuser database systems.

5. Multi User Access Control

Multiuser access control is another important DBMS Function. To
provide data integrity and data consistency, the DBMS uses sophisticated
algorithms to ensure that multiple users can access the database
concurrently without compromising the integrity of the database.

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6. Backup and Recovery Management

The DBMS provides backup and data recovery to ensure data safety
and integrity. Current DBMS systems provide special utilities that allow the
DBA to perform routine and special backup and restore procedures.
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Recovery management deals with the recovery of the database after a

failure, such as a bad sector in the disk or a power failure. Such capability is
critical to preserving the database’s integrity.

7. Data Integrity Management

Data integrity management is another important DBMS function. The
DBMS promotes and enforces integrity rules, thus minimizing data
redundancy and maximizing data consistency. The data relationships stored
in the data dictionary are used to enforce data integrity. Ensuring data
integrity is important DBMS functionality in transaction-oriented database
systems.
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8. Database Access Languages and Application Programming Interfaces

The DBMS provides data access through a query language. A query
language is a non- procedural language—one that lets the user specify what
must be done without having to specify how it is to be done. Structured Query
Language (SQL) is the defacto query language and data access standard
supported by the majority of DBMS vendors.

9. Database Communication Interfaces

Current-generation DBMS's accept end-user requests via multiple,
different network environments. For example, the DBMS might provide
access to the database via the Internet through the use of Web browsers
such as Mozilla Firefox or Microsoft Internet Explorer. In this environment,
communications can be accomplished in several ways:

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- End users can generate answers to queries by filling in screen forms

through their preferred Web browser.
- The DBMS can automatically publish predefined reports on a
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Website.
- The DBMS can connect to third-party systems to distribute
information via e-mail or other productivity applications.

Lesson 5: The Database

Database - A database is an organized collection of structured information,

or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system. Most databases
contain multiple tables, which may each include several different fields. For
example, a company database may include tables for products, employees,
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and financial records. Each of these tables would have different fields that
are relevant to the information stored in the table. A database is usually
controlled by a database management system (DBMS). Together, the data
and the DBMS, along with the applications that are associated with them,
are referred to as a database system, often shortened to just database.

Data within the most common types of databases in operation today is

typically modelled in rows and columns in a series of tables to make
processing and data querying efficient. The data can then be easily
accessed, managed, modified, updated, controlled, and organized. Most
databases use structured query language (SQL) for writing and querying
data.

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Types of End User

End user Data -raw facts of interest to end user

End User – Client of Database
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Naïve User
 These are the users who communicate
with the database for a regular period.
Their main job is to constantly querying
and updating the database
using standard queries, this is called
Canned Transaction.
 These users are like layman who has a little knowledge or no
knowledge at all about databases. They are the end-users that of
database who work through the menu-driven applications. They
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interact only with the database with the help of the application
interface. For example: A man who are using ATM machine, they are
not aware on how the database is running inside the machine, but still
use the database to perform the given task.

Sophisticated
 These are engineers, scientists,
business analysts who are familiarize with the
database technicalities. They interact with the
database using query language or other tools
that work closely with the database.

Casual user

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 These are the users who communicate with the

database for little period of time. They are
occasionally used the database. So these are the
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temporary users. These Users occasionally access

the database but may need different information
each time. They use sophisticated database Query language to specify
their requests. For example: High level Managers who access the data
weekly or biweekly.

Stand Alone User

 These are the users who maintain their personal database using
ready-made software which is available in the market easily and
provide the menu based interface through which they can easily use
the database. Those end Users who interact with the database directly
via on-line terminal or indirectly through Menu or graphics based
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Interfaces. For example: User of a text package, library management

software that store variety of library data such as issue and return of
books for fine purposes.

Types of Databases
A DBMS can support many different types of databases. Databases
can be classified according to the number of users, the database locations,
and the expected type and extent of use. The number of users determines
whether the database is classified as a single-user or multiuser.

Single user DBMS

A single-user can access the database at one point of time. These
types of systems are optimized for a personal desktop experience, not for
multiple users of the system at the same time. The architecture implemented

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is either one or two tier. Both the application and physical layer are operated
by user.

Desktop database
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A single-user database that runs on a personal computer.

Multi user DBMS

Multi user DBMS are the systems that support two or more
simultaneous users. All mainframes and minicomputers are multi-user
systems, but most personal computers and workstations are not. A multiuser
database may exist on a single machine, such as a mainframe or other
powerful computer, or it may be distributed and exist on multiple computers.
Multiuser databases are accessible from multiple computers simultaneously.

Workgroup database
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Supports a small number of users(usually fewer than 50) or a specific

department within an organization.

Enterprise database
Used by an entire organization (usually100s of users) across many
departments.

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Location of Database
1. Centralized Database
A centralized database is basically a type
of database that is stored, located as well
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as maintained at a single location only.

This type of database is modified and
managed from that location itself. This
location is thus mainly any database
system or a centralized computer system. The centralized location is
accessed via an internet connection (LAN, WAN, etc). This centralized
database is mainly used by institutions or organizations.
Centralized database - Supports data located at a single site.

Advantages
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1. Since all data is stored at a single location only thus it is easier to

access and co-ordinate data.
2. The centralized database has very minimal data redundancy since all
data is stored at a single place.
3. It is cheaper in comparison to all other databases available.
4.
Disadvantages
1. The data traffic in case of centralized database is more.
2. If any kind of system failure occurs at centralized system then entire
data will be destroyed.

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2. Distributed Database
A distributed database is basically a
type of database which consists of
multiple databases that are connected
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with each other and are spread across

different physical locations. The data
that is stored on various physical
locations can thus be managed independently of other physical locations.
The communication between databases at different physical locations is thus
done by a computer network.
Distributed database - Supports data distributed across several different
sites.

Advantages
1. This database can be easily expanded as data is already spread
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across different physical locations.

2. The distributed database can easily be accessed from different
networks.
3. This database is more secure in comparison to centralized database.

Disadvantages
1. This database is very costly and it is difficult to maintain because of its
complexity.
2. In this database, it is difficult to provide a uniform view to user since it
is spread across different physical locations.

Uses of Database –The two uses of Database are Operational Database

and Data Warehouse. This two are different from each other from the
structure itself down to the uses.

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Information Management

Operational database - A database designed to support the company’s

day-to-day operations. Also referred to as transactional, production database
or also referred to as OLTP- On Line Transaction Processing databases).
This database are used to update data in real-time. Operational databases
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allow you to modify that data (add, change or delete data), doing it in real-
time.
The Operational Database is the source of information for the data
warehouse. It includes detailed information used to run the day to day
operations of the business. The data frequently changes as updates are
made and reflect the current value of the last transactions.

Data Warehouse - focuses on storing data used to generate information

required to make tactical or strategic decisions. Data Warehouse Systems
serve users or knowledge workers in the purpose of data analysis and
decision-making. Such systems can organize and present information in
specific formats to accommodate the diverse needs of various users. These
systems are called as Online-Analytical Processing (OLAP) Systems.

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What is the Difference between Operational Database and Data

Warehouse?
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ELABORATE
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A. Discuss and explain how the transition from manual system to Database System
happens. What are the changes? And how does it affects business ventures.
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B. Select five DBMS advantages and expound on how you comprehend the given
explanation. Cite real life scenarios (e.g experience from the different available system
like banking system, POS, etc) where this advantages can be seen.
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EVALUATE
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A. Based on the discussion above, why do you think that most business organization
preferred database approach?
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B. Differentiate the following terms:

1. Data vs Information
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2. Data vs Metadata
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3. DBMS vs Database
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THE END OF UNIT I

For clarification and further questions, please leave a
comment below and wait for a response, or chat with your subject
teacher asking for this.

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