ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

LABORATORY MANUAL

B.TECH
(II YEAR – II SEM)
(2018-19)

Prepared by:
Mr. P Raji Reddy, Assistant Professor
Mr G Sekhar Babu, Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE

OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
Recognized under 2(f) and 12 (B) of UGC ACT 1956
Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, Approved by AICTE - Accredited by NBA & NAAC – ‘A’ Grade - ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Maisammaguda, Dhulapally (Post Via. Kompally), Secunderabad – 500100, Telangana State, India
 ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

VISION
To evolve into a centre of excellence in Engineering Technology through creative and innovative
practices in teaching-learning, promoting academic achievement & research excellence to produce
internationally accepted competitive and world class professionals.

MISSION

g
a

e
To provide high quality academic programmes, training activities, research facilities and
opportunities supported by continuous industry institute interaction aimed at employability,
entrepreneurship, leadership and research aptitude among students.

QUALITY POLICY
 Impart up-to-date knowledge to the students in Electronics & Communication area to make
them quality engineers.
 Make the students experience the applications on quality equipment and tools.
 Provide systems, resources and training opportunities to achieve continuous improvement.
 Maintain global standards in education, training and services.

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PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)

PEO1: PROFESSIONALISM & CITIZENSHIP

To create and sustain a community of learning in which students acquire knowledge and learn
to apply it professionally with due consideration for ethical, ecological and economic issues.
PEO2: TECHNICAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS
To provide knowledge based services to satisfy the needs of society and the industry by
providing hands on experience in various technologies in core field.
PEO3: INVENTION, INNOVATION AND CREATIVITY
To make the students to design, experiment, analyze, interpret in the core field with the help of
other multi disciplinary concepts wherever applicable.
PEO4: PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
To educate the students to disseminate research findings with good soft skills and become a
successful entrepreneur.
PEO5: HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
To graduate the students in building national capabilities in technology, education and
research.

PROGRAMME SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES (PSOs)

PSO1
To develop a student community who acquire knowledge by ethical learning and fulfill the societal
and industry needs in various technologies of core field.
PSO2
To nurture the students in designing, analyzing and interpreting required in research and
development with exposure in multi disciplinary technologies in order to mould them as successful
industry ready engineers/entrepreneurs
PSO3
To empower students with all round capabilities who will be useful in making nation strong in
technology, education and research domains.

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PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)

Engineering Graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design / development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems : Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give
and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multi disciplinary environments.
12. Life- long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

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Laboratory Rules

General Rules of Conduct in Laboratories:

1. You are expected to arrive on time and not depart before the end of a laboratory.
2. You must not enter a lab unless you have permission from a technician or lecturer.
3. You are expected to comply with instructions, written or oral, that the laboratory Instructor
gives you during the laboratory session.
4. You should behave in an orderly fashion always in the lab.
5. You must not stand on the stools or benches in the laboratory.
6. Keep the workbench tidy and do not place coats and bags on the benches.
7. You must ensure that at the end of the laboratory session all equipment used is stored away
where you found it.
8. You must put all rubbish such as paper outside in the corridor bins. Broken components
should be returned to the lab technician for safe disposal.
9. You must not remove test equipment, test leads or power cables from any lab without
permission.
10. Eating, smoking and drinking in the laboratories are forbidden.
11. The use of mobile phones during laboratory sessions is forbidden.
12. The use of email or messaging software for personal communications during laboratory
sessions is forbidden.
13. Playing computer games in laboratories is forbidden.

Specific Safety Rules for Laboratories:

1. You must not damage or tamper with the equipment or leads.
2. You should inspect laboratory equipment for visible damage before using it. If there is a
problem with a piece of equipment, report it to the technician or lecturer. DONOT return
equipment to a storage area
3. You should not work on circuits where the supply voltage exceeds 40 volts without very
specific approval from your lab supervisor. If you need to work on such circuits, you should
contact your supervisor for approval and instruction on how to do this safely before
commencing the work.
4. Always use an appropriate stand for holding your soldering iron.
5. Turn off your soldering iron if it is unlikely to be used for more than 10 minutes.
6. Never leave a hot soldering iron unattended.
7. Never touch a soldering iron element or bit unless the iron has been disconnected from the
mains and has had adequate time to cool down.
8. Never strip insulation from a wire with your teeth or a knife, always use an appropriate wire
stripping tool.
9. Shield wire with your hands when cutting it with a pliers to prevent bits of wire flying about
the bench.

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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

PART- A

S.NO EXPERIMENT NAME PAGE NO

1. Verification of KVL and KCL. 07-11
2. Series and Parallel Resonance. 12-17
3. Determination of Z-Y parameters of a two port network 18-22
4. Determination of ABCD and h - parameters of two port network 23-26
5. Superposition and reciprocity theorems. 27-35
6. Maximum power transfer theorem. 36-38
7. Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem. 39-43

PART- B
S.NO EXPERIMENT NAME PAGE NO
8. Magnetization characteristics of DC shunt generator. 45-48
9. Swinburne’s test on DC shunt machine. 49-53
10. Brake test on DC shunt motor. 54-57
11. OC & SC tests on single phase transformer. 58-64
12. Load test on Single Phase transformer. 65-67

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1. VERIFICATION OF KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS

AIM: To verify the Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Kirchhoff’s current law for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the equipment Range Type Quantity

1 RPS 0-30V - 1N0
2 Voltmeter 0-20 V Digital 4 NO
3 Ammeter 0-20mA Digital 4 NO
4 Bread board - - 1 NO
5 Connecting wires - - Required
number.
470 Ω 2 NO

6 Resistors 1kΩ 1 NO

680Ω 1 NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

GIVEN CIRCUIT:

Fig (1)

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1. KVL:

Fig (1a)

PRACTICAL CIRCUIT:

2. KCL:

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PRACTICAL CIRCUIT:

Fig (2b)

THEORY:
a) Kirchhoff’s Voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltage around any closed path in a
given circuit is always zero. In any circuit, voltage drops across the resistors always have
polarities opposite to the source polarity. When the current passes through the resistor, there
is a loss in energy and therefore a voltage drop. In any element, the current flows from a
higher potential to lower potential. Consider the fig (1a) shown above in which there are 3
resistors are in series. According to kickoff’s voltage law….
V = V1 + V2 + V3
b) Kirchhoff’s current law states that the sum of the currents entering a node equal to the sum of
the currents leaving the same node. Consider the fig (1b) shown above in which there are 3
parallel paths. According to Kirchhoff’s current law...

I = I 1 + I2 + I 3
PROCEDURE:
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2a).
2. Measure the voltages across the resistors.
3. Observe that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero.
2. Kirchhoff’s current law:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2b).
2. Measure the currents through the resistors.
3. Observe that the algebraic sum of the currents at a node is zero.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

KVL:
S.NO Voltage Across Resistor Theoretical Practical

KCL:
S.NO Current Through Resistor Theoretical Practical

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Avoid loose connections.

2. Keep all the knobs in minimum position while switch on and off of the supply.

RESULT:
EXERCISE QUESTIONS:
1. In the circuit shown in below fig, Find A)The Current I B)The voltage across 30 Ω
resistance.

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2. Determine the current in all resistors in the Circuit Shown in below Fig.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. State KVL and KCL.

2. What is another name for KCL & KVL?
3. Define network and circuit?
4. What is the property of inductor and capacitor?

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2.SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

AIM: To find the resonant frequency, quality factor and band width of a given series
and parallel resonant circuits.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Bread board - - 1 NO
2 Resistor 1k Ω - 1 NO
3 Inductor 50 mH - 1 NO
4 Capacitors 0.1 uF - 1 NO
5 CRO 20MHz.Dual CH - 1 NO
6 Function generator 100-10MHz - 1 NO
7 Ammeter 0-20mA Digital 1 NO
8 Connecting wires Required
number

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SERIES RESONANCE:

Fig.1

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PARALLEL RESONANACE:

Fig.2
THEORY:
Resonance is a particular type of phenomenon inherently found normally in every kind of system,
electrical, mechanical, optical, Acoustical and even atomic. There are several definitions of resonance.
But, the most frequently used definition of resonance in electrical system is studied state operation of
a circuit or system at that frequency for which the resultant response is in time phase with the forcing
function.

SERIES ROSONACE:
A circuit is said to be under resonance, when the applied voltage ‘V’ and current are in phase. Thus a
series RLC circuit, under resonance behaves like a pure resistance network and the reactance of the
circuit should be zero. Since V & I are in phase, the power factor is unity at resonance.
The frequency at which the resonance will occur is known as resonant frequency. Resonant
frequency,
fr = 1
2  LC
Thus at resonance the impedance Z is minimum. Since I = V/Z. The current is maximum So that current
amplification takes place. Quality factor is the ratio of reactance power inductor (or) capacitor to its
resistance.

PARALLEL RESONANCE:
In the circuit (parallel RLC circuit) shown in figure.2, the condition for resonance occurs when the
susceptance part is zero. The frequency at which the resonance will occur is known as resonant frequency.
Resonant frequency,
1
fr =
2  LC
Thus at resonance the admittance(Y) is Minimum and voltage is Maximum. However the performance
of such a circuit is of interest in the general subject of resonance. Lower cut-off frequency is above the

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1
resonant frequency at which the current is reduced to times of its minimum value. Upper cut-off
2
frequency is above. Quality factor is the ratio of resistance to reactance of inductor (or) capacitor.
Selectivity is the reciprocal of the quality factors.

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS:
For Series Resonance circuit:

2. Lower Cut off Frequency f1=fr-(R/4πL)

3. Upper Cut off Frequency f2=fr+(R/4πL)

For Parallel Resonance circuit:

2. Lower Cut off Frequency f1 = {1/2π}{(-1/2RC)+((1/2RC)2+(1/LC))0.5 }

3. Upper Cut off Frequency f2 = {1/2π}{(1/2RC)+((1/2RC)2+(1/LC))0.5 }

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.1 for series resonant circuit & fig.2 for parallel resonant circuit.
2. Set the voltage of the signal from function generator to 5V.
3. Vary the frequency of the signal over a wide range in steps and note down the corresponding
ammeter readings.
4. Observe that the current first increases & then decreases in case of series resonant circuit & the
value of frequency corresponding to maximum current is equal to resonant frequency.
5. Observe that the current first decreases & then increases in case of parallel resonant circuit & the
value of frequency corresponding to minimum current is equal to resonant frequency.
6. Draw a graph between frequency and current & calculate the values of bandwidth & quality factor.

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OBSERVATION TABLE:
Series Resonance:

Frequency Current
S. No.
(Hz) (mA)

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Parallel Resonance:

Frequency Current
S. No.
(Hz) (mA)

TABULAR COLUMN:

Series resonant circuit Parallel resonant circuit

S.NO PARAMETER
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
Resonant
1
Frequency(fr)
2 Band width
3 Quality factor

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MODEL GRAPHS:

f1= Lower cutoff frequency

f2 = Upper cutoff frequency
fr= Resonant Frequency

OBSERVATIONS:

1. Since the current at resonance is Maximum, the series resonant circuit is called as acceptor circuit.
2. As the resistance of the circuit decreases, the Q-factor increases and selectivity of the circuit will be
better.
3. Since the current at resonance is Minimum, the parallel resonant circuit is called as rejecter circuit.
4. The variation of the resistance does not affect the resonant frequency.

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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Keep all the knobs in minimum position while switch on and off of the supply.

RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:
1.An AC circuit is composed of a serial connection of: a resistor with resistance 50 Ω, a coil with
inductance 0.3 Hand a capacitor with capacitance 15 μF. The circuit is connected to an AC voltage
source with amplitude 25 V and frequency 50 Hz. Determine the amplitude of electric current in the
circuit and a phase difference between the voltage and the current.

2. A parallel resonance network consisting of a resistor of 60Ω, a capacitor of 120uF and an inductor of
200mH is connected across a sinusoidal supply voltage which has a constant output of 100 volts at all
frequencies. Calculate, the resonant frequency, the quality factor and the bandwidth of the circuit,
the circuit current at resonance and current magnification.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is resonance of circuit?
2) What is series and parallel resonance?
3) What is bandwidth and quality factor?

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3. DETERMINATION OF Z AND Y PARAMETERS OF A TWO- PORT NETWORK

AIM: To determine the Impedance (Z) and admittance (Y) parameters of a two port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name Of The Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-20)V Digital 1 NO
2 Ammeter (0-20)mA Digital 1 NO
3 RPS 0-30V Digital 1 NO
2.2k Ω - 1 NO
4 Resistors 1k Ω - 1 NO
680 Ω - 1 NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
1. GIVEN CIRCUIT:

PRACTICAL CIRCUITS:

2. When I1 = 0:

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3. When I2 = 0:

4. When V1 = 0:

5. When V2 = 0:

THEORY:
A pair of terminals between which a signal may enter or leave the network is known as port. If a
network has one such type pair of terminals it is known as One-Port Network and that have two such
type of ports is known as Two-Port Network.
If we relate the voltage of one port to the current of the same port, we get driving point admittance.
On the other hand, if we relate the voltage of one port to the current at another port, we get transfer
admittance. Admittance is a general term used to represent either the impedance or the admittance
of a network. We will consider a general two-port network composed of linear, bilateral elements and
no independent sources. The voltage and current at port -1 are V1 and I1 and at port -2 are V2 and I2.
The position of V1 and V2 and the directions of I1 and I2 are customarily selected. Out of four variables
only two are independent. The other two are expressed in terms of the independent variable of
network parameters. The relation between the voltages and currents in terms of Z and Y parameters
are as follows.

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V1=Z11 (I1) +Z12 (I2)

V2=Z21 (I1) +Z22 (I2)

I1=Y11 (V1) +Y12 (V2)

I2=Y21 (V1) +Y22 (V2)

Z-PARAMETERS:
𝑉1
𝑍11 = / I2 =0
𝐼1

𝑉1
𝑍12 = / I1 =0
𝐼2

𝑉2
𝑍21 = / I2 =0
𝐼1

𝑉2
𝑍22 = / I1 =0
𝐼2

Y-PARAMETERS:
𝐼1
𝑌11 = / 𝑉2 = 0
𝑉1

𝐼2
𝑌12 = / 𝑉1 = 0
𝑉1

𝐼2
𝑌21 = / 𝑉2 = 0
𝑉1

𝐼2
𝑌22 = / 𝑉1 = 0
𝑉2

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open circuit the port – 1 i.e., I1=0, find the values ofV1, I2 and V2.
3. Short circuit the port-1 i.e. V1 =0, find the values of V2, I1and I2.
4. Open circuit the port – 2 i.e., I2=0, find the values of V1, I1 and V2.
5. Short circuit the port-2 i.e. V2 =0, find the values of V1, I1and I2.
5. Find the Z and Y parameters of the given two port network.
THEORITICAL VALUES:

V1 = 0 V2= I1= I2=

V2 = 0 V1= I1= I2=
I1 = 0 V1= V2= I2=
I2 = 0 V1= V2= I1=

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PRACTICAL VALUES:

V1 = 0 V2= I1= I2=

V2 = 0 V1= I1= I2=
I1 = 0 V1= V2= I2=
I2 = 0 V1= V2= I1=
Z-PARAMETERS:

Z-parameters Theoretical Practical

𝑉1
𝑍11 = / I2 =0
𝐼1
𝑉1
𝑍12 = / I1 =0
𝐼2
𝑉2
𝑍21 = / I2 =0
𝐼1
𝑉2
𝑍22 = / I1 =0
𝐼2

Y-PARAMETERS:

Y-Parameters Theoretical Practical

𝐼1
𝑌11 = / 𝑉2 = 0
𝑉1
𝐼2
𝑌12 = / 𝑉1 = 0
𝑉1
𝐼2
𝑌21 = / 𝑉2 = 0
𝑉1
𝐼2
𝑌22 = / 𝑉1 = 0
𝑉2

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RP S output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Do not short-circuit the RPS output terminals.

RESULT:

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EXERCISE QUESTIONS:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define Port?
2. Define Z & Y parameters?
3. What is the condition for symmetry in case Z & Y parameters?
4. Define characteristic impedance?
5. What is the condition for reciprocity in case Z & Y parameters?

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4. DETERMINATION OF ABCD (T) AND HYBRID (H) PARAMETERS OF A TWO-PORT

NETWORK

AIM: To determine the ABCD (T) and Hybrid (H) parameters of a two port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name Of The Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-20)V Digital 1 NO
2 Ammeter (0-20)mA Digital 1 NO
3 RPS 0-30V Digital 1 NO
10K Ω 1 NO
4 Resistors 2.2Ω 1 NO
680 Ω 1 NO
5 Breadboard - - 1 NO
6 Connecting wires Required
number

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

GIVEN CIRCUIT:

PRACTICAL CIRCUITS:
1. When I1 = 0:

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2. When I2 = 0:

3. When V2 = 0:

THEORY:
The relation between the voltages and currents of a two port network in terms of ABCD and h–
parameters is given as follows.

ABCD PARAMETERS:

V1=AV2-BI2
I1=CV2-DI2

H-PARAMETERS

V1=h11I1+h12V2
I2=h11I1+h22V2

ABCD PARAMETERS:
𝑉1
𝐴= / I2 =0
𝑉2
−𝑉1
𝐵 = 𝐼2
/ 𝑉2 =0
𝐼1
𝐶 = 𝑉2
/ I2 =0
−𝐼1
𝐷 = 𝐼2
/ V2 =0

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H-PARAMETERS:
𝑉1
ℎ11 = / V2 =0
𝐼1
𝑉1
ℎ12 = / I1 =0
𝑉2
𝐼2
ℎ21 = / V2 =0
𝐼1
𝐼2
ℎ22 = / I1 =0
𝑉2

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Open circuit the port – 1 i.e., I1=0 find the values ofV1, I2 and V2.
3. Short circuit the port-1 V1 =0 find the values of V2, I1and I2.
4. Open circuit the port – 2 i.e., I2=0 find the values of V1, I1 and V2.
5. Short circuit the port-2 i.e. V2 =0 find the values of V1, I1and I2
5. Find the ABCD and h-parameters of the given two port network from the above data.

THEORITICAL VALUES:

V2 = 0 V1= I1= I2=

I1 = 0 V1= V2= I2=
I2 = 0 V1= V2= I1=

PRACTICAL VALUES:

V2 = 0 V1= I1= I2=

I1 = 0 V1= V2= I2=
I2 = 0 V1= V2= I1=

ABCD-PARAMETERS:

T-parameters Theoretical Practical

𝑉1
𝐴= / I2 =0
𝑉2
−𝑉1
𝐵 = 𝐼2
/ 𝑉2 =0
𝐼1
𝐶 = 𝑉2
/ I2 =0
−𝐼1
𝐷 = 𝐼2
/ V2 =0

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H- PARAMETERS:

h-Parameters Theoretical Practical

𝑉1
ℎ11 = / V2 =0
𝐼1
𝑉1
ℎ12 = / I1 =0
𝑉2
𝐼2
ℎ21 = / V2 =0
𝐼1
𝐼2
ℎ22 = / I1 =0
𝑉2

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RP S output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Do not short-circuit the RPS output terminals.

RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:

VIVA QUESTIONS

1. Define Port?
2. Define image impedance?
3. What is the condition for symmetry in case h-parameters & ABCD (T) parameters?
4. Define characteristic impedance?
5. What is the condition for reciprocity in case Hybrid (h) & ABCD (T) parameters?

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5. SUPERPOSITION AND RECIPROCITY THEOREM

A) VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM: To verify the superposition theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name Of The Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Bread board - - 1 NO
2 Ammeter (0-20)mA Digital 1 NO
3 RPS 0-30V Digital 1 NO
2.2k Ω 1 NO
4 Resistors 1k Ω 1 NO
560 Ω 1 NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PRACTICAL CIRCUITS:
When the sourcesV1 andV2 acting:

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When V1 Source Acting :

Fig (2)

WhenV2 source acting :

Fig (3)

THEORY:
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
Superposition theorem states that in a lumped ,linear, bilateral network consisting more number of
sources each branch current(voltage) is the algebraic sum all currents ( branch voltages), each of
which is determined by considering one source at a time and removing all other sources. In removing
the sources, voltage and current sources are replaced by internal resistances.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the fig (1).
2. Adjust the output voltage of sources X and Y to appropriate values (Say 15V and20V respectively).
3. Note down the current (IL) through the 560 0hm resistor by using the ammeter.
4. Connect the circuit as per fig (2) and set the source Y (20V) to 0V.
5. Note down the current ( ILl) through 560ohm resistor by using ammeter.
6. Connect the circuit as per fig(3) and set the source X (15V) to 0V and source Y to 20V.
7. Note down the current (ILll) through the 560 ohm resistor branch by using ammeter.
8. Reduce the output voltage of the sources X and Y to 0V and switch off the supply.
9. Disconnect the circuit.

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TABULAR COLUMNS:

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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.

RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What do you mean by Unilateral and Bilateral network? Give the limitations of
Superposition Theorem?
2) What are the equivalent internal impedances for an ideal voltage source and for a Current source?
3) Transform a physical voltage source into its equivalent current source.
4) If all the 3 star connected impedance are identical and equal to ZA, then what is the Delta
connected resistors?

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(B)RECIPROCITY THEOREM

AIM: To verify reciprocity theorem for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name Of The Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Bread board - - 1 NO
2 Ammeter (0-20)mA Digital 1 NO
3 RPS 0-30V Digital 1 NO
2.2k Ω 1 NO
4 Resistors 10k Ω 1 NO
470 Ω 1 NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PRACTICAL CIRCUITS:

CIRCUIT-1

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CIRCUIT-2:

THEORY:
STATEMENT:

In any linear, bilateral, single source network, the ratio of response to the excitation is same even
though the positions of excitation and response are interchanged.

This theorem permits in to transfer source from one position in the circuit to another and may be
stated as under.
In any linear bilateral network, if an e.m.f acting in a branch causes a current ‘I’ in branch ‘Y’ then the
same e.m.f (E) located in branch ‘Y’ will cause a current I in branch. However, currents in other
branches will not change.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the fig (1).
2. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say 20V).
3. Note down the current through 2.2K Ω by usingammeter.
4. Reduce the output voltage of the RPS to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Disconnect the circuit and connect the circuit as per the fig (2).
6. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say 20V).
7. Note down the current through 10K Ω resistor from ammeter.
8. Reduce the output voltage of the RPS to 0V and switch-off the supply.
9. Disconnect the circuit.

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TABULAR COLUMNS:

From fig 1

Current
Applied voltage
S. No IL
(V1) Volt
(mA)

From fig 2

Current
Applied voltage
S. No ILI
(V2) Volt
(mA)

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OBSERVATION TABLE:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.
RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:

1. Verify the Reciprocity Theorem for the following network

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is reciprocity theorem?
2) Why it is not applicable for unilateral circuit?

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6.MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

AIM: To Verify The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem For The Given Circuit.

APPARTUS REQUIRED:

SI. No Equipment Range Qty

1 Bread board - 1 NO
2 DC Voltage source. 0-30V 1 NO
3 Resistors 470 Ω 1 NO
4 Decade resistance 0-10k Ω 1 NO
box
5 Ammeter 0-20mA 1 NO
6 Connecting wires 1.0.Sq.mm As required

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:
STATEMENT:
It states that the maximum power is transferred from the source to load when the load resistance is
equal to the internal resistance of the source.
(or)
The maximum transformer states that “ A load will receive maximum power from a linear bilateral
network when its load resistance is exactly equal to the Thevenin’s resistance of network, measured
looking back into the terminals of network.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the above figure.
2. Apply the voltage 12V from RPS.
3. Now vary the load resistance (RL) in steps and note down the corresponding Ammeter Reading
( IL) in milli amps and Load Voltage (VL) volts
6. Tabulate the readings and find the power for different load resistance values.
7. Draw the graph between Power and Load Resistance.
8. After plotting the graph, the Power will be Maximum, when the Load Resistance will be equal to
source Resistance
TABULAR COLUMN:

S.No RL IL(mA) Power(P max)=IL2*RL(mW)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

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THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

R = (Ri + RL) =...Ω

IL = V / R =…mA

Power = (IL2) RL =…mW

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially keep the RPS output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Avoid loose connections.
3. Avoid short circuit of RPS output terminals.
RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:
1. When the load impedance R draws the maximum power? Find the maximum power delivered to the load
by using maximum power transfer theorem for the given network

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is maximum power transfer theorem?
2) What is the application of this theorem?

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7. VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM AND NORTON’S THEOREM

AIM: To verify Thevenin’s & Norton’s theorems for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name Of The Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-20)V Digital 1 NO
2 Ammeter (0-20)mA Digital 1 NO
3 RPS 0-30V Digital 1 NO
10K Ω,1K Ω 1 NO
4 Resistors 2.2Ω 1 NO
330 Ω 1 NO
5 Breadboard - - 1 NO
6 Digital Multimeter - Digital 1 NO
6 Connecting wires Required
number

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GIVEN CIRCUIT:

PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

TO FIND IL:

TO FIND VTh :

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Fig(3)

TO FIND IN:

Fig(4)
STATEMENTS:
THEVENIN’S THEOREM:
It states that in any lumped, linear network having more number of sources and elements the
equivalent circuit across any branch can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of Theremin’s
equivalent voltage source Vth in series with Theremin’s equivalent resistance Rth. Where Vth is the
open circuit voltage across (branch) the two terminals and Rth is the resistance seen from the same
two terminals by replacing all other sources with internal resistances.

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NORTON’S THEOREM:
Norton’s theorem states that in a lumped, linear network the equivalent circuit across any branch is
replaced with a current source in parallel a resistance. Where the current is the Norton’s current
which is the short circuit current though that branch and the resistance is the Norton’s resistance
which is the equivalent resistance across that branch by replacing all the sources sources with their
internal resistances

FOR NORTON’s CURRENT

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Load Current through Load Resistor

IL = IN x [RN / (RN+ RL)]

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per fig (1)
2. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say 20V).
3. Note down the response (current, IL) through the branch of interest i.e. AB (ammeter reading).
4. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
5. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the fig (2).
6. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 20V.
7. Note down the voltage across the load terminals AB (Voltmeter reading) that gives Vth.
8. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
9. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the fig (3).
10. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to an appropriate value (Say V =20V).
11. Note down the current (I) supplied by the source (ammeter reading).
12. The ratio of V and I gives the Rth.
13. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
14. Disconnect the circuit and connect as per the fig (4).
15. Adjust the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 20V
16. Note down the response (current, IN) through the branch AB (ammeter reading).
17. Reduce the output voltage of the regulated power supply to 0V and switch-off the supply.
18. Disconnect the circuit.

THEORITICAL VALUES:

Tabulation for Thevenin’s Theorem:

THEORITICAL VALUES PRACTICAL VALUES

VTh= VTh=
RTh= RTh=
IL= IL=

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Tabulation for Norton’s theorem:

THEORITICAL VALUES PRACTICAL VALUES

IN=
IN=
RN=
RN=
IL=
IL=

RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:
1. Determine current through current 5 ohms resistor using Norton’s theorem.

2. Determine the current flowing through the 5 ohm resistor using Thevenin’s theorem

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1) State Thevenin's theorem and Norton's theorem.

2) Explain the procedure to find out Vth and Rth.
3) Explain the procedure to find out IN and RN.

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PART-B

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8. MAGNETIZATION or OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM:
To obtain the no load characteristics of a DC shunt generator and to determine the critical field
resistance.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO Characteristics D.C Motor D.C Generator

1 Voltage 220V 220V
2 Current 19A 13.6A
3 Speed 1500rpm 1500rpm
4 Power 5HP 3KW

APPARATUS:

Name Of The
S.NO Type Range Quantity
Equipment
1 Voltmeters MC 0-300V 2NO
2 Ammeters MC 0-2A 1NO
3 Rheostats WW 370 Ω /2A 2NO
4 Tachometers Digital 0-10000rpm 1NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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THEORY:
Magnetization curve is relation between the magnetizing forces and the flux density B. this is also
expressed as a relation between the field current and the induced e.m.f , in a D.C machine. Varying
the field current and noting corresponding values of induced e.m.f can determine this.
For a self-excited machine the theoretical shape of the magnetization Curve is as shown in the figure.
The induced e.m.f corresponding to residual magnetism exists when the field current is zero. Hence
the curve starts, a little above the origin on y-axis. The field resistance line Rsh is a straight-line passing
through the origin.
If field resistance is increased so much that the resistance line does not cut the OCC at all then
obviously the machine will fail to excite .If the resistance line just lies along the slope, then machine
will just excite. The value of the resistance represented by the tangent to the curve is known as critical
field resistance Rc for a given speed.

CRITICAL FIELD RESISTANCE: it is the resistance of the field winding of the generator below which
generator fail to build up the voltage.
First OCC is plotted from the the readings then tangent is drawn to its initial position .The slope of
this curve gives the critical field resistance.
From the graph the critical field resistance Rc =AB/BC.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig.
2. Keep the motor field rheostat Rsh at minimum position and generator field rheostat at maximum
position.
3. Check that the belt on the pulley is free so that there is no load on the pulley.
4. Switch on the DPST swatch. Start the motor slowly by using starter.
5. Adjust the current so that the motor runs at its rated speed.
6. Now vary the generator field rheostat to increase the field current and take the no load voltage and
field current readings.
7. Take the no load voltage values until field gets saturated.
8. Finally set the field rheostats to initial positions then switch off the supply.
9. Draw the graph between generated voltage and field current. Find the critical field resistance from
the tangent line.
TABULAR COLUMN:
Residual Voltage = Speed=
SNO If(A) Eg(V)
1
2
3
4
5
6

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MODEL GRAPH:
Draw the graph between generated voltage at no load and field current. By taking
Generated voltage Eg in volts on Y axis and field current If in amps on X-axis.

PRECAUTIONS:
1) The rheostat is connected such that minimum resistance is included in field circuit of motor.
2) The rheostat is connected such that maximum resistance is included in field circuit of generator.
3) Starter handle is moved slowly.

RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by critical field resistance?
2. Residual magnetism is necessary for self excited generators or not.
3. Why this test is conducted at constant speed?

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9. SWINBURNE’S TEST ON D.C SHUNT MACHINE

AIM: To perform Swinburne’s test on the given D.C machine and predetermine the efficiency at any
desired load both as motor and as generator.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO Characteristic D.C Motor

1 Voltage 220V
2 Current 20A
3 Speed 1500rpm
4 Power 5HP

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Name Of The
S.NO Type Range Quantity
Equipment
1 Ammeter MC 0-2A,0-1A,0-10A 3NO
2 Voltmeter MC 0-30V,0-300V 2NO
3 Rheostat WW 370 Ω /2A 1NO
4 Tachometer Digital 1000rpm 1NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

THEORY:
This test is to find out the efficiency of the machine .It is a simple indirect method in which losses are
determined separately and from their knowledge, efficiency at any desired load can be
predetermined. The only test needed is no-load test. This test cannot be performed on DC series
motor. The machine is run as a no load shunt motor at rated speed and with a rated terminal voltage
.However, this test is applicable to those machines in which flux is practically constant.
The constant losses in a dc shunt machine= Wc = stray losses (magnetic & mechanical losses) +shunt
field copper losses.
PROCEDURE
1) Make all the connections are as per the circuit diagram.
2) Keep the field rheostat in minimum resistance position.
3) Excite the motor with 220V, DC supply by closing the DPST switch and start the Motor by moving
the handle of 3-point starter from OFF to ON position.
4) By adjusting the rheostat in motor field bring the speed of the motor to its rated value. Note down
the readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter at no load condition.
5) The necessary calculations to find efficiency of machine as motor & generator at any given value of
armature current is done.

TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

1) Connect the circuit per the circuit diagram
2) Keep the rheostat in maximum position.
3) Now excite the motor terminals by 30V supply by closing DPST switch.
4) Note down the readings of Ammeter and voltmeter.

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MODEL CALCULATIONS:
Constant losses(Wc) = No load input – No load armature copper losses
= VIL0 – I2aoRa, where Ra is the armature resistance
Iao=IL-Ish

For generator:
Ia = IL +Ish
Output = VIL
Cu losses = Ia2 Ra
Total losses =Constant losses + cu losses
Input =Output+ Total losses
%Efficiency (η) = (Output / Input)*100

For motor:
IL= Ia+Ish
Input = VIL
Cu losses = Ia2Ra
Total losses =Constant losses + cu losses
Output = Input-Total losses
%Efficiency (η) = (Output / Input)*100

TABULAR COLOUMN:

Voltmeter Ammeter Ammeter

Speed in
S.NO reading Reading reading
RPM
V in Volts ILo in Amps Ish in Amps

ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):

S.No Voltage Current

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CALCULATION TABLE:

As a Motor:

S.NO IL ( A) %Efficiency

As a Generator:

S.NO IL (A) %Efficiency

MODEL GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. We should start the motor under no load
2. Take the reading without parallax error.
3. The connections must be tight.

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RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:

1. A 220v dc shunt motor at no load takes a current of 2.5A. The resistances of armature and shunt
field are 0.8 Ω and 200Ω respectively. Estimate the efficiency of the motor when the input current is
20A. State precisely assumptions made

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Why the magnetic losses calculated by this method are less than the actual value?
2. Is it applied to D.C series machines?
3. Comment on the efficiency determined by this method.

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10. BRAKE TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR

AIM:
To conduct the brake test on a D.C shunt motor and to draw its performance curves.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

S.NO Characteristics D.C Motor

1 Voltage 220V
2 Current 20A
3 Speed 1500rpm
4 Power 5HP

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO Description Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC 0-20A 1NO
2 Voltmeter MC 0-300V 1NO
3 Rheostat WW 370 Ω /2A 1NO
4 Tachometer Digital 0-10000rpm 1NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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THEORY:
This test is direct test to find the efficiency of the DC shunt motor. In this test the motor directly
loaded by connecting brakes which are with pulley and motor is subjected to rated load and entire
power is wasted. belt around the water cooled pulley has its ends attached to spring balances S1and
S2.The belt tightening hand wheels h1 and h2 help in adjusting the load on the pulley so that the load
on the motor can be varied.
Output power of the motor = (S1-S2)*Re*9.81*w (watts)
S1, S2 = weights on the pulley.
Re= Effective radius of the pulley.
w=motor speed in rad/sec.
If V is the terminal voltage IL is the line current
Power in put =V*IL watts.
Efficiency (%η) = (w (S1-S2)*Re*9.81/V*IL)*100

PROCEDURE:
1. All the connections are as per the circuit diagram.
2. 220V, DC supply is given to the motor by closing DPST switch.
3. Move the 3-point starter handle form ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position slowly and motor
Starts running.
4. Vary the field rheostat until the motor reaches its rated Speed and take voltmeter and ammeter
readings.
5. Apply the land by break drum pulley and for each applications of load the
Corresponding Voltmeter (V), Ammeter (I), spring forces S1 & S2 and Speed (N)
Readings are noted.
6. Calculate output & efficiency for each reading.
7. Note down all the readings in the tabular form carefully.
8. Remove the load slowly and keep the rheostat as starting position and switch
‘OFF’ the supply by using DPST switch.

TABULAR COLUMN:
S. NO Voltage Current Input Forces in Net Torque(T) Speed in Output= %Efficiency
(V) (A) =VI KG force =F*Re*9.81 RPM 2πNT/60
watts F= (N-M) (N) (Watts) η=(output/input)*100
S1 S2 S1~S2
in kg

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GRAPHS:
The graph is drawn between
a) Output in Watts Vs Speed(N) in RPM
b) Output in Watts Vs Torque (T) in N-m
c) Output in Watts Vs Current (I) in A
d) Output in Watts Vs Efficiency (%η)
By taking output in Watts on X axis and speed, Torque, current, Efficiency onY- axis .

MODEL GRAPH:

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially 3-point starter should be kept at ‘OFF’ position and later it must be varied slowly and
uniformly from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ position.
2. The field regulator must be kept at its minimum output position.
3. The brake drum of the motor should filled with cold water.
4. The motor should be started without load.

RESULT:

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EXERCISE QUESTIONS:
1. In A Brake Test The Effective Load On The Branch Pulley Was 38.1kg, The Effective Diameter Of
The Pulley 63.5cm And Speed 12 R.P.S. The Motor Took 49A At 220V. Calculate the Output Power
and the Efficiency at This Load

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1 .Why a 3-point starter is used for starting a D.C shunt motor?
2. If a 3-point starter is not available, how can a D.C motor be started?
3. Explain the function of overload release coil in 3-point starter.

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11. OC & SC TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct Open circuit and Short circuit tests on 1-phase transformer to pre-determine the
efficiency, regulation and equivalent parameters.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Voltage Ratio 220/110V
Full load Current 13.6A
KVA RATING 3KVA

APPARATUS REQUIRED :
S.NO Description Type Range Quantity
0-20A
1 Ammeter MI 2NO
0-5A
0-150V
2 Voltmeter MI 2NO
0-300V
LPF 2A,!50V
3 Wattmeter 2NO
UPF 20A,300V
Auto
4 - 230/0-270V 1NO
transformer
5 Transformer - 220V/110V 1NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

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SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

THEORY:
Transformer is a device which transforms the energy from one circuit to other circuit without
change of frequency.
The performance of any transformer calculated by conducting tests .OC and SC tests are
conducted on transformer to find the efficiency and regulation of the transformer at any desired
power factor.
OC TEST:

The objectives of OC test are

1. To find out the constant losses or iron losses of the transformer.
2. To find out the no load equivalent parameters.

SC TEST:
The objectives of OC test are
1. To find out the variable losses or copper losses of the transformer.
2. To find out the short circuit equivalent parameters.
By calculating the losses and equivalent parameters from the above tests the efficiency and
regulation can be calculated at any desired power factor.

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PROCEDURE (OC TEST):

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Initially variac should be kept in its minimum position
3. Close the DPST switch.
4. By varying Auto transformer bring the voltage to rated voltage
5. When the voltage in the voltmeter is equal to the rated voltage of HV winding note down all
the readings of the meters.
6. After taking all the readings bring the variac to its minimum position
7. Now switch off the supply by opening the DPST switch.

PROCEDURE (SC TEST):

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Short the LV side and connect the meters on HV side.
3. Before taking the single phase, 230 V, 50 Hz supply the variac should be in minimum position.
4. Now close the DPST switch so that the supply is given to the transformer.
5. By varying the variac when the ammeter shows the rated current
(i.e. 13.6A) then note down all the readings.
6. Bring the variac to minimum position after taking the readings and switch off the supply.

O.C TEST OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO V0(VOLTS) I0(AMPS) W0(watts)

S.C TEST OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO VSC(VOLTS) ISC(AMPS) WSC(watts)

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CALCULATIONS:

(a)Calculation of Equivalent circuit parameters:

Let the transformer be the step down transformer.

b) Calculation to find Efficiency

Where ‘n’ represents % of full load.

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TABULAR COLUMN:

S.NO % OF LOAD EFFICIENCY

1 12.5
2 25
3 50
4 75
5 100

TABULAR COLUMN:

LAGGING POWER FACTOR LEADING POWER FACTOR

SNO PF %REG SNO PF %REG
1 0.2 1 0.2
2 0.3 2 0.3
3 0.4 3 0.4
4 0.5 4 0.5
5 0.6 5 0.6
6 0.7 6 0.7
7 0.8 7 0.8
8 0.9 8 0.9
9 UNITY 9 UNITY

Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET) Department of ECE 61

R17 Autonomous II B. Tech II Semester ET Lab Manual

MODEL GRAPHS:

1. EFFICIENCY VS OUTPUT

2. REGULATION VS POWER FACTOR

RESULT:

Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET) Department of ECE 62

R17 Autonomous II B. Tech II Semester ET Lab Manual

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:

1. The readings obtained from tests on 10 KVA, 450/120V, 50Hz transformer are
O.C. Test (LV Side): 120V, 4.2A, 80W
S.C. Test (HV Side): 9.65V, 22.2A, 120W
Determine the equivalent circuit constants.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1) What is a transformer?
2) Draw the equivalent circuit of transformer?
3) What is the efficiency and regulation of transformer?

Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET) Department of ECE 63

R17 Autonomous II B. Tech II Semester ET Lab Manual

12. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To find out efficiency by conducting the load test on single phase Transformer.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Voltage Ratio 220/110V

Full load Current 13.6A
KVA RATING 3KVA

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 1- AUTO - 0-230V/270V 1 NO
Transformer
2 1- Transformer Shell type 220/110V 1 NO
3 Voltmeter MI 0-300V 1 NO
4 Ammeter MI 0-20A 1 NO
5 Resistive load 0-20A 1 NO
6 Wattmeter UPF 300V/20A 1 NO
7 Connecting wires Required
number

THEORY:
The transformer is a device which transfers energy from one electrical circuit to another electrical
circuit through magnetic field as coupling medium. In this process it does not change the
frequency of voltage or current. It works on the basic principle of electromagnetic induction
(mutually induced e. m. f.). Being a static device it has a very high efficiency as compared to
rotating machine of same rating as the losses are less.
Power input to the transformer

P1 = Reading of Wattmeter * Multiplying Factor

Power output from the transformer P2 = V2 * I2 (cosØ being unity for lamp load)
Now percentage efficiency:
𝑷𝟐
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 = ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝟏

Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET) Department of ECE 64

R17 Autonomous II B. Tech II Semester ET Lab Manual

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

RESISTIVE LOAD:

PROCEDURE:

1) Connect the circuit as shown in above fig.

2) Switch on the input AC supply.
3) Slowly vary the auto transformer knob up to rated input voltage of main transformer.
4) Apply the load slowly up to rated current of the transformer.
5) Note down the wattmeter, voltmeter and ammeter readings.
6) Draw the graph between efficiency and output power.

TABULAR COLUMN (RESISTIVE LOAD):

S.NO Wattmeter Load Current (amps) Voltage

reading(watts) (volts)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET) Department of ECE 65

R17 Autonomous II B. Tech II Semester ET Lab Manual

OBSERVATION TBLE:
S.NO Output Power EFFICIENCY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

MODEL GRAPHS:

EFFICIENCY VS OUTPUT:

RESULT:

EXERCISE QUESTIONS:
1. In a 25KVA, 2000/200V, single-phase transformer, the iron and full load copper losses are
350W and 400W respectively. Calculate the efficiency at UPF on i)Full Load ii)Half full load

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1) What is load test on transformer and what is the advantage of this test?
2) What is other test to determine the efficiency and regulation of transformer?

Malla Reddy College of Engineering and Technology (MRCET) Department of ECE 66