INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+3 BUILDING
USING STAAD PRO

SP.CONSTRUCTION HYDERABAD

SP.CONSTRUCTIONS
As part of DIPLOMA Industrial training submitted
by
Mr. ZAMMER
UNDER THE ESSENTIAL GUIDANCE OF
Mr. K.SHYAM SUNDARA CHARY
PROJECT MANAGER
SP.CONSTRUTCION

Mr.K.SHYAM SUNDARA CHARY Mr. CHANDU

(CONSTRUCTION MANAGER ) (PROJECT MANAGER)

1
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
DIPLOMA (2017-2020)
SP.CONSTRUCTION

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this is the bonafide record of the following
DIPLOMA students of TEEGALA KRISHNA REDDY ENGINEERING
COLLEGE.
Mr. ZAMMER -17248-C-037

Have undergone training for three months under my guidance as

part of our internship program at SP.CONSTRUCTION, HYDERABAD
during the period 18th Nov 2019 to 17th Feb 2020.

Their conduct during the above period is _________

H.O.D DIPLOMA INCHARGE

Mr.J.S.S Manikanta Mr.P. Srinivas

PRINCIPAL EXTERNAL EXAMINER

Mr.P.Venkat Ram Reddy

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
2
 

 
We are very thankful to SP.CONSTRUTION Hyderabad for
giving us the opportunity to undertake our training at their
Construction Site, Construction Division. It was a very good
learning experience for us to have worked at this site. As this
project involves many unique construction practices and
challenges. We would like to convey our heartfelt thanks to Mr.
CHANDU (Project Manager).who assisted and guided us
whenever we needed help.
We would like to thank Mr. M Madhankumar (Accounts &
Administration), for being so helpful during this internship
training.
We would also like to thank Prof J.S.S. Manikanta, Head of
the Department, Department of Civil Engineering, TEEGALA
KRISHNA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, Hyderabad.
 

3
S.NO TOPIC PAGE NO

1. TITLE 1

2. CERTIFICATE 2

3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 3

4. INDEX 4

5. INTRODUCTION 5-6

6. STRUCTURAL PLANNING 07-24

7. STAAD-PRO 25-33

8. ANALYSIS OF G +3 RCC FRAMED BUILDING 34-48

USING STAAD-Pro
9. RESULTS 49-52

10. CONCLUSION 53

11. REFERENCE 54

INTRODUCTION

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 Due to growing population and less availability of land, multi-storey buildings are
constructed which can serve many people in limited area. The main objective of this project
is to analyse and design a (G+3) multi-storeyed building using STAAD.Pro. The project
aims to give proper awareness to right designing and detailing of the building. First of all,
the planning is done using AutoCAD. The design involves load calculations manually and
the structure is analysed using STAAD.Pro. The code refers for this project are IS 456-
2000, SP16.The concrete mix used in this project is M30.The steel strength for all members
are of grade Fe415. For analysing the structure, the loads are very important which are
calculated using IS 875. The LIMIT STATE METHOD of design has been adopted.
Manual design is a difficult process and consumes more time.
In every aspect of human civilization, we needed structures to live. The structures should be
built in an efficient manner so that it can serve people and save money. In simple words, the
building means an empty surrounded by walls and roofs, in order to give shelter for human
beings. In early times humans have lived in caves to protect themselves from wild animals,
rain etc. Then, humans developed and built their homes using timbers and lived. Nowadays
the recent homes are developed into individual and multi-storey buildings. Buildings are the
necessary indicator of social progress of the county. At current situation, many new
techniques have been developed for constructions. So, that the buildings are built
economically and quickly to fulfil the needs of the people. A building frame is a three
dimensional structure which consists of column, beams and slabs. Because of growing
population, high rise buildings are coming into demand. Buildings constitute a part of the
definition of civilizations, a way of life advanced by the people. The buildings should be
constructed for human requirements and not for earning money. Buildings are built in
different sizes, shapes and functions.

STAAD Pro is structural software accepted by much civil engineering. Which can solve
typical problem like wind analysis seismic analysis using various load combination to
confirm various code like IS456:2000, 1893:2002,IS875:1987etc.

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Few standard problems also have been solved to show how “STAAD. Pro” can be used in
different cases. These typical problems have been solved using basic concept of loading,
analysis, condition as per IS code. These basic techniques may be found useful for further
analysis of problems. STAAD Pro features a state-of the-art user interface, visualization
tools, powerful analysis and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic
analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis and design to visualization and result
verification, STAAD Pro is the professional’s choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminum
and cold-formed steel design of low and high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants,
tunnels, bridges, piles and much more. To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer
must determine such information as structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and
materials properties. The results of such an analysis typically include support reactions,
stresses and displacements. This information is then compared to criteria that indicate the
conditions of failure. Advanced structural analysis may examine dynamic response, stability
and non-linear behavior. Few standard problems also have been solved to show how
“STAAD. Pro” can be used in different cases. These typical problems have been solved using
basic concept of loading, analysis, condition as per IS code. These basic techniques may be
found useful for further analysis of problems.

6
 STRUCTURAL PLANNING

Structural planning is first stage in any structural design. It involves the determination
of appropriate form of structure, material to be used, the structural system, the layout of its
components and the method of analysis.

As the success of any engineering project measured in terms of safety and economy,
the emphasis today is being more on economy. Structural planning is the first step towards
successful structural design.
Structural Planning of Reinforced Concrete Framed Building:

Structural planning of R.C.C. framed building involves determination of:

1. COLUMN POSITIONS
 Positioning of columns
 Orientation of columns
2. BEAM LOCATIONS
3. SPANNING OF SLABS
4. LAYOUT AND PLANNING OF STAIRS
5. TYPE OF FOOTING

COLUMN POSITIONS
 Positioning of columns
Following are some of the guidelines principles for positioning of columns.

1. Column should be preferably located at or near the corner of the building and at
intersection of the walls, because the function of the column is to support beams
which are normally placed under walls to support them. The columns, which are near
to property line, can be exception from above consideration as the difficulties are
encountered in providing footing for such columns.
2. When center to center distance between the intersection of the walls is large or where
there are no cross walls, the spacing between two column is governed by limitations
on spans of supported beams because spacing of column beside the span of the beams.
As the span of the beam increase as the required depth increase and hence its self
weight. On the other hand increase in total load is negligible in case of column due to

7
 increase in length. Therefore, column are generally cheaper compared to beams on
basis of unit cost. Therefore, large spans of beam should be avoided for economy
reasons.
 ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS:
Column normally provided in the building are rectangular width of the column not less
than the width of support for effective load transfer. As far as possible, the width of the
column shall not exceed the thickness of the walls to avoid the offsets. Restrictions on
the width of the column necessitate the other side (the depth) of the column to be larger
the desired load carrying capacity. This leads to the problems of orientation of columns.

Position OF BEAMS
Following are some of the guiding principles for the positioning of beams:

a. Beams shall, normally be provided under the walls and below every concentrated load
to avoid these loads directly coming on slabs. Basic principle in deciding the layout of
a component member is that heavy loads should be transferred to the foundation along
the shortest path.

b. Since beams are primarily provided to support slabs, its spacing shall be decided by
the maximum spans of slabs which decides the spacing of beams are governed by
loading and limiting thickness. The maximum practical thickness for
Residential/Office/Public building is 200mm, while minimum is 100mm.

SPANNING OF SLABS
Span of slabs is decided by the position of supporting beams of walls. The slab can be
made to span in one-direction (one-way) or two-direction (two-way), depending on support
conditions, aspect ratio that is Ly/Lx, ratio of reinforcement in the two directions. The
designer is free to decide as to whether slab should be designed as one way or two ways.

The points to be considered in making a decision i.e. whether slab should be designed as
one way or two ways.

a) The slab acts as two way slab when (Ly/Lx) < 2.

A slab acts as one-way when (Ly/Lx) > 2

b) A two-way slab is economical compare to one way slab, because steel along with
directions acts as main steel and transfers loads to all the supports, while in one-way

8
 slab, main steel is provided along short span only and load is transferred to either of
two supports.
c) Two way is advantageous, essentially for large spans (greater then 3m) and for live
loads greater then 3 KN/sq.M. For short spans and light loads steel required for two
way slab does not appreciably differ as compare to steel for one way slab because of
requirement of main steel.

STRUCTURAL DESIGNING
Structural design for framed R.C.C structure can be done by three methods:

a) Working Stress Method.

b) Ultimate Strength Method.
c) Limit State Method.

WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN

It is earliest modified method of R.C.C structures. In this method structural element is
so designed that the stress resulting from the action of services load as computed in linear
elastic theory using modular ratio concept do not exceed a pre-designed allowable stress
which is kept as some fraction of ultimate stress, to avail a margin of safety. Since this
method does not utilize full strength of the material it results in heavy section, the economy
aspect cannot be fully utilized in the method.

ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD OF DESIGN

This method is primarily based on strength concept. In this method the structural
element is proportioned to withstand the ultimate load, which is obtained by enhancing the
service load of some factor referred to as load factor for giving desired margin of safety.
Since this method is based on actual stress strain behavior of the material, of the member as
of the structure that too right up to failure, the values calculated by this method agree well the
experiment results.

LIMIT STATE METHOD DESIGN

During the past several years, extension research works have been carried out on the
different aspects of the research in the actual behavior of member and structure has led to the
development of design and approach of LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN.

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LIMIT STATE CONCEPT

In limit state method the working load is multiplied by partial factor of safety in
accordance with clause 36.4.1 of IS – 456- 2000; And also the ultimate strength of material is
divided by the partial safety in accordance with clause 36.4.1 of IS –456-2000; and also the
ultimate strength of the material is divided by partial safety in accordance with clause 36.4.2
of IS-456-2000. Partial safety factor is introduced to reduce the probability of failure to about
zero. When a structure or apart of a structure becomes unfit for use, it is said to have reached
a limit state, unfitness for use can arise in various ways and aim of limit state method of
design is to provide an acceptable probability that the structure will not reach any of the limit
states during its service life span. Limit state can be broadly classified into two main
categories.

1 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE: It is the limit state on attainment of which the

structure is likely to collapse. It relates to stability and strength of the structure.
Design to this limit ensures safety of the structure from collapse.
2 LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY: It relates to performance or behavior of
structure at working loads and is based on causes affecting serviceability of the
structure. This limit state is concerned with cracking and deflection of the structure.

DESIGN PRINCIPLE, ASSUMPTION AND NOTATION ASSUMED

The notation adopted throughout the work is same as in IS-456-2000.

ASSUMPTION IN DESIGN
1. Using partial safety factors for loads in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000
as γf = 1.5γ

2. Partial safety factor for material in accordance with clause 36.4.2 is IS-456-2000 is
taken as 1.5 for concrete and 1.15 for steel.

3. Using partial safety factors in accordance with clause 36.4 of IS-456-2000

combination of load.

D.L. + L.L. 1.5

D.L. + L.L. + W.L 1.2

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DENSITY OF MATERIALS USED
MATERIAL Density

i) Plain concrete 24.0 KN/m3

ii) Reinforced 25.0 KN/m3

iii) Flooring material (c.m) 20.0KN/m3

iv) Brick masonry 19.0KN/m3

v) Fly ash 5.0KN/m3

LIVELOADS: In accordance with IS 875-86

i) Live load on slabs = 3.0KN/m2

ii) Live load on passage = 3.0KN/m2

iii Live load on stairs = 3.0KN/m2

DESIGN CONSTANTS
Using M20 and Fe 415 grade of concrete and steel for beams, slabs, footings, columns.

Therefore: -

Fck = characteristic strength for M20-20N/mm2

Fy = Characteristic strength of steel – 415N/mm2

ASSUMPTION REGARDING DESIGN

i) Slab is assumed to be continuous over interior support and partially fixed on

edges, due to monolithic construction and due to construction of walls over it.
ii) Beams are assumed to be continuous over interior support and they frame into the
column at ends

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SLABS

Slab are plain structural members forming floors and roofs of building whose
thickness is quite small compared to their other dimensions. These carry load primarily by
flexure and are in various shapes such as square, rectangular, circular and triangular in
buildings, tanks etc. inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multistoried as parking. A
staircase is considered to be an inclined slab.
Slab may be supported by beams or by walls and may be simply supported or
continuous over one or more supports. When the ratio of the length to the width of a slab is
more than 2, and then most of the load is carried by the shorter span and in such a case is
known as one-way in case the ratio is less than 2 then it is called a Two-way slab, which is
further classified as restrained and simply supported slabs. The various other types of the
slabs are flat slabs, which rest directly on columns with beams and Grid Floors or Ribbed
slabs.

The thickness of the reinforced concrete slabs ranges from 75mm to 300mm slabs
are designed just like beams keeping the breadth of slab as unity depending on the system
of units. Thus the total slab is assumed to the consisting of strips of unit width compression
reinforcement is used only in exceptional basis in a slab. Shear stress in a slab are very low
and hence shear reinforcement is never provided and if necessary it is preferred to increase
the depth of the slab to reduce the stress than providing the reinforcement. Temperature
reinforcement is provided at right angles to the main longitudinal reinforcement in a slab.
The design of the slab is purely is accordance with the code IS-456 2000 the designing
process of the slabs the following assumption are made.M 20 Concrete and Fe415 steel is used
both for design and execution purpose.
 The overall depth of the slab is restricted to 150mm with a clear cover of 20mm.
 The main reinforcement consists of Tor steel bars and temperature reinforcement
consists of mild steel bars.
 The total depth of the section is obtained from the maximum bending moment of all
moments on the span.

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Steps to be followed in the design of Two - Way slab.

1. Calculate Dead Load

o Live load
o Floor finish Load
o Imposed Load (if any)

2. Assume suitable thickness of depth (D) of the slab for working out its self-weight.
3. Calculate effective spans both in respect of short span (lx) as well as long span (ly)
o To find the type of slab by the governing formula.

Length(l y )
>2
If Breadth(l x ) (One-Way Slab)

Length(l y )
<2
If Breadth(l x ) (Two-Way Slab)

4. Calculate the maximum Bending Moments per unit width along short span and long
span by I.S code method.
Mx = x .w. lx2

My = y.w.lx2

5. Calculate the effective depth of the slab from Max B.M consideration.

0. 36 X u max 1−0 . 42 X u max

M= d [ d ] f ck bd 2

(or)

Mu
d= √ 2 .76×1000

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6. Check for required effective depth of slab from stiffness/deflection control. Assume
percentage of tension reinforcement and corresponding valued of modification factor
from graph in fig 3 IS 456.
Calculate required graph depth (d) from stiffness/deflection control consideration.

Span
D = BasicValue×ModificationFactor

Note: Basic Value for different kinds of slabs is given in clause 23.1 of IS 456.

This should work out to be less than the value of effective depth adopted in design.

7. Calculate the area of steel per meter width along each span by

d−f y A st

M=
0 . 87 f y A st
[ f ck b ]
(or)

Ast=0. 5
[ √
fck
fy
1− 1−
4 .6 Mv
fckbd 2
bd
]
Check for min. reinforcement

Ast =0.12% bd

Select suitable diameter (X) of the bar and find their center to center spacing.

8. Check for shear by following the steps given below.

 Calculate Maximum shear force (v) from the governing formula.
 Calculate Nominal shear stress by formula
Vu
τv = b.d

Calculate from table 13 of IS 456 the value of permissible shear (

τ c ) for the
balanced percentage of reinforcement. Obtain value of K clause 47.2.1.1 of IS 456
and work out value of permissible shear in slab by the formula

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 τ v = k τc

If
τ v = k τc the slab is safe in shear and requires no shear reinforcement else
shear reinforcement shall be provided.

9. Check for the development length at supports.

M1
Ld < 1.3 V + Lo

10. Torsional reinforcement; As per code, area of steel of torsion reinforcement per
Meter width of slab in each layer of mesh at each corner of the slab.

= ¾ Area of reinforcement for max + ve B.M.

Steps to be followed in the slabs design of One –way slab

1. Assume suitable thickness or depth (D) of the slab for working out its self –weight.
2. Calculate
o Dead load
o Live load
o Floor Finish load
o Imposed load (if any)

3. Calculate effective span for the slab.

4. Find the type of slab by the governing formula
Length(l y )
>2
If Breadth(l x ) (One-Way Slab)

Length(l y )
<2
If Breadth(l x ) (Two-Way Slab)

5. Calculate the maximum bending moment (M) by the Near middle of Span
6. Required effective depth from max.B.M. Consideration.
Mu
d= √ 2 .76×1000

7. Check for required effective depth of slab from stiffness/deflection consideration

15
 Assume percentage of tension reinforcement provided and corresponding value of
modification factor from graph in fig 3 of IS 456

Calculate required effective depth (d) from stiffness/deflection Consideration

Note: Basic values for different kinds of slab are given in clause 23.1 of IS 456.

This should work out to be less than the value of effective depth adopted in design.

8. Calculate the area of steel per meter width

d−f y A st

M=
0 . 87 f y A st
[ f ck b ]
Distribution Reinforcement
Area of distribution steel

Adist = 0.15% of bd for Mild Steel

Or Adist = 0.12% of bd for Tor Steel

Select suitable diameter (d) of the bar and find their center to center spacing.

9. Check for shear by following the steps given below.

 Calculate Maximum shear force (v) from the governing formula.

 Calculate Nominal shear stress by formula
Vu
τv = b.d

Calculate from table 13 of IS 456 the value of permissible shear (

τ c )for the
balanced percentage of reinforcement. Obtain value of K clause 47.2.1.1 of IS 456
and work out value of permissible shear in slab by the formula

τ v = k τc

If
τ v = k τc the slab is safe in shear and requires no shear reinforcement else
shear reinforcement shall be provided.

10. Check for the development length at supports.

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 M1
Ld < 1.3 V + Lo

BEAMS

A reinforcement concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and shear
stresses induced in it . Concrete is fairly strong in compression but very weak in tension.
Plain concrete beams are thus limited in carrying capacity by the low tensile strength. Steel is
very strong in tension. Thus, the tensile weakness of concrete is overcome by the provision of
reinforced steel in the tension zone to make a reinforced concrete beam.

The beams and slabs in concrete structure are cast monolithic. Hence the structure
becomes, a slab which is stiffened by concrete ribs in which the intermediate beams act as
“T” beam, and beams around the staircase, Lift openings, supports frames, etc. act as ‘L’
beams. The portion of the slab that acts as a-flange of T or L beams on its own thickness and
span. Beams may be singly reinforced or doubly reinforced.

SINGLY REINFORCED BEAMS

In case of singly reinforced beam, the main reinforcement is provided near the
tension faces of the beam.

DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAMS

A doubly reinforced beam is that in which reinforcement is provided both for tension
as well as compression face.
A doubly reinforced section is generally provided under the following conditions.

1. When the depth and breadth of the beam are restricted and it has to resist greater
bending moment than a singly reinforced beam of that section would do.

2. When the beam is continuous over several supports, the section of the beam at the
support is usually designed as doubly reinforced section.

3. When the member is subjected to eccentric loading.

4. When the bending moment in the member reverses according to the loading
conditions e.g., the wall of the under ground R.C.C storage reservoir, brackets etc.,

5. When the member is subjected to shocks, impact or accidental lateral thrust.

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DESIGN SPECIFICATION ACCORDING TO IS: 456-2000 AND SP: 16 EFFECTIVE
DEPTH

Effective depth of beams is the distance between the centroid of the area of tension
reinforcement and the maximum compression fiber, excluding the thickness of the finishing
material not placed monolithically.

CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
The deflection of a structure or a part shall not adversely affect the appearance or
efficiency of the structure of finishes or partitions. The deflection shall generally be limited to
the following:

The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage are measured from the as-cast level of the support of the floor, roofs and all other
horizontal members not normally exceed span/250.

The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring
after erection of partitions and the application of finishes should not normally exceed
span/350 or 20mm whichever is less.

SHEAR
A beam subjected to shear force and bending moment experience diagonal tension.
Vertical shear force alone is not as critical when compared with the result due to the
intersection of bending moment and shear force.
The resultants of these stresses produce diagonal tension, which may develop crack in
the beam.

To take care of this resultant diagonal tension shear reinforcement is provided in two

forms.

1. Cranked bars
2. Stirrups
(i) Vertical
(ii) Inclined.

COLUMNS

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General

A column or strut is a compression member, which is used primarily to support axial

compressive loads and with a height of at least three times it’s least lateral dimension.
A reinforced concrete column is said to be subjected to axially loaded when the line
of the resultant thrust of loads supported by the column is coincides with the line of C.G. of
the column in the longitudinal direction. Depending upon the architectural requirements and
the loads to be supported, R.C.C. column may be cast in various shapes i.e. square,
rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal or circular. Column of ell-shaped or tee- shaped are also
sometimes used in column help to bear the load in combination with the concrete. The
longitudinal bars are held in position by transverse reinforcement, or lateral binders. The
binders prevent displacement of the longitudinal bars during concreting operation and also
check the tendency of their buckling out wards under loads.

Effective Length
The effective length of a column is defined as the length between the points of contra
flexure of the buckled column. The code has given certain values of the effective length for
normal usage assuming idealized and condition shown in appendix D of IS 456 (table 24)
A column may be classified as follows based on the type of loading.

1. Axially loaded column.

2. A column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending.
3. A column subjected axial loads and bi-axial bending.

Axially Loaded Columns

All compression members are to be designed for a minimum eccentricity of load into
principal directions. In practice, a truly axially loaded column is rare, if not non-existent.
Therefore, every column should be designed for an eccentricity. Clause 22.4 of IS code
specifies the following eccentricity, emin for the design of column in the direction under
consideration.

Axial Load and Uniaxial Bending

A member subjected to axial force and uniaxial bending shall be designed on the basis
of
a) The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as .
002

19
 b) The maximum compressive strain in concrete at the highly compressed extreme
fiber in concrete subjected to axial compression and when there is no tension on
the section shall be 0.0035 minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed
extreme fiber.
Design charts for combined axial compression and bending are given in the form
of interaction diagrams in which curves for P u /fck bD Vs Mu /fck b D2 are plotted
for different values of p/ fck where P is the reinforcement percentage.

Axial Load and Biaxial Bending

The resistance of a member subjected to axial fore and biaxial bending shall be
obtained on the basis of assumptions given in 38.1 and 38.2 with neutral axis so chosen as to
satisfy the equilibrium of load and moments about two axes.

Alternatively such members may be designed by the following equation:

Mux,Muy = Moment about x and y-axis due to design load

Mux1, Muyl = Maximum uniaxial moment capacity for an axial load of pu,
bending about x and y axis respectively and it is related to pu/puz

Puz = 0.45 x fck x Ac + 0.75 x fy x Asc

For values of Pu/puz = 0.2 to 0.8, the values of an varies from 1 to 2

For values less than 0.2 =1.0

For values greater than 0.8, = 2.0

Foundations
Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the buildings or
individual column to the earth. If these loads are to be properly transmitted, foundations must
be designed to prevent excessive settlement of rotation, to minimize differential settlement
and to provide adequate safety against sliding and overturning,
foundations may be classified as follows:
1. Isolated footings under individual columns.
These may be square, rectangular or circular in plan.

2. Strip Foundations and wall footings.

3. Combined footing supporting two or more column loads.

20
 These may be rectangular or trapezoidal in plan or they may be isolated base
joined by a beam. The later case is referred to as a strap footing.

4. Raft or mat foundation.

It is a large continuous foundation supporting all the column of a structure.

This is normally used when soil conditions are poor or differential settlement is
to be avoided.

5. Pile foundations
Pile caps are used to tie a group of piles together. These may support isolated
column, or groups of several column or load bearing walls.

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

The analysis and design of footing can be broadly divided in the following steps:

 Determination of the area of footing.

 Determination of bending moments and shears at critical section and fixing the
depth of footing.
 Determination of the area reinforcement.
 Check for development length at critical section.
The area of the footing is worked out based on the number including self-weight of
footing and bearing capacity of the soil. The calculations for bending moment, shear force,
development length etc, are made based on provision in IS code. The various
recommendations made in IS 456 design of footing are given below.

GENERAL

 Footing shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and forces and the
induced reactions and to ensure that may settlement which may occur will be as
nearly uniform as possible and the safe bearing capacity of the soil is not exceed.
 Thickness at the edge of footing. In reinforced and plain concrete footings, thickness
at the edge shall not less than 150mm for footings on the soil, nor less than 300mm
above the tops of piles for footing on piles.
1. MOMENTS AND FORCES
In the case of footing on piles, computation for moments and shears may be based on
the assumption that the reaction from any piles is concentrated at the center of the pile. For

21
the purpose of computing stress in footing, which support a round or octagonal concrete
column or pedestal the face of the column or pedestal shall be taken as the side of a square
inscribed with in the perimeter of the round or octagonal column or pedestal.

BENDING MOMENT:

 The bending moment at any section shall be determined by passing through the
section a vertical plain which extends completely across the footing and
competing the moments of the forces acting over the entire area of the footing on
one side of the said plane.
 The greatest bending moment to be used in the design of an isolated concrete
footing which supports a column, pedestal or walls shall be moment computed in
the manner prescribed in 33.2.3.1 at sections located as follows:
1) At the face of column, pedestal or wall for footing supporting concrete column,
pedestal or wall.

2) Half way between the centerline and edge of the wall, for footing under masonry
walls.

3) Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gusseted
base for footing or gusseted bases.

SHEAR AND BOND:

The shear strength of the footing is governed by the more severe of the following two
conditions.

1) The footing acting essentially as wide beam with a potential diagonal crack extending
in a plane across the entire width. The critical section located from the face of the column
pedestal or wall equal to the half effective depth of footing for footing on piles.

2) Two-way action of the footing with potential diagonal cracking along with surface of
truncated cone or pyramid around the concentrated load. In this case the footing shall be
designed for shear in accordance with appropriate provision specified in 30.6.

3) The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be assumed
at the same planes as those described for bending moment in 33.2.3 and also at all other
vertical planes where abrupt changes of section occur. If the reinforcement is curtails, the
anchorage requirement shall be checked in accordance with 25.2.3

22
TENSILE REINFORCEMENT

The total reinforcement at any section shall provide a moment or resistance at least
equal to the bending moment on the section calculated in accordance with 33.23.

 In one-way reinforcement square footing the reinforcement in the long direction shall
be distributed across the full width of the footing.
 In two-way reinforced square footing the reinforcement extending in each direction
shall be distributed uniformly across the full length of the footing.
 In two-way reinforced rectangular footing, the reinforcement in the long direction
shall be distributed uniformly across the full width of the footing. For reinforcement
in the short direction, a central band equal to the width of Reinforcement in central
band width
2. TRANSFER OF LOAD AT THE BASE OF THE COLUMN
The compressive stress in concrete at base of a column or pedestal shall be considered
as being transferred by bearing to the top of the supporting pedestal or footing. The bearing
pressure on the loaded area shall not exceed the permissible bearing stress in direct
compression multiplied by a value A1/A2 but not greater than 2

Where A1= supporting area for bearing of footing, which is sloped or stropped footing may
be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest.

Frustum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly within the footing and having its for a base.
The area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to horizontal.

A2=loaded area at the column of the base.

For limit stress method of design the permissible bearing stress on full area of concrete shall
be taken as 0.45fck

 Where the permissible bearing stress on the concrete in the supporting or supported
member would be exceed, reinforcement shall be provided for developing the excess
the force, either by extending the longitudinal bars into the supporting member or by
dowels.
 Where transfer is accomplished by reinforcement, the development length of the
reinforcement shall be sufficient to transfer the compression or tension the supporting
member.

23
  Extended longitudinal reinforcement or dowels of at least 0.5 percent of cross-
sectional area of the supported column or pedestal and a minimum of fours bars shall
be provided. Where dowels are used their diameter shall not exceed the diameter of
the column bars by more than 2mm.
Column of bars of diameter larger than 36mm, in compression only can be doweled at the
footing with bars of smaller size the necessary area. The doweled shall not exceeding to the
column, a distance equal to the development length of the column bar and into development
length of the column bar and into the footing distance equal to the development length of the
dowel.

24
 STAAD-PRO
Our project involves analysis and design of multi-storeyed [G + 3] using a very
popular designing software STAAD Pro. We have chosen STAAD Pro because of its
following advantages:
 easy to use interface,

 conformation with the Indian Standard Codes,

 versatile nature of solving any type of problem,

 Accuracy of the solution.

STAAD.Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis

and design engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From
model generation, analysis and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD.Pro is
the professional’s choice for steel, concrete, timber, aluminium and cold-formed steel design
of low and high-rise buildings, culverts, petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and
much more.

STAAD.Pro consists of the following:

The STAADPro Graphical User Interface: It is used to generate the model, which can then be
analyzed using the STAAD engine. After analysis and design is completed, the GUI can also
be used to view the results graphically.
The STAAD analysis and design engine: It is a general-purpose calculation engine for
structural analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete, Timber and Aluminium design.
To start with we have solved some sample problems using STAAD Pro and checked the
accuracy of the results with manual calculations. The results were to satisfaction and were
accurate. In the initial phase of our project we have done calculations regarding loadings on
buildings and also considered seismic and wind loads.

25
Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and
predicts the behavior of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a method to
drive the engineering design process or prove the soundness of a design without a dependence on
directly testing it.

To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such information as

structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and materials properties. The results of such
an analysis typically include support reactions, stresses and displacements. This information
is then compared to criteria that indicate the conditions of failure. Advanced structural
analysis may examine dynamic response, stability and non-linear behaviour.
The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being
designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of
safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and
have adequate durability and adequate resistance to the effects of seismic and wind. Structure
and structural elements shall normally be designed by Limit State Method. Account should be
taken of accepted theories, experiment and experience and the need to design for durability.
Design, including design for durability, construction and use in service should be considered
as a whole. The realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined
standards for materials, production, workmanship and also maintenance and use of structure
in service.
The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements as prescribed in the
Indian Standard Codes. The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of
buildings are being covered by way of laying down minimum design loads which have to be
assumed for dead loads, imposed loads, and other external loads, the structure would be
required to bear. Strict conformity to loading standards recommended in this code, it is
hoped, will not only ensure the structural safety of the buildings which are being designed.

DEAD LOADS
All permanent constructions of the structure form the dead loads. The dead load
comprises of the weights of walls, partitions floor finishes, false ceilings, false floors and the
other permanent constructions in the buildings. The dead load loads may be calculated from
the dimensions of various members and their unit weights. the unit weights of plain concrete
and reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or crushed natural stone aggregate may be
taken as 24 kN/m” and 25 kN/m” respectively.

26
IMPOSED LOADS
Imposed load is produced by the intended use or occupancy of a building including
the weight of movable partitions, distributed and concentrated loads, load due to impact and
vibration and dust loads. Imposed loads do not include loads due to wind, seismic activity,
snow, and loads imposed due to temperature changes to which the structure will be subjected
to, creep and shrinkage of the structure, the differential settlements to which the structure
may undergo.
WORKING WITH STAAD-Pro:
STAAD PRO INTRODUCTION AND IT’S BENEFITS

Staad Pro stands for Structural Analysis And Designing Program. This Software is most
used Software for civil Engineering designing.

STAAD.Pro is a structural analysis and design software based on the finite element method.
It is capable of analysing and designing civil engineering structures such as buildings,
bridges, plane and space trusses. It can generate loads (wind and earthquake) as per building
codes of selected countries. It can carry out design of steel and reinforced concrete buildings
as per codes of selected countries. It has a simple and easy to learn user interface. It is
currently developed by Bentley Systems Inc. It was originally developed by Research
Engineers Inc. in California. It was one of the earliest structural analysis and design software
with a user friendly and support for building codes of countries other than US, UK and other
developed countries.

STAAD PRO

Staad Pro is a structural analysis and design software application originally developed by

Research Engineers International in 1997. In late 2005, Research Engineers International was
bought by Bentley Systems.

STAAD. Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and design software products
worldwide. It supports over 90 international steel, concrete, timber & aluminium design
codes.

It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional static analysis to more recent
analysis methods like p-delta analysis, geometric non-linear analysis, Pushover analysis
(Static-Non Linear Analysis) or a buckling analysis. It can also make use of various forms of
dynamic analysis methods from time history analysis to response spectrum analysis.The

27
response spectrum analysis feature is supported for both user defined spectra as well as a
number of international code specified spectra .Additionally, STAAD. Pro is interoperable
with applications such as RAM Connection, Auto PIPE, SACS and many more engineering
design and analysis applications to further improve collaboration between the different
disciplines involved in a project. STAAD can be used for analysis and design of all types of
structural projects from plants, buildings, and bridges to towers, tunnels, metro stations,
water/wastewater treatment plants Here are some ways in which you can benefit of
learning STAAD Pro software.

 You will come to know how to have isometric and point of view perspectives
and 3D shapes.
 You will be aware how to design concrete structures like
columns/beams/slabs/footings according to the international codes.
 You will get to learn how to generate text/graphics input
 You will come to know how to execute flexible zoom and numerous views.
 You will have the knowledge on how to perform code check, member selection
and optimized part selection comprising of design/analysis cycles.
 You will know how to utilize built-in command file editor and straight forward
command language.
 You will learn how to finish complete object-oriented instinctive 3D/2D graphic
model creation.
 You can learn how to do effective algorithm that limits disk space prerequisites.
Advantage of using Staad Pro Software :

 Faster method of designing the structure.

 Does not involve any manual calculation.
 Suitable for almost all types material for designing i. e. Concrete, Steel,
Aluminium etc.
 Shows accuracy in results i. e. Shear Force, Bending moment diagram for each
and every beam and column of the structure. That you were doing manualy.
 Shows result for Number of reinforcement used longitudanaly, Shear
reinforcement.
 Helps you to make improvement in structure, section, dimensions.

28
  You can design structure for any type of load i. e. Dead load, Live load, wind
load, snow load, area load, floor load etc.
 You can design simple beam to sky scraper and analyse weather it will fail at
applied load or pass.
 You can import designs from auto CAD to staad.
 Easy to learn.
Limitation :

 Not for brick masonry work.

 Does not show the amount of material used.
 Not for costing and estimating.
 Require proper skill for typical designs.

GENERATION OF THE STRUCTURE IN STAADPRO

The structure may be generated from the input file or mentioning the co-ordinates in
the staad pro software.

Supports:
Supports are specified as PINNED, FIXED, or FIXED with different releases (known as
FIXED BUT). A pinned support has restraints against all translational movement and none
against rotational movement. In other words, a pinned support will have reactions for all
forces but will resist no moments. A fixed support has restraints against all directions of
movement. Translational and rotational springs can also be specified. The springs are
represented in terms of their spring constants. A translational spring constant is defined as the
force to displace a support joint one length unit in the specified global direction. Similarly, a
rotational spring constant is defined as the force to rotate the support joint one degree around
the specified global direction
Loads:
Loads in a structure can be specified as joint load, member load, temperature load and fixed-
end member load. STAAD can also generate the self-weight of the structure and use it as
uniformly distributed member loads in analysis. Any fraction of this self weight can also be
applied in any desired direction.

29
Joint loads:
Joint loads, both forces and moments, may be applied to any free joint of a structure. These
loads act in the global coordinate system of the structure. Positive forces act in the positive
coordinate directions. Any number of loads may be applied on a single joint, in which case
the loads will be additive on that joint.

Member load:
Three types of member loads may be applied directly to a member of a structure. These loads
are uniformly distributed loads, concentrated loads, and linearly varying loads (including
trapezoidal). Uniform loads act on the full or partial length of a member. Concentrated loads
act at any intermediate, specified point. Linearly varying loads act over the full length of a
member. Trapezoidal linearly varying loads act over the full or partial length of a member.
Trapezoidal loads are converted into a uniform load and several concentrated loads. Any
number of loads may be specified to act upon a member in any independent loading
condition. Member loads can be specified in the member coordinate system or the global
coordinate system. Uniformly distributed member loads provided in the global coordinate
system may be specified to act along the full or projected member length.

Area/floor load:
Many times a floor (bound by X-Z plane) is subjected to a uniformly distributed load. It
could require a lot of work to calculate the member load for individual members in that floor.
However, with the AREA or FLOOR LOAD command, the user can specify the area loads
(unit load per unit square area) for members. The program will calculate the tributary area for
these members and provide the proper member loads. The Area Load is used for one way
distributions and the Floor Load is used for two way distributions
.

30
Fixed end member load:

Load effects on a member may also be specified in terms of its fixed end loads. These loads
are given in terms of the member coordinate system and the directions are opposite to the
actual load on the member. Each end of a member can have six forces: axial; shear y; shear z;
torsion; moment y, and moment z.

Section Types for Concrete Design:

The following types of cross sections for concrete members can be designed.
For Beams Prismatic (Rectangular & Square) & T-shape
For Columns Prismatic (Rectangular, Square and Circular)

Design Parameters:

The program contains a number of parameters that are needed to perform design as per IS
13920. It accepts all parameters that are needed to perform design as per IS: 456. Over and
above it has some other parameters that are required only when designed is performed as per
IS: 13920. Default parameter values have been selected such that they are frequently used

31
numbers for conventional design requirements. These values may be changed to suit the
particular design being performed by this manual contains a complete list of the available
parameters and their default values. It is necessary to declare length and force units as
Millimeter and Newton before performing the concrete design.

Beam Design:

Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion. If required the effect of the axial force may
be taken into consideration. For all these forces, all active beam loadings are prescanned to
identify the critical load cases at different sections of the beams. For design to be performed
as per IS: 13920 the width of the member shall not be less than 200mm. Also the member
shall preferably have a width-to depth ratio of more than 0.3.

Design Operations:

STAAD contains a broad set of facilities for designing structural members as individual
components of an analyzed structure. The member design facilities provide the user with the
ability to carry out a number of different design operations. These facilities may design
problem. The operations to perform a design are:

• Specify the members and the load cases to be considered in the design.

• Specify whether to perform code checking or member selection.

• Specify design parameter values, if different from the default values.

• Specify whether to perform member selection by optimization.

These operations may be repeated by the user any number of times depending upon the
design requirements.

Earthquake motion often induces force large enough to cause inelastic deformations in the
structure. If the structure is brittle, sudden failure could occur. But if the structure is made to

32
behave ductile, it will be able to sustain the earthquake effects better with some deflection
larger than the yield deflection by absorption of energy. Therefore ductility is also required as
an essential element for safety from sudden collapse during severe shocks. STAAD has the
capabilities of performing concrete design as per IS 13920. While designing it satisfies all
provisions of IS 456 – 2000 and IS 13920 for beams and columns.

ANALYSIS OF G +3 RCC FRAMED BUILDING

33
 USING STAAD-Pro

MANUAL CALCULATIONS :
LOADS CONSIDERED FOR MANUAL CALCULATIONS :

Floor loads: 2.5kN/m²(As per IS 875 (part2))

Dead load: 1kN/m

Slab weight: 0.15 X 25 = 3.75 kN/m2

Floor finishes = 1.0 kN/m2

Live load: (As per Table-1 of IS-875(part2))

Beams under internal walls: 0.115 X 19 X 2.55 = 5.244 ≈6kN/m

Beams under external walls: .0.230 X 19 X 2.55 = 11.141 ≈ 12kN/m

Nodel load at steel beams:50 KN/m

COLUMN DESIGN :

Based on slenderness ratio:

Short column Leff/d <12

Long column Leff/d> 12

Based on type of loading:

Axially loaded column.

A column subjected to axial load and uni-axial bending

A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending

Based on pattern of lateral reinforcement:

Tied columns

Spiral columns

Minimum eccentricity:

34
Emin>(l/500) + (D130) > 20

Where, 1= unsupported length of column in 'mm'

D = lateral dimensions of column

Types of Reinforcements for columns and their requirements:

Longitudinal Reinforcement:

Minimum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must be at least 0.8% of gross section
area of the column.

Maximum area of cross-section of longitudinal bars must not exceed 6% of the gross cross-
section area of the column.

The bars should not be less than 12mm in diameter.

Minimum number of longitudinal bars must be four in rectangular column and six in circular
column.

Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a column should not exceed
300mm.

Transverse reinforcement may be in the form of lateral ties or spirals.

The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4 th of the diameter of the largest
longitudinal bar and in no case less than 6mm.

The pitch of lateral ties should not exceed Least lateral dimension

16 times the diameter of longitudinal bars (small)300mm

Helical Reinforcement:

The diameter of helical bars should not be less than 1/4th the diameter of largest longitudinal
and not less than 6mm.

The pitch should not exceed (if helical reinforcement is allowed).

75mm

1/6th of the core diameter of the column

Pitch should not be less than, 25mm 3 times the diameter of helical bar

35
Pitch should not exceed (if helical reinforcement is not allowed)

Least lateral dimension 16 times the diameter of longitudinal bar (smaller) 300mm

Short axially Loaded columns:

EXAMPLE FOR COLUMN DESIGN

Given data

fck = 25 N/mm2

fy =415N/mm2

Puz = 1835 N

b = 450 mm, d = 450 mm

Design of reinforcement Area:

(As per clause 39.6 of IS 456 2000)

Puz = 0.45 fckAc + 0.75 fyAsc

2385 x 10^3 = 0.45 x 25 ( 450 x 450 – Asc ) + 0.75 x 415 x Asc

2385 x 10^3 = 2025000 – 10 Asc + 278.05 Asc

360000 = 268.05 Asc

On solving the above equation we get

Asc = 1343 Sq.mm.((Matched with Output)

Comparative studies :

Area of steel provided = 8 x π/4 x 122

=
905.14 mm² ( from STAAD.Pro )

Area of steel provided = 1400 mm² (from manual calculation)

Design of Main(Longitudinal) reinforcement:

36
(As per clause 26.5.3.1 of IS 456-2000 )

1. The cross sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement shall not be less

0.8% , not more than 6% of the gross cross sectional area of the column.

2. The bars shall not be less than 12 mm in diameter.

3. Spacing of longitudinal bars measured along the periphery of the column

shall not exceed 300 mm.

Provided main reinforcement : 8 - 12 dia

: 970 Sq.mm

Check for Transverse reinforcement :

(As per clause 26.5.3.2 of IS 456-2000 )

PITCH :
shall not be more than the least of the following

 Least lateral dimension of the compression member (350mm).

 16 x diameter of longitudinal reinforcement bar=16x 12 = 192 mm
 300 mm

B) Diameter

1.Shall not be less than one fourth of the diameter of main reinforcement.

2.Not less than 6 mm

PROVIDED TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. rectangular ties @ 190mm c/c

EXAMPLE FOR BEAM DESIGN

Cross section of beam :

b = 450mm

effective cover(d') = 25 mm

d = 450mm

fck= 25 N/mm2

fy = 415 N/mm2

37
loads:

Self weight of beam = 0.45 x 0.45 x 25=5.06 kN/m

Imposed load = 40 kN/m

Total load = 5.06+40 = 45.06 kN/m

Factored load ( Wᵤ ) = 1.5x45.06 = 67.59 kN/m

Factored bending moment Wᵤl ²

Mᵤ=
8

67.59 x 8²
¿
8

= 556.72kN-m

Limiting moment:

Mulimit = 0.138 x fck x b x d

= 0.138 x 25 x 450 x 400²

= 248.4 kN-m

Area of tensioned steel(Ast1):

0.87 x fyx Ast1=0.36 x b x fck x Xumax

Xumax = 0.48 x d

= 0.48 x 400

= 192 mm

0.36 x 25 x 450 x 192

Ast1 =
0.87 x 415

Ast1 = 2153 mm

Compression Reinforcement ( Asc )

38
 d ' 25
For d = 450 = 0.05 , stress in compression steel fsc from table F of SP 16

f = 351 N/mm²
sc

M =M – M
u2 ulim u

= 248.4 - 80

= 168.4 kN-m

Mu2 = fscAsc (d-d’)

168.4X106 = 351 X Asc (450 - 25)

Asc = 283.3 mm²

Additional Tensile Steel (Ast2):

0.87 fy Ast2 = fscAsc

351 x 283.3
Ast2 =
0.87 x 415

Ast2 = 263 mm²

Asc + Ast2 = 283.3 + 263 = 2153 mm2

Comparative studies :

Area of steel provided = 8 x π/4 x 122

=
905.14 mm² ( from STAAD.Pro )

Area of steel provided = 2153 mm² ( from manual calculation)

DESIGN OF MODEL SLAB

STEP:1

fck=25N/mm2

fy=415N/mm2

Short Span=lx=4+0.23= 4.23m

Long Span=ly=5+0.23= 5.23m

39
 5.23
ly/lx= =1.4< 2
4.23

Hence the slab has to be designed as two way slab

STEP:2

Assume Over all depth of the slab=225mm

Dead load of the Slab=0.225 X 25 = 5.625kN/m

= 4.25kN/m

Floor Finishes=1kN/m

Total Load=5.625+3+1 =9.625kN/m

Live load=3kN/m

Total factored load =1.5 X 9.625 kN/m

STEP:3

Bending Moment calculation as per IS-456:2000

End conditions: Two edges discontinuous

Short span –ve Moment factor=0.088

Short span +ve Moment factor=0.057

Long span -ve Moment factor=0.088

Long span +ve Moment factor=0.057

[Mx]+ve=αx x W x lx2 = 0.035 x 9 x 4.6722=21.6 kN-m

[Mx]-ve=αx x W x lx2 = 0.047 x 9 x 4.6722=14 kN-m

[My]+ve=αy x W x lx2 =0.035 x 9 x 4.6722=21.6 kN-m

[My]-ve=αy x W x lx2 = 0.047 x 9 x 4.6722=14 kN-

STEP:4

40
Check for Effective depth

d=120-15-(10/12) = 100mm

[Mu]lim=0.138 x fck x b x d2

21.6 x106= 0.138 x 25 x 1000 x d2

d=79mm < 200mm

Section is under reinforced and provided depth is ok

STEP:5

Area of Steel: For [Mx]-ve:

Ast x fy
[ M x ]−ve :=0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1− )
fck x B x d

21.6 x 1000000=0.87 x 415 x Astb x 200 x ¿

Ast= 306.94 mm2

Spacing:

ast π x 8x 8
Ast
x 1000= (
4 x 306.94 )
S = 163.7mm ≈ 160mm

Max spacing

3 x d =3 x 200 =600m

300mm

Therefore provide 8mm dia bars @ 160mm C/C

For [My]-ve:

[ My ] −ve :=0.87 x fy x Ast x d x (1− Ast x fy )

fck x B x d

9.23 x 1000000=0.87 x 415 x Ast x 192 x ¿

Ast= 205 mm2

Spacing:

41
ast π x8 x8
Ast
x 1000= (
4 x 205 )
x1000

S = 245mm ≈ 250mm

Max spacing

5 x d =5 x 200 = 1000mm

450mm

Therefore provide 8mm dia bars @ 250mm C/C

STEP: 6

Reinforcement in Edge Strip:

Ast=0.12% Gross area

0.12
Ast = x 1000 x 225 =270mm2
100

Spacing:

ast π x8 x8
Ast
x 1000= (
4 x 270 )
x 1000

S = 186mm

Max spacing

5 x d =5 x 200 = 1000mm

450mm

Therefore provide 8mm dia bars @ 185ssmm C/C

STEP: 7

Torsion Reinforcement

@Two edges discontinuous

3 3
At= x Ast = x 268.42
4 4

At=201.35mm2

42
Using 6mm dia bars

Spacing:

ast π x6 x 6
Ast
x 1000= (
4 x 201.35 )
x 1000

S = 140.42mm ≈ 140mm

Max spacing

3 x d =3 x 100 = 300mm

300m

Therefore provide 6 mm dia bars @ 140mm C/C

@One edge discontinuous

1 3 1 3
At= x x Ast = x x 268.42
2 4 2 4

At=100.67mm2

Using 6mm dia bars

Spacing:

ast π x6 x 6
Ast
x 1000= (
4 x 100.675 )
x 1000

S = 280.84mm ≈ 280mm

Max spacing

3 x d =3 x 100 = 300mm

300mm

Therefore provide 6 mm dia bars @ 280mm C/C

STEP: 8

Check for Deflection:

L/d = 26

43
 required
Fs=0.58 x fy x areaofsteel
provided

= 0.58 x 415 x 268.42/271.7

= 237.8

268.42
% of steel = x 100 = 0.19
120 x 1000

Modification Factor = 1.8

Max deflection Permitted = 1.8x26 = 46.8

Max deflection provided = 4518/100 = 45.18< 46.8

Hence Deflection control is safe

ANALYSIS PROCEDURE :
Open STAADD PRO v8i software

Click on new project

Click on space

Give file name- 3d frame and location

Then select add beam-finish.

44
Draw floor plan in staad pro or autocad -- Take Grid in xz direction –In x direction grid
lines are 13 for 4 bays i.e each bay 3m and in z direction grid lines are 16 for 5 bays i.e each
bay 3m

After drawing plan --- select the whole plan – Transfer the same beams and columns to 10
stories wusing translation repeat command in the menu .

Click on geometry-open run structure wizard-select shape-model type-frame model-select

bay frame-click on apply;

Select transfer model to work space---yes---ok.

Select general-select material as concrete --- assign it to assign to view

Select property-click on define-select property type- rectangular beam size 0.3*0.3m-

rectangular column size 0.45*0.3m-click ok

45
Click on thickness-select plate element thickness- 0.15 m-click on material type- concrete

Assign the beam property to the respective beams in x and z directions by selecting in select
command

Assign column property to the resspective column in y direction by selecting columns in

select command – assign to selected columns – ok

Similarly assign plate i.e slab thickness to assign to view

We can verify weather the properties are assigned or not in 3d rendering view

Click on supports-click on create-then support type –fixed-click on close.select support

type-keep the structure in front view-And give the selected support.

46
Click on load and definition-select loadcase details-click on add-select load type-dead load-
title-DL –click on add-select DL- click on add- select selfweight – direction Y-factor -1 –
click on selfweight- click on assign to view.

Click on load and definition-select loadcase details-click on add-select load type- live load-
title LL –click on add – select LL –click on member load- select uniform force- W1= -10
kn/m , direction GY –click on add- click on floor load- click pressure= -2 kn/m- click on
define range – minimum =3m, maximum = 33m – click on add.

Select uniforn force in LL – And select assign to selected beams – assign.

Select floor load- click on assign to view- Assign.

Click on analysis and print- click on all- select analyse – click on run aanalysis –ok

47
Click on design- select material type – concrete – select code –IS456 –click on select
parameters- And select Clear , Fc ,Fymain,Fysec – click on add – click on define parameter –
select clrear = 0.3m – click on add – select Fc = 25000 kn/m2– click on add – select fymain
=415000 kn/m2 – select fymain = 415000 kn/m2– click on add – click on commands – select
design beam– click on add – select design column– click on add – select design slab /
element– click on add – click on take off– click on add.

Select clear – click on assign to view- assign –select Fc - click on assign to view- assign -
select Fymain - click on assign to view- assign - select Fysec - click on assign to view –
assign

Select design beam – go to select - select beams parallel to x and z axis – click on assign to
selected beams – assign – select design column - go to select- select beams parallel to y axis
- click on assign to selected beams – assign – select design slab / element – click on assign to
view – assign – select take off – click on assign to view – assign .

Click on analysis \ print – select all – click on analyze – click on run analysis – go to post
processing mode .

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 RESULTS

Bending moment of the building

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Shear Force of the building

Axial Force of the building

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Stress diagram

Graphs of BM,SF and AXIAL FORCE

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Displacement of building

Reaction Forces

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CONCLUSION
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STAAD PRO has the capability to calculate the reinforcement needed for any concrete
section. The program contains a number of parameters which are designed as per IS:
456(2000). Beams are designed for flexure, shear and torsion.
Design for Flexure:
Maximum sagging (creating tensile stress at the bottom face of the beam) and hogging
(creating tensile stress at the top face) moments are calculated for all active load cases at each
of the above mentioned sections. Each of these sections are designed to resist both of these
critical sagging and hogging moments. Where ever the rectangular section is inadequate as
singly reinforced section, doubly reinforced section is tried.
Design for Shear:
Shear reinforcement is calculated to resist both shear forces and torsional moments. Shear
capacity calculation at different sections without the shear reinforcement is based on the
actual tensile reinforcement provided by STAAD program. Two-legged stirrups are provided
to take care of the balance shear forces acting on these sections.
Beam Design Output:
The default design output of the beam contains flexural and shear reinforcement provided
along the length of the beam.
Column Design:
Columns are designed for axial forces and biaxial moments at the ends. All active load cases
are tested to calculate reinforcement. The loading which yield maximum reinforcement is
called the critical load. Column design is done for square section. Square columns are
designed with reinforcement distributed on each side equally for the sections under biaxial
moments and with reinforcement distributed equally in two faces for sections under uni-axial
moment. All major criteria for selecting longitudinal and transverse reinforcement as
stipulated by IS: 456 have been taken care of in the column design of STAAD.

REFERENCE

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We don’t just build homes We build more than homes. We build communities – We build
Memories. As a builder of luxury homes in the best locations, we provide what matters most:
Superior Design, the Highest Quality Construction, and a Partnership with a Builder you can
trust. We’ve been a new home builder for nearly 15 years! We love helping new home buyers
attain the dream of homeownership.

Our homeowner-first approach means that every home we build reflects the lifestyle and
needs of the people who live in them. Creating a space where your family can thrive is what
we’re all about. So, we invite you to explore our Pruthvi Adithya communities and take a
look inside our homes.

With the help of SP Construction our training of project sucessfully completed with site
evaluation , estimation of costing , analysis and design of G+3 Building by using
staadpro.Mostly how known about how to handle the project while construction.

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