It Spring Edutech: Chapter 1: Getting Started With HTML

IT SPRING EDUTECH
A complete web solution
Chapter 1: Getting started with HTML
Version Specification Release Date
1.0 N/A 1994-01-01
2.0 RFC 1866 1995-11-24
3.2 W3C: HTML 3.2 Specification 1997-01-14
5 WHATWG: HTML Living Standard 2014-10-28
5.2 HTML 5.2 2017
Invented by :-TIM-BERNERS-LEE
Introduction:
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) uses a markup system composed

of elements which represent specific content. Markup means that
with HTML you declare what is presented to a viewer, not how it is
presented. Visual representations are defined by Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS) and realized by browsers. Still existing elements that
allow for such, like e.g. font, "are entirely obsolete, and must not be
used by authors.
HTML is sometimes called a programming language but it has no logic,

so is a markup language. HTML tags provide semantic meaning and
machine-readability to the content in the page.
HTML document are written in HTML editors.
Example of HTML editors:-
i)Notepad
ii) Notepad++
iii) Sublime text
iv)Eclipse
v) Netbeans
vi) Visual Studio code
 Why to Learn HTML?

HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of
documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate
the sharing of scientific information between researchers. Now,
HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of
different tags available in HTML language.
HTML is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a
great Software Engineer specially when they are working in Web
Development Domain. I will list down some of the key advantages of
learning HTML:
 Create Web site - You can create a website or customize an
existing web template if you know HTML well.
 Become a web designer - If you want to start a carrer as a
professional web designer, HTML and CSS designing is a must
skill.
 Understand web - If you want to optimize your website, to boost
its speed and performance, it is good to know HTML to yield
best results.
 Learn other languages - Once you understands the basic of
HTML then other related technologies like javascript, php, or
angular are become easier to understand.
 Applications of HTML
HTML is one of the most widely used language over the web. I'm
going to list few of them here:
 Web pages development - HTML is used to create pages which
are rendered over the web. Almost every page of web is having
html tags in it to render its details in browser.
 Internet Navigation - HTML provides tags which are used to
navigate from one page to another and is heavily used in
internet navigation.
 Responsive UI - HTML pages now-a-days works well on all
platform, mobile, tabs, desktop or laptops owing to responsive
design strategy.

 Offline support HTML pages once loaded can be made available

offline on the machine without any need of internet.
 Game development- HTML5 has native support for rich
experience and is now useful in gaming developent arena as
well.
 HTML
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most
widely used language to write Web Pages.
 Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML
documents) are linked together. Thus, the link available on a
webpage is called Hypertext.
 As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which
means you use HTML to simply "mark-up" a text document with
tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to display.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the
structure of documents like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth
to facilitate the sharing of scientific information between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of
different tags available in HTML language.
 How do we write a first HTML

Code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
 SOME BASIC HTML TAGS :
HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format
the content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag
Name>. Except few tags, most of the tags have their corresponding
closing tags. For example, <html> has its closing
tag </html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags −
Sr.No Tag & Description
1 <!DOCTYPE...>
This tag defines the document type and HTML version.
2 <html>
This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly

comprises of document header which is represented by
<head>...</head> and document body which is represented by
<body>...</body> tags.
3 <head>
This tag represents the document's header which can keep other
HTML tags like <title>, <link> etc.
4 <title>
The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the
document title.
5 <body>
This tag represents the document's body which keeps other

HTML tags like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.
6 <h1>
This tag represents the heading.
7 <p>
This tag represents a paragraph.
To learn HTML, you will need to study various tags and understand
how they behave, while formatting a textual document. Learning
HTML is simple as users have to learn the usage of different tags in
order to format the text or images to make a beautiful webpage.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends to use lowercase
tags starting from HTML 4.
HTML Document Structure

A typical HTML document will have the following structure −
<html>
<head>
Document header related tags
</head>
<body>
Document body related tags
</body>
</html>
We will study all the header and body tags in subsequent chapters,
but for now let's see what is document declaration tag.
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

Heading Tags
Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for
your headings. HTML also has six levels of headings, which use the
elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, and <h6>. While displaying
any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that
heading.
Example
Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result −
Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different
paragraphs. Each paragraph of text should go in between an opening
<p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the example −
Example
Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>
Line Break Tag

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts
from the next line. This tag is an example of an empty element, where
you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go
in between them.
The <br /> tag has a space between the characters br and the forward
slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble
rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward slash
character and just use <br> it is not valid in XHTML.
Example
Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment ontime.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>
</html>
Centering Content
You can use <center> tag to put any content in the center of the page
or any table cell.
Example
Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Centring Content Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This text is not in the center.</p>
<center>
<p>This text is in the center.</p>
</center>
</body>
</html>
This will produce following result −
Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a
document. The <hr> tag creates a line from the current position in the
document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly.
For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as
in the given example below −
Example
Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Horizontal Line Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr />
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>
</body>
</html>

Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do
not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in
between them.
The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the
forward slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have
trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you miss the forward
slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML
Preserve Formatting
Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is
written in the HTML document. In these cases, you can use the
preformatted tag <pre>.
Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag
will preserve the formatting of the source document.
Example
Live Demo
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Preserve Formatting Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<pre>
function testFunction( strText ){
alert (strText)
}
</pre>
</body>
</html>

Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags
Nonbreaking Spaces
Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you
would not want a browser to split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across
two lines −
An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry
Men."
In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you
should use a nonbreaking space entity instead of a normal
space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph,
you should use something similar to the following code −
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>An example of this technique appears in the movie
"12 Angry Men."</p>
</body>
</html>
The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to

understand the version of the HTML used in the document. Current
version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the following declaration −
<!DOCTYPE html>
There are many other declaration types which can be used in HTML
document depending on what version of HTML is being used. We will
see more details on this while discussing <!DOCTYPE...> tag along
with other HTML tags.

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IT SPRING EDUTECH

A complete web solution

Chapter 1: Getting started with HTML

Version Specification Release Date

1.0 N/A 1994-01-01

2.0 RFC 1866 1995-11-24

3.2 W3C: HTML 3.2 Specification 1997-01-14

4.0 W3C: HTML 4.0 Specification 1998-04-24

4.01 W3C: HTML 4.01 Specification 1999-12-24

5 WHATWG: HTML Living Standard 2014-10-28

5.1 W3C: HTML 5.1 Specification 2016-11-01

5.2 HTML 5.2 2017

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) uses a markup system composed

HTML is sometimes called a programming language but it has no logic,

HTML document are written in HTML editors.

Example of HTML editors:-

iii) Sublime text

vi) Visual Studio code

 Why to Learn HTML?

 Offline support HTML pages once loaded can be made available

 How do we write a first HTML

Sr.No Tag & Description

This tag defines the document type and HTML version.

This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly

This tag represents the document's body which keeps other

This tag represents the heading.

This tag represents a paragraph.

HTML Document Structure

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

This will produce the following result −

This will produce the following result −

Line Break Tag

This will produce the following result −

This will produce following result −

This will produce the following result −

This will produce the following result −

This will produce the following result −

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to

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