Third Semester

Second Year Civil Engineering

Subject: Building Construction

(17308)
Chapter No. 1: BUILDING STRUCTURE & COMPONENTS
Load bearing , Framed and composite structure
• Sub structure: foundation, Plinth and DPC its function.
• Super structure: Wall, sill, lintel, doors and windows, floor, roof, parapet, slab, columns, beams, and
their functions.
• General design Principles of Earthquake Resistant structures: while planning & during construction

Que.1What are the functions of sill, Lintel & weather

shed? Ans: i. Sill: These are provided below the windows.
Functions: - They provide a uniform surface & support to the
window & also protect the top of the wall from wear & tear. These are usually
weathered & throated to throw the rain water off the wall.
ii. Lintel: These are provided over the opening of doors & windows.
Functions: - Lintels support the load of the wall above the opening since
the frame of the door or window is not strong to bear it.
iii. Functions of Weather shed:
They provide protection against sun, rain, frost etc.

Que.2 Define load bearing & frame structure.

Ans: There are three types of structure as i) Load Bearing structure
ii) Frame structure &
iii)Composite structure.
Load Bearing Structure:
In this type of structure load of structure is transfer to the wall as roof, floors are
directly supported on the wall. Then the load is transfer to the soil below via wall
foundation.
Frame Structure:
In frame structure load of structure is transfer through a frame of slab, beam,
column and footing to soil.

SANJAY GhodAWAT Polytechnic, Atigre 1

Que.3 List any four components of superstructure.
Ans: Different components/elements of super structure are as given below.
1) Wall 2) Pillars and Columns 3) Doors
4) Windows 5) Window sills 6) Lintels and Arches
7) Floors 8) Ceiling 9) Beams
10) Slabs 11) Roof 12) Truss
13) Parapet wall & Coping 14) Steps, Stairs & Lifts
15) Finish for walls 16) Weather shades, chajjas and sun-breakers

Que.4 Differentiate between load bearing & frame structure.

Ans: A comparison between the load bearing walled structure & framed structure
will give clear ideas & reveal many things; as such it is given as below
No. Load Bearing Structure Framed Structure
1. Load is borne by walls. So Load is not carried by walls, but is
walls are made thicker. They carried by slabs, beams columns. So walls can
therefore provide less space or be made thinner. Therefore they provide more
carpet area. space or carpet area.

2. Structure is built uniformly & in Once the frame is built, it is possible to

order from bottom to top. Hence, construct any floor simultaneously.
much time is required for Hence,
completion.

3. Alternation cannot be done Alternation can be done changing the

i.e. there is less flexibility or freedom position of panels i.e. there is more flexibility or
in planning. freedom in planning.

4. Suitable & economical for Suitable & economical for multistoried

residential buildings up to three structures or sky scrapers. They are found to be
storey. They are found to be suitable very useful in metropolitan cities to over-come
in small towns. the high cost of land & also to accommodate the
growing population as much as possible.

5. The structure cannot be built It can be built on reclaimed soil & black
on reclaimed soil or black cotton soil. cotton soil by using pile foundation.
6. General supervision is Expert supervision required.
required.
7. Wind problem is practically nil. Wind problem is more in case of
skyscrapers.
8. Less difficult to overcome fire More difficult to overcome fire hazards,
hazards. in case of skyscrapers.
9 All walls are load bearing walls None of walls are load bearing & walls
& provided with foundations are not below plinth.
10 Load bearing walls are taken Only column are taken deep into the
deep below into subsoil for subsoil with column footing.
foundation.

11 In multistory building every There is no such necessity.

wall in the floor is continuous with
floor below.

12 In case of multistory building All walls of uniform thickness.

thickness of wall is increases as we
go down floor.

Que.5 State the functions of

foundations? Ans: Functions or
purpose:-
a) To transfer the load of the building uniformly to a larger area
of sub soil to reduce the intensity of load.
b) To sustain the load of the building without yielding.
c) To provide a level surface for concreting & masonry work.
d) To provide stability & strength to the building against various disturbing
forces such as wind, rain & safety against sliding, over- turning &
bending. Hence it is most important component of the building.

Que.6 State the functions of

plinth? Ans: Function:-
a) To support the super structure & provide stability & strength.
b) To transfer the load from the building to the foundation layer.
c) To provide adequate grip or hold to the structure on the subsoil.
d) To retain the plinth filling.
e) To provide safety against rats, rodents, flood of the building.
Que.7State the functions of door & Floor?
Ans: Function of Door: - They provide horizontal circulation or movement of
the inmates from one room to another of the building. They provide good
ventilation, privacy & protection to the inmates. Hence they should be located
properly.
Functions of Floor: - They divide the building at different levels one
above the other & create roominess or more accommodation in a limited space

Que.8State the functions of DPC? Write the material used for the same.
Ans: Function: - It prevents the entry of moisture into the foundation below &
super structure above & vice versa.
Materials: - Stone slabs of impervious, plain cement concrete are used for
damp proof courses.

Que.9Draw neat sketch of section of load bearing wall from

foundation to parapet. Label its components.
Ans:
Que.10 Draw neat sketch through the wall of a
building? Ans: Sketch through the wall of a building:
 Chapter No. 2: CONSTRUCTION OF SUB STRUCTURE
• Site Clearance, preparing job layout, layout for load bearing structure and framed
structure by centre line and face line method. Precautions while marking layout on ground.
• Excavation for foundation, timbering and strutting for foundation trench, dewatering of foundation, tools
and plants used for excavation.
• Foundations: Definition, Function, requirements of good foundation,
Types a) Shallow foundation- wall footing, isolated and combined column footing, stepped foundation, raft
foundation. b) Deep Foundation: Pile foundation, well foundation and caisson.
Precautions to be taken while constructing foundation in black cotton soil.

Que.1What precautions need to be taken while making layout on

ground for structure.
Ans: Following are the necessary precautions to be taken while making
layout on the ground:
I. All vertical posts should be firmly fixed into the ground with concrete and
curing should be to the concrete work for the period of 7 days before fixing the
horizontal railing.
II. Horizontal wooden planks called as railing should be straight and should have
standard size.
III. Joints of wooden railing should not overlapped but should be joint by small
wooden plank on either side of joint and nailed properly.
IV. All vertical post should be kept generally at same level.
V. Horizontal wooden railing should be have at same level
throughout.
VI. A diagonal check should be done for everyday work while locating center of
column.
VII. Strict instructions should be given to staff and labors not to sit on railing such
that bending should be avoided for better accuracy.
VIII. Periodical checking should be done by measuring distance of each rail from the
face of marking or origin.
IX. Height of horizontal railing should be minimum to reduce the chances of error
while plotting the center inside the excavated trenches.
 X. Positions of nail on the horizontal railing should not disturbed till the
completion of plinth work.
XI. All the column numbers marked on the wooden railing should be visible.
XII. Lime powder should be thoroughly mixed with sand while plotting the layout
on the ground so that lime powder will not fly away with the wind.
XIII. Marking of lime powder should be clear and distinct so that labor can excavate
the pit or trench properly

Que.2Explain site clearance.

Ans: Site Clearance: It is very important factor to be considered in the job
layout plan, before commencement of the project work
There should be not any obstruction like trees, plants, shrubs, bigger size stones
etc. Approach road should be wide so as to allow the vehicles for loading
material. If site is uneven, then it should be made plane, for this contouring is
done in advance.
Study the final levels of approach road. Before starting the line out, site clearing
and leveling of plot should be completed.
This helps in obtaining correct measurements without any obstructions.
In short, site should be cleaned properly by all the way otherwise no any other
construction processes are carried out further.

Que.3 Describe procedure for setting line out for a framed

structure. Ans: Procedure for setting line out :
In the first stage, the corners of building to be constructed are
marked first with respect to the permanent object and the length of sides of plot
is checked by diagonal measurement. It is called as diagonal check so as to
achieve better accuracy.
Center of each column with respect to wooden plank railing are marked by
lime powder thoroughly mixed with sand. (fig 1)
 Then marking of size of the foundation pit to be excavated for the column is done
by lime powder. (fig 2)

Que.4 Explain timbering and strutting for trenches.

Ans: Timbering: The purpose of timbering of foundation trenches is to up
hold sides of excavation so as to avoid collapse of side and to avoid wasteful
labor cost of clearing falling earth from trench bottom.
Timbering and strutting is a method of giving temporary supports to the sides of
trench, when the depth of trench is large or when the subsoil is loose or very
soft. Timbering is also called as shoring.
It consists of timber boards and struts to give temporary support to the side of
trench.
 Methods of timbering & strutting:
i. Vertical sheeting
ii. Box sheeting
iii. Runner system
iv. Stay bracing
v. Sheet pilling

Que.5 Why timbering and strutting is needed? Explain any

one method of timbering and strutting.
Ans: The purpose of timbering of foundation trenches is to
uphold sides of excavation so as to avoid collapse of side and to avoid
wasteful labor cost of clearing falling earth from trench bottom.
Sheet pilling:
This method is progressed under following situations i) if depth of excavation
is more. Ii) if subsoil water is there. Iii) if the width of trench is wide and large
and if soil is loose and soft.
In this method, sheet piles are driven in the ground mechanically.

Que.6 Define foundation.

Ans: Foundation is lowermost part of a structure below ground level which
provides a base for building.
Foundation is the part of structure which receive load of the building and
transfer it safely to the lower strata without any excessive settlements.

Que.11 State the situations where you would recommended

the following types of foundations:
i) Well foundation ii) Stepped foundations iii) Raft foundations iv) Pile
foundations
Ans: i) Well foundation : In sandy soil
ii) Stepped foundations: In load bearing structure
iii) Raft foundations: When allowable soil pressure is low & structure
load is heavy.
iv) Pile foundations : When loose soil is extended to greater depth.
Que.7Write types of foundations?
Ans: Types of Foundations: Foundations are broadly classified in two types
such as Shallow and Deep foundations.
I. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:
The various types of shallow foundations are as follows.
(i) Wall Footing (Strip)
(ii) Column Footing
(iii) Inverted Arch Footing
(iv) Raft or Mat footing
(v) Grillage Foundation.
II. DEEP FOUNDATIONS:
Types of Deep Foundations: - Important types of deep
foundations are
1) Pile foundation
2) Pier foundation
3) Caisson

Que.8 What is coffer dam? Explain

Ans: Coffer dam is a temporary structure constructed in the river or lake so as to
make the area on downstream side completely free from water such that it is
possible to carry the construction work under reasonably dry condition.
Cofferdams are temporarily constructed for the construction of projects
like bridge pier and abutments, dams etc.
Types of cofferdam:
i. Earth fill cofferdam
ii. Rock filled cofferdam
iii. Single wall cofferdam
iv. Double wall cofferdam
v. Cellular cofferdam
Que.9 Sketch and explain under reamed piles. Draw its sketch.
Ans: Under reamed piles are commonly used in black cotton soil which swell and
shrink to a greater extent when in contact with water. This is a board in
situ pile provided with one or more bulbs or spreads along its length
known as under reams.

In expansive soil, such piles are one of the satisfactory solutions to make crack
free construction. (fig shows single and double ream piles)
Sketch and describe a raft foundation.
In case of made up grounds, soft clay or marshy site or in case of possibility of
differential settlement, the usual spread footing, will not be suitable. Also, if
excavations are made for footings, very little is left to be excavated. In such
case, it is wiser on our part to excavate over the entire area of the building for its
foundation. Generally a R.C.C. slab of suitable thickness is laid over the entire
area of the building in the form of raft or mat & is therefore known as raft or
mat foundation, it is so designed that the allowable bearing power of the soil is
not exceeded. If necessary beams & columns construction is carried out to
improve the strength & stability of the foundation. The raft is designed as
an inverted
R.C.C. roof subjected to the uniform distributed load of soil
pressure & supported by walls, beams & columns.
 The design or raft foundation is to be done carefully. The raft is so
shaped wherever required that the centre of gravity of the imposed load is at the
centre of area. Also if there is any fear of ground water, suitable holes should be
provided in the raft to release the pressure of water.

Que.10 Define bearing capacity of soil. State its SI unit.

Ans: Bearing Capacity of Soil: The terms bearing power, bearing
value & bearing capacity are used to denote the ability of the soil to sustain the
total load of the structure without yielding or showing any settlement. Bearing
capacity of the soil depends upon the physical properties of soil such as shape,
size, density, surface texture, voids, frictional resistance, cohesion & moisture
retaining capacity. Frictional resistance & cohesion are largely influenced by
the size of the particles. Finer the particle, lesser is its bearing capacity.
1) Ultimate Bearing Capacity:- The term is used to denote the
ultimate load per unit area, which would cause the soil to displace.
2) Safe Bearing Capacity:- The term is used to denote the maximum load
per unit area that the soil can resist safely without displacement.
 By dividing the ultimate bearing capacity of soil by a suitable factor of
safety (which may vary from 2 to 3) the safe bearing capacity is obtained.
Hence
Safe Bearing Capacity (S.B.C.) = Ultimate Bearing Capacity
Factor of Safety (F.S.)

Que.11 State the terms: i) Raft Foundation ii) Pile

foundation. Ans: Raft or Mat Foundation
Raft foundation consists of thick reinforced concrete slab
covering entire area of the bottom of the structure on sub soil. The slab
is reinforced with the bars running at right angle to each other.
Pile Foundation
A pile is defined as a slender column which is capable of transferring the
structural load to the underlying layer.
Write four precautions you will take while construction in Black Cotton
soil.
The black cotton soil has a great affinity for water. It swells excessively
when wet and shrinks excessively when dry. This creates a lot of
problems for foundation and structure.
By adopting following precautions, safe building structure can be built
in black cotton soil.
i. To limit the load on the soil to 5.5 tonnes/m2
ii. To take foundation at such depths where cracks cease to extend.
iii. To provide reinforced concrete ties or bands all round the main
walls of bldg.
iv. If the depth of black cotton soil is less upto 1.5m, the entire soil
may be removed.
v. To break direct contact between black cotton soil and masonry.
vi. Construction should be undertaken during dry season.
 Que.12 Differentiate between shallow & deep foundation.
Ans: Difference between Shallow & deep
foundation:
Shallow Foundation Deep foundation
Defn: When a foundation is Defn: When depth of foundation
placed immediately below the lowest is more than 2m, it is called as deep
part of structure, it is called as shallow foundation.
foundation.

Depth of foundation <Width of Depth of foundation > Width of

foundation foundation
Examples : Examples:
i. Stepped foundation i. Pile foundation
ii. Reinforced concrete ii. Caisson
foundation iii. Coffer dams
iii. Column footing
iv. Raft foundation

Que.12 Define Deep foundation

Ans: When a stratum of good bearing capacity is not available at
reasonable depth i.e. D ≥4B and where other types of
foundations such as grillage or raft foundation are not suitable, then deep
foundation must be adopted to attain a bearing stratum which will be
suitable in all respect. They are generally provided when depth of
foundation is more than 5 meters. In addition to the above, there may be
many other condition which may require deep foundation for scouring
stability & durability of the structure. For example, in bridge
construction, the pier must be founded well below the scouring depth,
even though good bearing stratum may be available at shallow depth.
Types of Deep Foundations: - Important types of deep
foundations are: 1) Pile foundation
2) Pier foundation
3) Caisson
Que.13 What is the purpose of foundation?
Ans: Foundation is purpose or necessary to perform following functions.
1. To distribute the load of the super structure to larger area of the subsoil
below so as to prevent overloading, or stressing beyond its safe bearing
capacity.
2. To sustain the load of building without yielding or settlement.
3. To provide a level surface for concreting and masonry work.
4. To increase the stability of the building so as to prevent the building
from sliding, over turning due to wind etc.
5. To provide good support for the building
 Chapter No. 3: CONSTRUCTION OF SUPER STRUCTURE
A) Masonry Work
• Stone masonry: Terms used in stone masonry- facing, backing, hearting, through stone, corner stone,
cornice etc. Type of stone masonry: Rubble masonry, Ashlar Masonry and their types. Requirements of
good stone
masonry, expansion joints in stone masonry their purpose and procedure.
• Brick masonry: Terms used in brick masonry- bond, joints, lap, frog, line, level and plumb. Bonds in
brick masonry- header bond, stretcher bond, English bond and Flemish bond. Requirements of good brick
masonry, expansion joints in brick masonry their purpose and procedure.
• Comparison between stone masonry and Brick Masonry.
• Tools and plants required for construction of stone masonry and brick masonry.
• Hollow concrete block masonry and composite masonry.
• Scaffolding: Necessity, component parts and types of Scaffolding , Scaffolding and platforms used for
multi storeyed building

Que.1What are the requirements of a good building

stone? Ans: Requirements of a good building
stone:
i. The structure of the stone should be un stratified.
ii. It should have high crushing strength more than 100 N/mm2
iii. It should have good durability and sufficient coefficient of hardness
more than 14.
iv. It should have equigranular texture.
v. It should have high specific gravity from 2.8 to 2.4
vi. It should be highly resistant to wear & tear.
vii. It should have low water absorption .
viii. It should have better resistant to abrasion.
ix. It should have high impact value.
x. It should be easily carved and dressed.
xi. The good stone should be highly resistant to weathering.
xii. It should be durable.
xiii. It should have better appearance and color.
xiv. It should be polished properly.
Que.2 Suggests the types of stones for following
works: Ans:
i. Fire resistance structure: compact sand stone
ii. Building situated on sea shore: Granite & fine granite sand stone
iii. Bridge abutment: Granite gneisses
iv. Railway Ballast: sand stone, compact lime stone, quartize.

Que.3 Write advantages of artificial stone.

Ans: Artificial stones are prepared by mixing lime or cement, sand and stone under
heat & pressure. It has following advantages:
i. Desire shape is given by taking mixture of lime or cement sand and
stone In moulds.
ii. These can be prepared at site or in factory.
iii. These stones have maximum homogeneity.
iv. These can be easily rebated and grooved easily.
v. They are more resistance to weathering and acid attack.

Que.4 What is quarrying of stone? State methods of

quarrying. Ans: Quarrying of Stone
The process of removing the stones from the natural rock beds is
called as quarrying of stone.
There are following methods of quarrying:
i. Digging
ii. Heating
iii. Wedging
iv. Blasting

Que.5 What is dressing of stone? List any four tools and plants used
for dressing
Ans: It is the process of giving the shape to the quarry stone with the
help of tools like chisel, hammer, axes etc. This process is carried out manually
 Tools and plants used for dressing
i. Spall Hammer ii. Mash Hammer
iii. Scrabbling Hammer iv. Wallers Hammer
v. Mallet vi. Gad
vii. Dummy viii. Hand saw
ix. Drag x. Pitching tool
xi. Boaster xii. Point
xiii. Punch xiv. Tooth chisel
xv. Drafting Chisel

Que.6 State the advantages of dressing of stone.

Ans: Following are the advantages of dressing of stone:
i. It gives required shape to the quarry stones
ii. It improves the appearance of the stone surface
iii. It reduces width of mortar, thus it achieve economy.
iv. It also reduces the weight of stone and handling cost.

Que.7 What is through stone? State its uses.

Ans: Through Stone: In stone masonry work, some stones in one piece or in
two pieces at regular interval are placed right across the walls as shown in fig.
such stones are called as through stones or bond stones.
Uses: these stones increases bonding capacity in between facing and backing.

Que.8 Classify the stone masonry.

Ans: Stone masonry can be broadly classified in the following
category:
(A) Rubble Masonry (B) Ashlar Masonry
i. Dry Rubble Masonry i. Ashlar fine
ii. Un coursed rubble Masonry ii. Ashlar Chamfered
iii.Coursed rubble Masonry iii. Ashlar Quarry faced
iv. Squared un coursed R.M. iv. Ashlar facing
v. Squared coursed R.M.
Que.9 Define i. Hearting ii. Backing iii.
Facing. Ans:
i. Hearting: It is the interior portion of facing & backing
ii. Backing: The material forming the back is known as backing.
iii. Facing: The exterior of a wall exposed to weather is known as face. The
material used in the face of wall is known facing.

Que.10 State the use of stone masonry.

Ans: Stone masonry construction is used in
i. Building Foundations, dams, monumental structures
ii. Building walls and arches
iii. Domes, lintels and beams
iv. Columns, piers, pillars, light houses and architechral work.

Que.11 State importance of frog.

Ans: Importance of frog: The portion which is depressed on the top face of a
brick so as to form a key for holding the mortar is called as frog. Since frog
holds mortar; the bond becomes stronger. Also the name of manufacturer can be
engraved in the frog.

Que.12 List any four tools and plants used for stone
masonry. Ans: Tools and plants used for stone masonry:
i. Spade ii. Pick Axe
iii. Spall Hammer iv. Kassi or Phawada
v. Iron pan vi. Rammer
vii. Gad viii. Punch
ix. Line & pins x. Square
xi. Scrabbling Hammer
Que.13 Draw neat sketch of conventional brick and label
it. Ans: Sketch of conventional brick

Que.14 State the proportion of mortar used in the brick

masonry. Ans: proportion of mortar used in the brick
masonry:
 Proportion of cement mortar varies from 1:4 to 1:6
depending on framed or load bearing structure
 Proportion of gauged mortar is 1:1:8
 Proportion of lime mortar varies from 1:3 to 1:4
depending on number of floors

Que.15 State various requirements of good bricks.

Ans: Following points gives the requirements of good bricks:
i. Shape & size
ii. Physical characteristics
iii. Compressive strength
iv. Transverse strength of brick
v. Water absorption tests
vi. Porosity & permeability test
vii. Presence of soluble salts
viii. Resistance to weathering
ix. Fire resistance of bricks
x. Expansion of bricks
Que.16 Distinguish between English and Flemish
bond. Ans: Difference between English & Flemish
bond:
English Bond Flemish Bond
English bond is stronger than For thicker walls it is less strong.
Flemish bond for wall thickness 1 ½
bricks

It is less attractive appearance It has attractive & pleasant

appearance
The bond is not much It is slightly economical due to use
economical of brick bats.
Moderate workmanship is This required good workmanship
sufficient and careful supervision.

Que.17 State advantages of cavity wall.

Ans: Advantages of cavity wall
i. Cavity walls gives good insulation against sound, means that it
makes the room soundproof.
ii. As the cavity or gap between the two leaves contains full of air
which is bad conductor of heat, hence transmission of heat inside
the room is reduced, means that it makes the room heatproof up
to certain extend.
iii. The nuisance of efflorescence is also very much reduced.
iv. Cavity walls are cheaper and economical.

Que.18 What is meant by composite masonry?

Ans: Composite Masonry: When the masonry work is made up of two
or more different building materials like stones, bricks, hollow concrete blocks
etc., it is called as composite masonry.
There are two types of composite masonry:
i. Brick stone composite masonry
ii. Stone composite masonry.
Que.19 State the types bricks with their common
sizes. Ans: Bricks can be classified into two types:
i. Modular bricks
ii. Traditional or conventional bricks
 The dimensions of traditional bricks very from 21 to 25 cm in length, 10 to 13
cm in width and 7.5 to 10 cm in height in different parts of country.
The commonly adopted size of brick is 23 X 11.4 X 7.5 cm
 Indian Standard Institution has suggested a uniform size known as modular
brick. The nominal size of modular brick 20 X 10 X 10 cm. and actual size is 19
X 9 X9 cm

Que.20 What are the advantages of hollow block

masonry? Ans:Advantages of hollow block masonry construction are:
i. These hollow blocks permit adoption of thinner wall
which ultimately results in increased floor space.
ii. As the air space in the block is 25% of the total area of block, it
means there is saving of material.
iii. As the weight of block is less it results in rapid execution of work.
iv. The hollow space in the block enables the masonry to have good
insulating properties against sound, heat and dampness.
v. As the blocks are precast, surface is smooth and hence less plastering
material is required.
vi. Blocks have water absorption less than 10%.
Que.21 Compare brick masonry with stone
masonry. Ans: Comparison of brick masonry with stone
masonry
Points Stone Masonry Brick Masonry
Stone is a natural material Brick is an artificial rectangular
Material which is received from quarry sites is block of clay which is moulded and
used. burnt.

Strength Stone is a stronger and more Comparatively the strength of

durable material. brick masonry is much less.
Stone being natural material Bricks if not protected by mortar
Appearance has more pleasing are liable to deteriorate due to
appearance. weathering effects.
The size of stone is not uniform Bricks are uniform in size, not
therefore greater care and skill is much skill is required for proper bond.
Bonding required to get proper bonding.

Generally stones used in the Bricks are handy material which

construction are larger in size, can be handle with care and without
Lifting &
heavy weight and fatigue.
laying inconvenient to handle without
lifting applications

A rich mortar (1:3) is The quantity of mortar used is

Mortar recommended for stone less and also fixed because of the
work. uniform size of bricks.

Thickness of Ordinary walls in stones not Walls of any thickness ranging

construction less than 35 cm thick cannot be from 10 cm and its multiple can be
constructed. constructed.
Plaster does not stick nicely to Plastering increase the life of
stone surface and therefore it is brick masonry and saves from decay.
Finishing difficult to apply any finishing.

It is difficult and costly to dress Bricks can be easily cut to the

Ornamental the stone for ornamental required shape for ornamental works
work purpose. and can be finally finished by
plastering.

Stones are more sensitive to Bricks are more fire resisting

fire and such buildings are warmer than stones. Such buildings are more
Fire resistance in summer and cooler in winter. comfortable being warmer in winter
and cooler in summer.
Que.22 State any eight points observed on construction of
brick masonry.
Ans: Following are the points to be observed in the construction
of brick masonry:
i. The bricks should be well burnt, reddish in color, sound and hard and
should be uniform shape and size.
ii. Bricks should be as per specifications.
iii. Bricks should be soaked in the water before using them in to masonry
work.
iv. Use of brick bats should not be more.
v. The bricks should be neatly & properly laid on mortar.
vi. Frog should be on top of the surface.
vii. The brick masonry should be done in proper bond.
viii. The brick work should be perfectly in level.
ix. Hold fast for the doors should be properly inserted into the masonry
work.
x. The brick work used should be truly in plumb.
xi. Mortar used should be as per specification and fresh.
xii. Construction joint should be provided after 30m to 50m length of wall.
xiii. After completion of masonry work a proper curing at least seven
days should be done for getting required strength.

Que.23 Define i. Scaffolding ii. Shoring iii. Underpinning

Ans: 1. Scaffolding: When the height of construction is more than 1.5m,
workmen need some platform on which he can stand safely, keep
necessary materials of construction and carry on the construction etc,.
These temporary structure or platform constructed very close to the wall,
is in the form of timber or steel framework, commonly called as
scaffolding.

2. Shoring: Shoring is a temporarily stricture to support temporarily

an unsafe structure. Shoring is provided to a
 structure when structure become or likely to become unsafe due to:
a. Differential settlement
b. Bad workmanship
c. Maintenance
d. Demolishing adjacent structure.

3. Underpinning: Underpinning is the process of providing new

foundation below the existing foundation without damaging the
stability of existing structure.

Que.24 Write purpose of Scaffolding.

Ans: Following are the purpose of the providing scaffolding:
i. Provides a platform to stand safely and carry on the construction.
ii. Provides platform to keep necessary materials of construction,
tools such as bricks, mortar, trowel, plumb etc.
iii. Scaffolding is also needed for the repairs or even demolition of
the building

Que.25 State various types of scaffolding.

Ans: Scaffolding can be of the following types:
i. Single or Bricklayer’s Scaffolding
ii. Double or mason’s scaffolding
iii. Ladder scaffolding
iv. Cantilever or needle scaffolding
v. Suspended scaffolding
vi. Trestle scaffolding
vii. Steel scaffolding
 Department of Civil Engineering

For Details contact:

Mr. V.S. kumbhar

HOD

Civil Department,

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic,

Atigre. Mob. No.: 7798306363

Ph. No.: 0230 -246312

Email ID: [email protected]

Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre Page 1