Chapter 3

Configuring the Shell

Course Name: Operating Systems

Course Code: COMP 1240

Notes appended and modified by K. Al-Ansari

to those accompanying
“LPIC - 1 online course, Introduction to Linux,
Netacad, 2019, Ch.3

E-mail: [email protected]
Introduction
● One key component of the Bash shell is shell variables.

● Variables store vital system information and modify the behavior of the
Bash shell, as well as many commands.

● The PATH variable affects how commands are executed and how other
variables affect your ability to use the history of your commands.

● Initialization files make shell variables persistent, so they will be created

each time you log into the system.
Shell Variables
● A variable is a name or identifier that can be assigned a value.

● To assign a value to a variable, type the name of the variable immediately followed
by the equal sign = character and then the value.
name=“value”

● Variable names should start with a letter (alpha character) or underscore and contain
only letters, numbers and the underscore character. For example:
o a=1

o _1=a

o LONG_VARIABLE=‘OK’

o Name=‘Jose Romero’
Local and Environment Variables
● A local variable is only available to the shell in which it was created.

● An environment variable is available to the shell in which it was created, and all
other commands/programs started by the shell.

● To set the value of a variable, use the following assignment expression .

variable=value

sysadmin@localhost:~$ name=‘julie’
sysadmin@localhost:~$ echo $name
julie

● To create an environment variable, use the export command.

sysadmin@localhost:~$ export JOB=engineer

● By convention, lowercase characters are used to create local variable names, and
uppercase characters are used when naming an environment variable.
Local and Environment Variables
● There are several ways that a local variable can be made into an environment
variable.

● First: an existing local variable can be exported with the export command.

● Second: a new variable can be exported and assigned a value with a single command
as demonstrated below with the variable DEPARTMENT:
Local and Environment Variables

● Third: the declare or typeset command can be used with the export -x option to
declare a variable to be an environment variable. These commands are synonymous
and work the same way:
Displaying Variables
● There are several ways to display the values of variables.

● The set command will display all variables (local and environment).

● To display only environment variables, you can use several commands that provide
nearly the same output:
o env
o declare –x
o typeset –x
o export -p

● To display the value of a specific variable, use the echo command with the name of
the variable prefixed by the $ (dollar sign). For example:
sysadmin@localhost:~$ echo $PATH
Unsetting Variables
● If you create a variable and then no longer want that variable to be
defined, use the unset command to delete it:
unset VARIABLE

Warning
Do not unset critical system variables like the PATH variable, as this may lead to a
malfunctioning environment.
PATH Variable
● The PATH variable contains a list of directories that are used to search for
commands entered by the user.

● The PATH directories are searched for an executable file that matches the
command name.

● The following example displays a typical PATH variable:

sysadmin@localhost:~$ echo $PATH

/home/sysadmin/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/us
r/games:/usr/local/games
PATH Variable
● To execute commands that are not contained in the directories that are listed in
the PATH variable, several options exist:

● Type the absolute path to the command.

● Use the relative path to the command.

● The PATH variable can be set to include the directory where the command is located.

● Copy command to a directory that is listed in the PATH variable.

● An absolute path specifies the location of a file or directory from the top-level
directory (i.e. /usr/bin/ls).
● A relative path specifies the location of a file or directory relative to the current
directory (i.e. test/newfile).
Initialization Files
● Initialization files set the value of variables, create aliases and functions,
and execute other commands that are useful in starting the shell.
● There are two types of initialization files:
1. Global initialization files – affect all users on the system (located in the /etc directory).
Note: etc stands for editable-text-configurations.

2. Local initialization files – specific to an individual user (stored in the user's home directory)

● BASH initialization files include:

● /etc/profile
● ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, ~/.profile
● ~/.bashrc
● /etc/bashrc
Initialization Files
The following chart illustrates the purpose of each of these files, providing
examples of what commands you might place in each file:
Modifying Initialization Files
● The way a user's shell operates can be changed by modifying that user's
initialization files.

● In some distributions, the default ~/.bash_profile file contains

lines that customize the PATH environment variable:
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin
export PATH

o The first line sets the PATH variable to the existing value with the addition of the bin
subdirectory of the user's home directory.

o The second line converts the local PATH variable into an environment variable.
BASH Exit Scripts
● The Bash shell may execute one or more files upon exiting.

● These files are used for "cleaning up" as the user exits the shell.

● The following exit files may exist:

o ~/.bash_logout

o /etc/bash_logout
Command History
● The ~/.bash_history file contains a history of the commands that a user has
executed within the Bash shell.

● There are several ways that this command history is advantageous to the user:
o The Up ↑ and Down ↓ Arrow Keys can be used to review your history and select a previous
command to execute again.

o Select a previous command and modify it before executing it.

o Press Ctrl+R and then begin typing a portion of a previous command to do a reverse search
through history.

o Execute a command again, based upon a number that is associated with the command.
Using the history Command
● The history command can be used to re-execute previously executed commands.
sysadmin@localhost:~$ history
1 ls
2 cd test
3 cat alpha.txt
4 ls -l
5 cd ..

● The most common options for the history command are:

● -c = Clear list

● -r = Read the history file and replace the current history

● -w = Write the current history list to the history file

Configuring the history Command
● When the shell is closed, it takes commands in the history list and stores them
in ~/.bash_history, also called the history file.

● By default, five hundred commands will be stored in the history file.

The HISTFILESIZE variable will determine how many commands to write to this
file.

● To store the history commands in a different file, edit the value of the HISTFILE
variable.

● The HISTCONTROL variable can be set to different features such as ignoring spaces
or duplicate commands.

● The HISTIGNORE variable can also be used to ignore commonly used commands.
Execute Previous Commands
● The ! exclamation mark is a special character that indicates the execution
of a command within the history list.

● The following are some examples of using the exclamation ! character:

● !! – Repeat the last command

● !-4 – Execute command that was run four commands ago

● !55 – Execute command number 55

● !to – Execute the last command that starts with to

● !?bob - Execute the last command that contained bob