Fibre REINFORCED CONCRETE

INTRODUCTION:
Fibre reinforced concrete can be defined as a composite material consisting of
mixtures of cement, mortar or concrete and discontinuous, discrete, uniformly
dispersed suitable fibres. Addition of small closely spaced and uniformly dispersed
fibres to concrete acts as crack arrester and substantially improves its static and
dynamic properties.

HISTORY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE:

Historically, fibers were used to reinforce the brittle material. Since ancient times,
straws were used to reinforce sun-baked bricks; horse hairs were used to reinforce
plaster and asbestos fibers were used to reinforce cement.

In 1910, porter put the idea that concrete can be strengthened by the inclusion of
fibers. Till 1963, there was only slow progress on fiber reinforced concrete (FRC).
Romualdi and Batson gave rise to FRC by conducting numerous experimental works
to determine the basic engineering properties such as compressive, tensile strength
FRC.

WHY IS FRC USED?

Plain concrete possesses a very low tensile strength, limited ductility and little
resistance to cracking. Internal microcracks are inherently present in the concrete
and its poor tensile strength is due to the propagation of such microcracks,
eventually leading to brittle fracture of the concrete.

In plain concrete and similar brittle materials, structural cracks (micro-cracks)

develop even before loading, particularly due to drying shrinkage or other causes of
volume change. The width of these initial cracks seldom exceeds a few microns, but
their other two dimensions may be of higher magnitude. When loaded, the
microcracks propagate and open up, and owing to the effect of stress concentration,
additional cracks form in places of minor defects. The structural cracks proceed
slowly or by tiny jumps because they are retarded by various obstacles, changes of
direction in bypassing the more resistant grains in matrix. The development of such
microcracks is the main cause of inelastic deformations in concrete.

FIBRES USED:
Fibre is a small piece of reinforcing material possessing certain characteristic
properties. They can be circular or flat. The fibre is often described by a convenient
parameter called “aspect ratio”. The aspect ratio of the fibre is the ratio of its length
to its diameter. Typical aspect ratio ranges from 30 to 150.

1. STEEL FIBRE:
Steel fibre is one of the most commonly used fibres. Generally, round fibres are
used. The diameter may vary from 0.25 to 0.75 mm. The steel fibre is likely to get
rusted and lose some of its strengths. But the rusting of the fibres takes place
only at the surface. Use of steel fibre makes significant improvements in flexural,
impact and fatigue strength of concrete. It has been extensively used in various
types of structures, particularly for overlays of roads, airfield pavements and
bridge decks. Thin shells and plates have also been constructed using steel fibres.

2. POLYPROPYLENE AND NYLON FIBRES:

Polypropylene and nylon fibres are found to be suitable to increase the impact
strength. They possess very high tensile strength, but their low modulus of
elasticity and higher elongation do not contribute to the flexural strength.

3. ASBESTOS:
Asbestos is a mineral fibre and has proved to be most successful of all fibres as it
can be mixed with Portland cement. Tensile strength of asbestos varies between
560 to 980 N/mm2. The composite product called asbestos cement has
considerably higher flexural strength than the Portland cement paste. For
unimportant fibre concrete, organic fibres like coir, jute are also used.
4. GLASS FIBRE:
Glass fibre is a recent introduction in making fibre concrete. It has very high
tensile strength 1020 to 4080 N/mm2. Glass fibre which is originally used in
conjunction with cement was found to be effected by alkaline condition of
cement. Therefore, alkali-resistant glass fibre by trade name “CEM-FIL” has been
developed and used. The alkali resistant fibre reinforced concrete has
improvement in durability when compared to the conventional E-glass fibre.

5. CARBON FIBRE:
Carbon fibres perhaps possess very high tensile strength 2110 to 2815 N/mm2
and Young’s modulus. Studies show that cement composite made with carbon
fibre as reinforcement has very high modulus of elasticity and flexural strength
and good durability. The use of carbon fibres for structures like cladding, panels
and shells will have promising future.

FACTORS AFFECTING PROPERTIES OF FRC:

Fibre reinforced concrete properties depend upon the efficient transfer of stress
between matrix and the fibres, which is largely dependent on the type of fibre, fibre
geometry, fibre content, orientation and distribution of the fibres, mixing and
compaction techniques of concrete and size and shape of the aggregate. These
factors are briefly discussed below:

1. RELATIVE FIBRE MATRIX STIFFNESS:

The modulus of elasticity of matrix must be much lower than that of fibre for
efficient stress transfer. Low modulus of fibers such as nylons and polypropylene
are, therefore, unlikely to give strength improvement, but they help in the
absorption of large energy and, therefore, impart greater degree of toughness
and resistance to impact. High modulus fibres such as steel, glass and carbon
impart strength and stiffness to the composite.
2. VOLUME OF FIBRES:
The strength of the composite largely depends on the quantity of fibres used in it.
Increase in the volume of fibres, increases linearly the tensile strength and
toughness of the composite. Use of higher percentage of fibre is likely to cause
segregation and harshness of concrete and mortar.

3. ASPECT RATIO OF THE FIBRE:

Another important factor which influences the properties and behaviour of the
composite is the aspect ratio of the fibre. It has been reported that upto aspect
ratio of 75, increase in the aspect ratio increases the ultimate strength of the
concrete linearly. Beyond 75, relative strength and toughness is reduced.

The effect of aspect ratio on strength and toughness.

Type of Concrete Aspect Relative Relative

Ratio strength toughness
Plain concrete 0 1.00 1.0
With 25 1.50 2.0
Randomly 50 1.60 8.0
dispersed fibres 75 1.70 10.5
100 1.50 8.5

4. ORIENTATION OF FIBRES:
One of the differences between conventional reinforcement and fibre
reinforcement is that in conventional reinforcement, bars are oriented in the
direction desired while fibres are randomly oriented. It is observed that the
fibres aligned parallel to the applied load offered more tensile strength and
toughness than randomly distributed or perpendicular fibres.

5. WORKABILITY AND COMPACTION OF CONCRETE:

Incorporation of steel fibre decreases the workability considerably. This
situation adversely affects the consolidation of fresh mix. Even prolonged
 external vibration fails to compact the concrete. The fibre volume at which this
situation is reached depends on the length and diameter of the fibre.

Another consequence of poor workability is non-uniform distribution of the

fibres. Generally, the workability and compaction standard of the mix is
improved through increased water/cement ratio or by the use of some kind of
water reducing admixtures.

6. SIZE OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

It is recommended that the maximum size of the coarse aggregate should be
restricted to 10 mm, to avoid appreciable reduction in strength of the composite.
Fibres also in effect, act as aggregate. Although they have a simple geometry,
their influence on the properties of fresh concrete is complex. The inter-particle
friction between fibres and aggregates controls the orientation and distribution
of the fibres and consequently the properties of the composite.

7. MIXING:
Mixing of fibre reinforced concrete needs careful conditions to avoid balling of
fibres, segregation, and in general the difficulty of mixing the materials
uniformly. Increase in the aspect ratio, volume percentage and size and quantity
of coarse aggregate intensify the difficulties and balling tendencies. The typical
proportions for fibre reinforced concrete are given below:

Cement content : 325 to 550 kg/m3

W/C Ratio : 0.4 to 0.6

Percentage of sand to total aggregate : 50 to 100 per cent

Maximum Aggregate Size : 10 mm

Air-content : 6 to 9 per cent

Fibre content : 0.5 to 2.5 per cent by volume of mix

□ Steel —1 per cent 78 kg/m3

□ Glass —1 per cent 25 kg/m3

□ Nylon —1 per cent 11 kg/m3

EFFECT ON STRENGTH:

Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may
alter the failure mode of
cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor
on the improvement of
compressive strength values (0
to 15 percent).
Modulus ofElasticity :
Modulus of elasticity of
FRC increases slightly with
an increase in the fibers
content. It was
found that for each 1 percent
increase in fiber content by
volume there is an increase of
3 percent
in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure :
The flexural strength was
reported to be increased by 2.5
times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness :
For FRC, toughness is about
10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete.
Splitting Tensile Strength :
The presence of 3 percent fiber
by volume was reported to
increase the splitting tensile
strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that
of the unreinforced one.
Fatigue Strength :
The addition offibers
increases fatigue strength of
about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static
strength at 2 x 106 cycles for
non-reverse and full reversal
of loading, respectively.
Impact Resistance :
The impact strength for
fibrous concrete is generally
5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete
depending on the volume of
fiber.
Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may
alter the failure mode of
cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor
on the improvement of
compressive strength values (0
to 15 percent).
Modulus ofElasticity :
Modulus of elasticity of
FRC increases slightly with
an increase in the fibers
content. It was
found that for each 1 percent
increase in fiber content by
volume there is an increase of
3 percent
in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure :
The flexural strength was
reported to be increased by 2.5
times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness :
For FRC, toughness is about
10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete.
Splitting Tensile Strength :
The presence of 3 percent fiber
by volume was reported to
increase the splitting tensile
strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that
of the unreinforced one.
Fatigue Strength :
 The addition offibers
increases fatigue strength of
about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static
strength at 2 x 106 cycles for
non-reverse and full reversal
of loading, respectively.
Impact Resistance :
The impact strength for
fibrous concrete is generally
5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete
depending on the volume of
fiber.
Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may
alter the failure mode of
cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor
on the improvement of
compressive strength values (0
to 15 percent).
Modulus ofElasticity :
Modulus of elasticity of
FRC increases slightly with
an increase in the fibers
content. It was
found that for each 1 percent
increase in fiber content by
volume there is an increase of
3 percent
in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure :
 The flexural strength was
reported to be increased by 2.5
times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness :
For FRC, toughness is about
10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete.
Splitting Tensile Strength :
The presence of 3 percent fiber
by volume was reported to
increase the splitting tensile
strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that
of the unreinforced one.
Fatigue Strength :
The addition offibers
increases fatigue strength of
about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static
strength at 2 x 106 cycles for
non-reverse and full reversal
of loading, respectively.
Impact Resistance :
The impact strength for
fibrous concrete is generally
5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete
depending on the volume of
fiber.
Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may
alter the failure mode of
cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor
on the improvement of
compressive strength values (0
to 15 percent).
Modulus ofElasticity :
Modulus of elasticity of
FRC increases slightly with
an increase in the fibers
content. It was
found that for each 1 percent
increase in fiber content by
volume there is an increase of
3 percent
in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure :
The flexural strength was
reported to be increased by 2.5
times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness :
For FRC, toughness is about
10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete.
Splitting Tensile Strength :
The presence of 3 percent fiber
by volume was reported to
increase the splitting tensile
strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that
of the unreinforced one.
Fatigue Strength :
The addition offibers
increases fatigue strength of
about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static
strength at 2 x 106 cycles for
non-reverse and full reversal
of loading, respectively.
Impact Resistance :
The impact strength for
fibrous concrete is generally
5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete
depending on the volume of
fiber.
Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may
alter the failure mode of
cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor
on the improvement of
compressive strength values (0
to 15 percent).
Modulus ofElasticity :
Modulus of elasticity of
FRC increases slightly with
an increase in the fibers
content. It was
found that for each 1 percent
increase in fiber content by
volume there is an increase of
3 percent
in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure :
The flexural strength was
reported to be increased by 2.5
times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness :
For FRC, toughness is about
10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete.
Splitting Tensile Strength :
The presence of 3 percent fiber
by volume was reported to
increase the splitting tensile
strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that
of the unreinforced one.
Fatigue Strength :
The addition offibers
increases fatigue strength of
about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static
strength at 2 x 106 cycles for
non-reverse and full reversal
of loading, respectively.
Impact Resistance :
The impact strength for
fibrous concrete is generally
5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete
depending on the volume of
fiber.
Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may
alter the failure mode of
cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor
on the improvement of
compressive strength values (0
to 15 percent).
Modulus ofElasticity :
Modulus of elasticity of
FRC increases slightly with
an increase in the fibers
content. It was
found that for each 1 percent
increase in fiber content by
volume there is an increase of
3 percent
in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure :
The flexural strength was
reported to be increased by 2.5
times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness :
For FRC, toughness is about
10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete.
Splitting Tensile Strength :
The presence of 3 percent fiber
by volume was reported to
increase the splitting tensile
strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that
of the unreinforced one.
Fatigue Strength :
The addition offibers
increases fatigue strength of
about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static
strength at 2 x 106 cycles for
non-reverse and full reversal
of loading, respectively.
Impact Resistance :
The impact strength for
fibrous concrete is generally
5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete
depending on the volume of
fiber.
Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may
alter the failure mode of
cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor
on the improvement of
compressive strength values (0
to 15 percent).
Modulus ofElasticity :
Modulus of elasticity of
FRC increases slightly with
an increase in the fibers
content. It was
found that for each 1 percent
increase in fiber content by
volume there is an increase of
3 percent
in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure :
The flexural strength was
reported to be increased by 2.5
times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness :
For FRC, toughness is about
10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete.
Splitting Tensile Strength :
The presence of 3 percent fiber
by volume was reported to
increase the splitting tensile
strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that
of the unreinforced one.
Fatigue Strength :
The addition offibers
increases fatigue strength of
about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static
strength at 2 x 106 cycles for
non-reverse and full reversal
of loading, respectively.
Impact Resistance :
The impact strength for
fibrous concrete is generally
5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete
depending on the volume of
fiber.
Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may
alter the failure mode of
cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor
on the improvement of
compressive strength values (0
to 15 percent).
Modulus ofElasticity :
Modulus of elasticity of
FRC increases slightly with
an increase in the fibers
content. It was
found that for each 1 percent
increase in fiber content by
volume there is an increase of
3 percent
in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure :
The flexural strength was
reported to be increased by 2.5
times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness :
For FRC, toughness is about
10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete.
Splitting Tensile Strength :
The presence of 3 percent fiber
by volume was reported to
increase the splitting tensile
strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that
of the unreinforced one.
Fatigue Strength :
The addition offibers
increases fatigue strength of
about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static
strength at 2 x 106 cycles for
non-reverse and full reversal
of loading, respectively.
Impact Resistance :
The impact strength for
fibrous concrete is generally
5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete
depending on the volume of
fiber.
Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may
alter the failure mode of
cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor
on the improvement of
compressive strength values (0
to 15 percent).
Modulus ofElasticity :
Modulus of elasticity of
FRC increases slightly with
an increase in the fibers
content. It was
found that for each 1 percent
increase in fiber content by
volume there is an increase of
3 percent
in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure :
The flexural strength was
reported to be increased by 2.5
times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness :
For FRC, toughness is about
10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete.
Splitting Tensile Strength :
The presence of 3 percent fiber
by volume was reported to
increase the splitting tensile
strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that
of the unreinforced one.
Fatigue Strength :
The addition offibers
increases fatigue strength of
about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static
strength at 2 x 106 cycles for
non-reverse and full reversal
of loading, respectively.
Impact Resistance :
The impact strength for
fibrous concrete is generally
5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete
depending on the volume of
fiber.
Compressive Strength:
The presence of fibers may
alter the failure mode of
cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor
on the improvement of
compressive strength values (0
to 15 percent).
Modulus ofElasticity :
Modulus of elasticity of
FRC increases slightly with
an increase in the fibers
content. It was
found that for each 1 percent
increase in fiber content by
volume there is an increase of
3 percent
in the modulus of elasticity.
Flexure :
The flexural strength was
reported to be increased by 2.5
times using 4 percent fibers.
Toughness :
For FRC, toughness is about
10 to 40 times that of plain
concrete.
Splitting Tensile Strength :
The presence of 3 percent fiber
by volume was reported to
increase the splitting tensile
strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that
of the unreinforced one.
Fatigue Strength :
The addition offibers
increases fatigue strength of
about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static
 strength at 2 x 106 cycles for
non-reverse and full reversal
of loading, respectively.
Impact Resistance :
The impact strength for
fibrous concrete is generally
5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete
depending on the volume of
fiber.
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
The presence of fibers may alter the failure mode of cylinders, but the fiber effect
will be minor on the improvement of compressive strength values (0 to 15
percent).

 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY:
Modulus of elasticity of FRC increases slightly with an increase in the fibers
content. For each 1 percent increase in fiber content by volume there is an
increase of 3 percent in the modulus of elasticity.

 FLEXURE:

The flexural strength can be increased by 2.5 times using 4 percent fibers.

 TOUGHNESS:
For FRC, toughness is about 10 to 40 times that of plain concrete.
 SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH:
The presence of 3 percent fiber by volume increases the splitting tensile strength
of mortar about 2.5 times that of the unreinforced one.

 FATIGUE STRENGTH:
The addition of fibers increases fatigue strength of about 90 percent and 70
percent of the static strength at 2 x 106 cycles for non-reverse and full reversal of
loading respectively.

 IMPACT RESISTANCE:
The impact strength for fibrous concrete is generally 5 to 10 times that of plain
concrete depending on the volume of fiber.

 FLEXURE:
The use of fibers in reinforced concrete flexure members increases ductility, tensile
strength, moment capacity, and stiffness. The fibers improve crack control and
preserve post cracking structural integrity of members.

 TORSION:
The use of fibers eliminates the sudden failure characteristic of plain concrete
beams. It increases stiffness, torsional strength, ductility, rotational capacity, and the
number of cracks with less crack width.

 SHEAR:
Addition of fibers increases shear capacity of reinforced concrete beams up to 100
percent. Addition of randomly distributed fibers increases shear-friction strength, the
first crack strength and ultimate strength.

GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT (GRC)

Glass reinforced cement consists of 4 to 4.5 per cent by volume of glass fibre mixed into
cement or cement sand mortar. This glass reinforced cement mortar is used for
fabricating concrete products having a section of 3 to 12 mm in thickness.

Methods of manufacture vary and include spraying, casting, spinning, extruding and
pressing. Each technique imparts different characteristics to the end product. Spray
deposition constitutes a very appropriate and by far the most developed method of
processing. In the simplest form of spray processing, simultaneous sprays of cement or
cement sand mortar slurry and chopped glass fibre are deposited from a dual spray gun
into, or onto a suitable mould. Mortar slurry is fed to the spray gun from a metering
pump unit and is atomised by compressed air. Glass fibre is fed to a chopper and feeder
unit that is mounted on the same gun assembly.

Glass reinforced cement (GRC) has been used for cladding of buildings, permanent and
temporary formwork, pressure pipes, doors and doors frames, decorative grills.

CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN FRC:

The following are the three new developments taking place in FRC.

o High fibre volume micro-fibre systems

o Slurry infiltrated fibre Concrete (SIFCON)
o Compact reinforced composites

 HIGH FIBRE VOLUME MICRO-FIBRE SYSTEMS:

Micro-fibres are the fibres generally of size about 3 mm long and 5 to 25  in

cross-section in contrast to macro-fibre of length about 25 mm and cross-section
dimension of about 0.5 mm. The specific surface of micro-fibres is more than 200
cm2 /gram in contrast to specific surface less than 20 cm2 /gm.

Conventional mixing techniques and mix proportions usually lead to fibre balling,
improper dispersion and poor workability in micro-fibre cements with large
volumes of fiber. Various innovative techniques of mixing in mixers called Omni
mixer, use of admixtures such as carboxyl methyl cellulose, Silica fume and
ground granulated blast furnace slag are practised. The System also requires
large dosages of super plasticizers, low sand/cement ratio, longer mixing time
and sand particles of size not exceeding one mm.

High fibre volume micro-fibre can replace asbestos fibre with improved
properties of high toughness and much greater impact strength. These properties
make it attractive for thin precast products such as roofing sheets, cladding
panels etc. High fibre volume micro-fibres cement composite will be a very useful
material for repair and rehabilitation works.
 SLURRY INFILTRATED FIBRE CONCRETE:
Slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON) was invented by Lankard in 1979. Steel
fibre bed is prepared and cement slurry is infiltrated. With this technique, macro-
fibre contents up to about 20% by volume can be achieved, with a consequent
enormous increase in both flexural load carrying capacity and toughness. With
such high fibre volume, a very high compressive strength is also achieved.
SIFCON can be used for blast resistant structures and burglar proof safe vaults in
banks and residential buildings.

 COMPACT REINFORCED COMPOSITES:

Compact Reinforced Composites (CRC) is a material consisting of an extremely
strong, dense cement matrix, 20 – 30% silica fume by weight of cement, 10 – 20%
by volume off conventional reinforcement and 5 – 10% of fine fibres of 6 mm
long and 0.15 mm diameter. While such a material is extremely expensive, it
exhibits a flexural strength up to 260 MPa and compressive strength of about 200
MPa. It is a material almost as strong as structural steel. Advantage is that it can
be moulded and fabricated at site.

PROS AND CONS OF FRC:

 ADVANTAGES:
a. As stated, the main advantage of fiber-reinforced concrete is the reduction
of shrinkage and cracking.

b. The right fiber-reinforced concrete can also provide impact resistance,

increase tensile strength and reduce voids in the concrete.

c. Prevents maximum corrosion in civil structures.

d. Minimizes the cavitation damage in structures – navigational locks,

bridges, piers and sluice-ways.
 e. Reduces cracking and shrinkage.

 DISADVANTAGES:
a. A disadvantage of fiber-reinforced concrete is that it can adversely affect
workability, especially in the case of steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Even
distribution of fibers throughout your concrete is a concern; there may
also be a danger of fibers balling during mixing.

b. Another disadvantage to be aware of is that fiber-reinforced concrete is

heavier than non-fiber concrete. If steel fibers are used, there’s also the
danger of corrosion.

c. Fiber-reinforced concrete tends to be more expensive than ordinary

concrete, although the cost could be offset by other factors.

APPLICATIONS:
Fibre reinforced concrete is increasingly used on account of the advantages of
increased static and dynamic tensile strength, energy absorbing characteristics and
better fatigue strength. The uniform dispersion of fibres throughout the concrete
provides isotropic properties not common to conventionally reinforced concrete.

a. Fibre reinforced concrete has been tried on overlays of air-field, road pavements,
industrial floorings, bridge decks, canal lining, explosive resistant structures,
refractory linings etc.

b. The fibre reinforced concrete can also be used for the fabrication of precast
products like pipes, boats, beams, stair case steps, wall panels, roof panels,
manhole covers etc.

c. Fibre reinforced concrete in also being tried for the manufacture of prefabricated
formwork moulds of “U” shape for casting lintels and small beams.

d. Fibre reinforced concrete is used in hydraulic structures like dams, spillways,

stilling basins, and sluiceways as new or replacement slabs or overlays to resist
cavitation damage.
e. Fibre reinforced concrete is also used in airport and highway paving and
overlays; particularly where a thinner-than-normal slab is desired.

f. Fibre reinforced concrete finds its use in industrial flooring for impact resistance
and resistance to thermal shock.