Scribd
Upload
72 views

PHP Codes

The document provides an overview of PHP data types and variables. It discusses PHP syntax, variables, scope, echo/print statements, and the main data types including strings, integers, floats, booleans, arrays, and objects. Key points covered include declaring variables, accessing variables globally and locally, and PHP being a loosely typed language that automatically assigns types based on values.

Uploaded by

shruti kukkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
72 views

PHP Codes

The document provides an overview of PHP data types and variables. It discusses PHP syntax, variables, scope, echo/print statements, and the main data types including strings, integers, floats, booleans, arrays, and objects. Key points covered include declaring variables, accessing variables globally and locally, and PHP being a loosely typed language that automatically assigns types based on values.

Uploaded by

shruti kukkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

<?

php
echo "prajakta"
?>
=================================
<?php
$txt = "PHP";
echo "I love $txt!";
?>
==============================================

A PHP script is executed on the server, and the plain HTML result is sent back to
the browser.

Basic PHP Syntax


A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the document.

A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:

<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>
The default file extension for PHP files is ".php".

A PHP file normally contains HTML tags, and some PHP scripting code.

Below, we have an example of a simple PHP file, with a PHP script that uses a
built-in PHP function "echo" to output the text "Hello World!" on a web page:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My first PHP page</h1>

<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>

</body>
</html>
Note: PHP statements end with a semicolon (;).
=======================================================

PHP Case Sensitivity


In PHP, keywords (e.g. if, else, while, echo, etc.), classes, functions, and user-
defined functions are not case-sensitive.

In the example below, all three echo statements below are equal and legal:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
ECHO "Hello World!<br>";
echo "Hello World!<br>";
EcHo "Hello World!<br>";
?>

</body>
</html>
================================================

ook at the example below; only the first statement will display the value of the
$color variable! This is because $color, $COLOR, and $coLOR are treated as three
different variables:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
$color = "red";
echo "My car is " . $color . "<br>";
echo "My house is " . $COLOR . "<br>";
echo "My boat is " . $coLOR . "<br>";
?>

</body>
</html>
=============================================

Comments in PHP
A comment in PHP code is a line that is not executed as a part of the program. Its
only purpose is to be read by someone who is looking at the code.

Comments can be used to:

Let others understand your code


Remind yourself of what you did - Most programmers have experienced coming back to
their own work a year or two later and having to re-figure out what they did.
Comments can remind you of what you were thinking when you wrote the code
PHP supports several ways of commenting:

Example
Syntax for single-line comments:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
// This is a single-line comment

# This is also a single-line comment


?>

</body>
</html>
Example
Syntax for multiple-line comments:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/
?>

</body>
</html>
Example
Using comments to leave out parts of the code:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<?php
// You can also use comments to leave out parts of a code line
$x = 5 /* + 15 */ + 5;
echo $x;
?>

</body>
</html>
==================================================

PHP Variables
Variables are "containers" for storing information.

Creating (Declaring) PHP Variables


In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable:

Example
<?php
$txt = "Hello world!";
$x = 5;
$y = 10.5;
?>
After the execution of the statements above, the variable $txt will hold the value
Hello world!, the variable $x will hold the value 5, and the variable $y will hold
the value 10.5.

Note: When you assign a text value to a variable, put quotes around the value.

Note: Unlike other programming languages, PHP has no command for declaring a
variable. It is created the moment you first assign a value to it.

Think of variables as containers for storing data.

PHP Variables
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive name (age,
carname, total_volume).

Rules for PHP variables:

A variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable
A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and underscores (A-z, 0-
9, and _ )
Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two different variables)
Remember that PHP variable names are case-sensitive!

Output Variables
The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the screen.

The following example will show how to output text and a variable:

Example
<?php
$txt = "W3Schools.com";
echo "I love $txt!";
?>
The following example will produce the same output as the example above:

Example
<?php
$txt = "W3Schools.com";
echo "I love " . $txt . "!";
?>
The following example will output the sum of two variables:

Example
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 4;
echo $x + $y;
?>
Note: You will learn more about the echo statement and how to output data to the
screen in the next chapter.

PHP is a Loosely Typed Language


In the example above, notice that we did not have to tell PHP which data type the
variable is.

PHP automatically associates a data type to the variable, depending on its value.
Since the data types are not set in a strict sense, you can do things like adding a
string to an integer without causing an error.

In PHP 7, type declarations were added. This gives an option to specify the data
type expected when declaring a function, and by enabling the strict requirement, it
will throw a "Fatal Error" on a type mismatch.

You will learn more about strict and non-strict requirements, and data type
declarations in the PHP Functions chapter.
========================================================

PHP Variables Scope


In PHP, variables can be declared anywhere in the script.

The scope of a variable is the part of the script where the variable can be
referenced/used.

PHP has three different variable scopes:


local
global
static
Global and Local Scope
A variable declared outside a function has a GLOBAL SCOPE and can only be accessed
outside a function:

Example
Variable with global scope:

<?php
$x = 5; // global scope

function myTest() {
// using x inside this function will generate an error
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();

echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";


?>
A variable declared within a function has a LOCAL SCOPE and can only be accessed
within that function:

Example
Variable with local scope:

<?php
function myTest() {
$x = 5; // local scope
echo "<p>Variable x inside function is: $x</p>";
}
myTest();

// using x outside the function will generate an error


echo "<p>Variable x outside function is: $x</p>";
?>
You can have local variables with the same name in different functions, because
local variables are only recognized by the function in which they are declared.

PHP The global Keyword


The global keyword is used to access a global variable from within a function.

To do this, use the global keyword before the variables (inside the function):

Example
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;

function myTest() {
global $x, $y;
$y = $x + $y;
}

myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP also stores all global variables in an array called $GLOBALS[index]. The index
holds the name of the variable. This array is also accessible from within functions
and can be used to update global variables directly.

The example above can be rewritten like this:

Example
<?php
$x = 5;
$y = 10;

function myTest() {
$GLOBALS['y'] = $GLOBALS['x'] + $GLOBALS['y'];
}

myTest();
echo $y; // outputs 15
?>
PHP The static Keyword
Normally, when a function is completed/executed, all of its variables are deleted.
However, sometimes we want a local variable NOT to be deleted. We need it for a
further job.

To do this, use the static keyword when you first declare the variable:

Example
<?php
function myTest() {
static $x = 0;
echo $x;
$x++;
}

myTest();
myTest();
myTest();
?>
Then, each time the function is called, that variable will still have the
information it contained from the last time the function was called.
=========================================
PHP echo and print Statements
With PHP, there are two basic ways to get output: echo and print.

In this tutorial we use echo or print in almost every example. So, this chapter
contains a little more info about those two output statements.

PHP echo and print Statements


echo and print are more or less the same. They are both used to output data to the
screen.

The differences are small: echo has no return value while print has a return value
of 1 so it can be used in expressions. echo can take multiple parameters (although
such usage is rare) while print can take one argument. echo is marginally faster
than print.

The PHP echo Statement


The echo statement can be used with or without parentheses: echo or echo().

Display Text
The following example shows how to output text with the echo command (notice that
the text can contain HTML markup):

Example
<?php
echo "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
echo "Hello world!<br>";
echo "I'm about to learn PHP!<br>";
echo "This ", "string ", "was ", "made ", "with multiple parameters.";
?>
Display Variables

The following example shows how to output text and variables with the echo
statement:

Example
<?php
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "W3Schools.com";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;

echo "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";


echo "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";
echo $x + $y;
?>
The PHP print Statement
The print statement can be used with or without parentheses: print or print().

Display Text

The following example shows how to output text with the print command (notice that
the text can contain HTML markup):

Example
<?php
print "<h2>PHP is Fun!</h2>";
print "Hello world!<br>";
print "I'm about to learn PHP!";
?>
Display Variables

The following example shows how to output text and variables with the print
statement:

Example
<?php
$txt1 = "Learn PHP";
$txt2 = "W3Schools.com";
$x = 5;
$y = 4;

print "<h2>" . $txt1 . "</h2>";


print "Study PHP at " . $txt2 . "<br>";
print $x + $y;
?>

============================================
PHP Data Types
PHP Data Types
Variables can store data of different types, and different data types can do
different things.

PHP supports the following data types:

String
Integer
Float (floating point numbers - also called double)
Boolean
Array
Object
NULL
Resource
PHP String
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".

A string can be any text inside quotes. You can use single or double quotes:

Example
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$y = 'Hello world!';

echo $x;
echo "<br>";
echo $y;
?>
PHP Integer
An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2,147,483,648 and
2,147,483,647.

Rules for integers:

An integer must have at least one digit


An integer must not have a decimal point
An integer can be either positive or negative
Integers can be specified in: decimal (base 10), hexadecimal (base 16), octal (base
8), or binary (base 2) notation
In the following example $x is an integer. The PHP var_dump() function returns the
data type and value:

Example
<?php
$x = 5985;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Float
A float (floating point number) is a number with a decimal point or a number in
exponential form.

In the following example $x is a float. The PHP var_dump() function returns the
data type and value:

Example
<?php
$x = 10.365;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Boolean
A Boolean represents two possible states: TRUE or FALSE.

$x = true;
$y = false;
Booleans are often used in conditional testing. You will learn more about
conditional testing in a later chapter of this tutorial.

PHP Array
An array stores multiple values in one single variable.

In the following example $cars is an array. The PHP var_dump() function returns the
data type and value:

Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo","BMW","Toyota");
var_dump($cars);
?>
You will learn a lot more about arrays in later chapters of this tutorial.

PHP Object
Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented programming.

A class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a class.

When the individual objects are created, they inherit all the properties and
behaviors from the class, but each object will have different values for the
properties.

Let's assume we have a class named Car. A Car can have properties like model,
color, etc. We can define variables like $model, $color, and so on, to hold the
values of these properties.

When the individual objects (Volvo, BMW, Toyota, etc.) are created, they inherit
all the properties and behaviors from the class, but each object will have
different values for the properties.

If you create a __construct() function, PHP will automatically call this function
when you create an object from a class.

Example
<?php
class Car {
public $color;
public $model;
public function __construct($color, $model) {
$this->color = $color;
$this->model = $model;
}
public function message() {
return "My car is a " . $this->color . " " . $this->model . "!";
}
}

$myCar = new Car("black", "Volvo");


echo $myCar -> message();
echo "<br>";
$myCar = new Car("red", "Toyota");
echo $myCar -> message();
?>
PHP NULL Value
Null is a special data type which can have only one value: NULL.

A variable of data type NULL is a variable that has no value assigned to it.

Tip: If a variable is created without a value, it is automatically assigned a value


of NULL.

Variables can also be emptied by setting the value to NULL:

Example
<?php
$x = "Hello world!";
$x = null;
var_dump($x);
?>
============================================

PHP Strings
A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".

PHP String Functions


In this chapter we will look at some commonly used functions to manipulate strings.

strlen() - Return the Length of a String


The PHP strlen() function returns the length of a string.

Example
Return the length of the string "Hello world!":

<?php
echo strlen("Hello world!"); // outputs 12
?>
str_word_count() - Count Words in a String
The PHP str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a string.

Example
Count the number of word in the string "Hello world!":

<?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!"); // outputs 2
?>
strrev() - Reverse a String
The PHP strrev() function reverses a string.

Example
Reverse the string "Hello world!":

<?php
echo strrev("Hello world!"); // outputs !dlrow olleH
?>
strpos() - Search For a Text Within a String
The PHP strpos() function searches for a specific text within a string. If a match
is found, the function returns the character position of the first match. If no
match is found, it will return FALSE.
Example
Search for the text "world" in the string "Hello world!":

<?php
echo strpos("Hello world!", "world"); // outputs 6
?>
Tip: The first character position in a string is 0 (not 1).

str_replace() - Replace Text Within a String


The PHP str_replace() function replaces some characters with some other characters
in a string.

Example
Replace the text "world" with "Dolly":

<?php
echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!"); // outputs Hello Dolly!
?>
============================================

You might also like