Chemistry OCR A - A Level Definitions
Chemistry OCR A - A Level Definitions
Chemistry OCR A - A Level Definitions
empirical formula - the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a
compound
molecular formula - the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
general formula - the simplest algebraic formula for a member of a homologous series
structural formula - the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
displayed formula - the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them
skeletal formula - the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl
chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
homologous series - a series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each
successive member differing by ch2
functional group - a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
structural isomers - compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
stereoisomers - compounds with the same molecular and structural formula but with a different
spatial arrangement of atoms
e/z isomerism - an example of stereoisomerism, in terms of restricted rotation around a double bond
and the requirement for two different groups to be attached to each carbon atom of the c=c group
cis-trans isomerism - a special case of e/z isomerism in which two of the substituent groups are the
same (cis = z)
‘curly arrow’ - the movement of an electron pair, showing either breaking or formation of a covalent
bond
homolytic fission – the bond breaking between a pair of bonded atoms leaving two atoms, each
retaining one electron
hydrocarbon - a compound of hydrogen and carbon only
fractional distillation – separation by differences in boiling point
radical - a species with an unpaired electron
electrophile - an electron pair acceptor
nucleophile - an electron pair donor
le chatelier’s principle - if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a small change, the equilibrium will
shift to minimise the effect of the change
enthalpy change of reaction - energy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities
shown in the chemical equation + under standard conditions
enthalpy change of combustion - the energy change for the complete combustion of 1 mole of a
substance in excess of oxygen + under standard conditions
enthalpy change of formation – heat or energy change when 1 mole of a substance is formed from
its constituent elements + under standard conditions (normally negative)
enthalpy change of neutralisation – enthalpy change that accompanies the reaction of an acid with
a base to form 1 mole of h2o
average bond enthalpy – average energy change when 1 mole of a specified type of bond is broken
in a gaseous molecule
rate of reaction – measures how fast a reactant is being used up or how fast a product is being
formed = conc/time
homogenous – catalyst in same state as reactants
heterogenous – catalyst in different state as reactants
catalyst – substance which alters the rate of reaction without being used up by lowering the activation
energy by providing an alternative route
A2
rates, equilibrium and ph
rate of reaction - the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time
initial rate of reaction - the change in concentration per unit time at the start of the reaction
order of reaction - the power to which its concentration is raised in the rate equation
overall order - the sum of the individual orders
rate constant, k - the constant that links the rate of reaction with the concentrations of the reactants
raised to the powers of their orders in the rate equation.
half-life - the time taken for the concentration of a reactant to half
reaction mechanism - a series of steps that make up the overall reaction
rate-determining step - the slowest step in a multi-step reaction sequence which involves species in
rate equation
intermediate - a species formed in one step of a multi-step reaction that is used up in a subsequent
step, and is not seen in the overall equation
homogenous equilibrium - an equilibrium in which all the species are in the same physical state.
heterogeneous equilibrium - an equilibrium in which species are in different physical states.
lattice enthalpy – enthalpy change when one mole of ionic compound is formed from its gaseous
ions under standard conditions (exothermic – formation)
standard enthalpy change of formation – enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is
formed from its elements under standard conditions
standard enthalpy of atomisation – enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms are formed
from their elements in their standard state and standard conditions (endothermic – broken)
first ionisation energy - energy needed to remove an electron from each atom in one mole of
gaseous atoms to form gaseous 1+ ions
first electron affinity – enthalpy change when one electron is added to each atom in one mole of
gaseous atoms to form one mole of 1- ions (exothermic)
standard enthalpy change of solution – enthalpy change due to 1 mole of a solute dissolving in a
solvent (can be exothermic or endothermic)
enthalpy change of hydration – enthalpy change due to dissolving gaseous ions in water to form 1
mole of aqueous ions (gaseous to aqueous)
molecular ion peak - the peak caused by the unfragmented molecule and tells you the Mr
base peak – peak with greatest relative intensity