Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad

EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3rd Semester)

Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad

Electronics Lab

Electric Circuit Analysis II

EXPERIMENT NO. 10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim

Electronics Workbench)

Name of Student: ……………………………………………………..

Roll No.: ……………………………………………………………….

Class Section: …………………………………………………………

Date of Experiment: ………………………………………………….

Report submitted on: …………………………………………………

Marks obtained: …………………………………

Instructor’s Signature: …………………………..

Experiment No.10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim Electronics Workbench)

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 Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3rd Semester)

EXPERIMENT NO. 10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim

Electronics Workbench)

1. Objectives

1. To analyze band-pass filter.

2. To study the factors affecting selectivity and quality of the filter.

2. Background Information

A resonant circuit (series or parallel) must have inductive and capacitive elements. A
resistive element will always be present due to internal resistance of the source (R S), internal
resistance of the inductor (RL) and added resistance to control the shape of the response curve
(Rdesign). The basic configuration of the series resonant circuit given in Fig.1 with resistive
elements listed above. The cleaner appearance of the circuit will be the combination of all
resistances. That is,

R = RS + RL + RD ………………………………………. (1)

RS RDesign RL L

Coil C
ES

Source

R L
I
ZTS C
ES

Fig. 1

Experiment No.10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim Electronics Workbench)

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 Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3rd Semester)
The total impedance of the network at any frequency is determined by:

ZT = R + j XL – j XC = R + j (XL - XC)

The resonant condition will occur when

XL = XC………………………………………………… (2)

removing the reactive component from the total impedance equation. The total impedance at
resonance is then simply

ZTS = R…………………………………………………. (3)

representing minimum value of ZT at any frequency. The subscript S is used to indicate series
resonant circuit. The resonant frequency can be determined by examining condition of
resonance Eq. (2) that becomes:

fS = 1 / 2 LC………………………………………….(4)

and the current through the circuit at resonance is I = E / R 0

Lower and upper cutoff frequencies are given by

ωL 1 1
ωo √
= 1+
4Q
−
2 2Q

ωH 1 1
and ωo √
= 1+
4Q
+
2 2Q

2.1 Selectivity

If we plot a magnitude of current I = E/ZT versus frequency for a fixed applied voltage, we
obtain a curve that is minimum at zero frequency and rises to maximum value of E/R (where
ZT is minimum) and then drops towards zero (as ZT increases). The frequencies
corresponding to 0.707 of its maximum value called as cutoff frequencies or half-power
frequencies. This range of frequencies referred to as bandwidth (BW) of the resonant circuit.

Experiment No.10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim Electronics Workbench)

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 Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3rd Semester)

Imax = E/R

0.707 Imax

f
f1 fS f2
BW

Fig. 2.1

Since resonant circuit is adjusted to select a band of frequencies. The curve of Fig. 2.1
called the selectivity curve. The smaller the bandwidth, higher will be the selectivity. The
shape of the curve depends upon R, L, and C components. If the resistance decreased
with fixed inductor and capacitor, that bandwidth will decrease and selectivity will go on
increase. Similarly, the ratio of L/C increases with fixed resistance, the bandwidth again
decreases with the increase in selectivity.

I I
R3 > R2 > R1 L3 / C3 > L2 / C2 > L1 / C1
R1 (smaller) L1 / C1
L, C fixed R fixed

R2 L2 / C2
BW
R3 (larger) L3 / C3
BW

BW

f f
fS fS

Fig. 2.2

2.2 Quality Factor (QS)

A small QS, is associated with a resonant curve having a large bandwidth and a small
selectivity, while a large QS indicates the opposite.
For circuits where QS >= 10, a widely accepted approximation is that the resonant
frequency bisects the bandwidth and that the resonant curve is symmetrical about the
resonant frequency as shown in the Fig. 2.3.

Experiment No.10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim Electronics Workbench)

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 Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3rd Semester)

Imax

0.707 Imax

a
b
a=b
f
f1 fS f2
Fig. 2.3

QS in terms of circuit parameters is given by

QS = Wo / BW………………………...…………..(5)
1 1
Q= = √ L /C
And R √C / L R ……………………………. (6)

Eq. (6) shows that QS is directly proportional to √ L/C and inversely proportional to
R. As ratio of L/C increases QS increases which in turn decreases bandwidth and
similarly if R decreases bandwidth increases.

3. Simulation

Material required

Oscilloscope ----------------1

AC Voltage Source ---------1

Resistors, 100  ------------1

250 -----------1

500 -----------1

Capacitor, 1.0 uf ----------1

Inductors, 5 mH-----------1

15 mH-----------1

25 mH-----------1

Experiment No.10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim Electronics Workbench)

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 Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3rd Semester)

Procedure

1- Build the circuit of Fig 3.1 on Multisim Electronics Workbench with R=100.
2- For each value of resistor listed in Table 3.1, calculate Q, fL, fH, and BW. Note the
calculated values in table.
3- Run the AC Analysis. The procedure is given as:
4- Select Simulate on Main Menu
 Select Analysis
 Select AC Analysis
 Select Frequency Parameters
 Start Frequency 1.0 Hz
 Stop Frequency 100KHz
 Sweep type ‘Decade’
 Number of points per decade =100
 Vertical scale ‘Linear’
 Select Output Variables
Select output node $3 “Resistance voltage” (left box, you might have
different node numbers)

 Select Simulate
5- Observe the magnitude and phase plots.
6- From the magnitude plot measure the frequencies fL and fH at which output voltage is
0.707 of Vm in Table 3.1. Note the readings in Table 3.1.
7- Calculate the bandwidth using the results of step 6 and note the value in Table 3.1.
ωo
Q=
8- Calculate quality factor (Q) using formula BW and note the value in Table
3.1.
9- Change the resistor R to 250 and 500  in steps and repeat the above procedure.
10- Similarly change the ratio L/C according to values listed in Table 3.2. Keep resistor
R=100. Repeat steps 2 through 8.
L
C

6 25mH 7
V1 1uF
8
10 V
100kHz R
0Deg

Fig. 3.1

Experiment No.10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim Electronics Workbench)

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 Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3rd Semester)

Experimental Results

Vm=_______ volts.
1
ω o= √ LC ________ rad/sec.

Lower Critical Freq. Upper Critical Freq. Band Width

Quality factor (Q)
(fL) (fH) (BW=fH-fL)
(R)
Calculated Measured Calculated Measured Calculated Measured Calculated Measured

100

250

500

Table3.1

Band Width
L Quality factor (Q) Lower Critical Freq. (fL) Upper Critical Freq. (fH)
(BW)
( )
C Calculated Measured Calculated Measured Calculated Measured Calculated Measured

Experiment No.10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim Electronics Workbench)

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 Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3rd Semester)

1mH
( )
1μF
5mH
( )
1μF
15mH
( )
1μF
Table3.2

4. Questions

Calculate output voltage (Vo) at lower and upper critical frequencies for the circuit of Fig. 3.1
with resistor R= 100.

Output voltage (Vo) @ fL = _____________Volts.

Output voltage (Vo) @ fH = _____________Volts.

Lab #10 Marks Details:

Experiment No.10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim Electronics Workbench)

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 Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3rd Semester)
# Qualities & Criteria 0 < Poor <=40 40< Satisfactory <= 70 70 < Good <= 90 90< Excellent <=100
ER1 Task Completion No Tasks were completed/ Some tasks were Few tasks were left to All tasks completed in
minimal effort shown completed. Could not be completed. due time. All goals
justify the reasons for Provided acceptable achieved.
uncompleted tasks and justification for the
goals. uncompleted tasks and
goals.
ER2 Neat and Clean Components are wired but Most of the wires are Few but not all All components are
circuit didn’t ensure neatness and untidy with jumbled up components are wired wired in a neat, clean
constructions cleanliness at all /minimal connections in a neat, clean and and safe manner
effort shown safe manner
ER6 Troubleshooting Unable to identify the Able to identify the Able to identify the Is able to identify the
fault / minimal effort fault but unable to fault but partially fault and able to make
shown remove it removes it necessary steps and
actions to correct it
ER9 Results and Plots Unable to produce any Inaccurate plots and Correct plots without Good presentation of
plots or results /minimal results any necessary the correct plots with
efforts shown identifying features proper labels, captions
such as labels, captions & visibility
& visibility
RR1 Format/Layout & Follows poorly the Follows, for some part, Follows, for most part, Closely follows all the
Organization requirement related to all the requirements all the requirements requirements related to
format and layout. The related to format and related to format and format and layout.
report is disorganized to layout. The layout. The Written work is well
the extent that it prevents organization is unclear organization is organized and easy to
understanding of he generally good, but understand
content some parts seem out of
place

RR2 Content/Informati The report is not objective The report is objective The report is objective The report is objective
on based and addresses the based and for some part based and for most based and addresses
issues referred in the addresses the issues part addresses the the issues referred in
proposed topic poorly. referred in the proposed issues referred in the the proposed topic with
The provided information topic with an acceptable proposed topic with an in depth analysis and
& results is not coherent engineering/theoretical acceptable reasoning. The
rather irrelevant. Little analysis. The provided engineering/theoretical provided information
engineering/theoretical information & results analysis and reasoning. & results is necessary,
analysis is presented for some parts is The provided relevant and sufficient
necessary and sufficient information & results to discuss these issues.
to discuss these issues for most part is The details are easily
necessary and understood at peer
sufficient to discuss level.
these issues
TR1 Effort & Attitude Little or no evidence of Minimal effort if any. Completed all agreed Extraordinary effort
effort shown. Negative, Some interest shown in tasks; competent, but demonstrated.
absent minded, withdrawn the project not extraordinary. Exceptionally positive
Positive and /or and/ or constructive
constructive attitude attitude

Lab #10: Marks distribution:

Experiment No.10: Analysis of Band-pass Filters (using Multisim Electronics Workbench)

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 Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Islamabad
EE212L Electric Circuit Analysis II (3rd Semester)
ER1 ER2 ER6 ER9 RR1 RR2 TR1

Task 20 Points 10 Points 10 Points 20 Points 20 Points 10 points 10 Points

Lab #10: Marks obtained:

ER1 ER2 ER6 ER9 RR1 RR2 TR1

Task

Marks obtained: …………………………………

Instructor’s Signature: …………………………..

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