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Colums: Buckling Load Critical Load Crippling Load

The document discusses column buckling. It defines a column as a long compression member where length is much greater than cross-sectional dimensions. Buckling occurs when the length causes the column to bend under load, resulting in higher bending stresses than direct compression stresses. Buckling load is the critical load at which the column becomes unstable and buckles. Euler's theory provides a formula to calculate the buckling load that depends on the column's length, cross-section, and end conditions. The theory makes simplifying assumptions that may limit its accuracy.

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Navindra S
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146 views16 pages

Colums: Buckling Load Critical Load Crippling Load

The document discusses column buckling. It defines a column as a long compression member where length is much greater than cross-sectional dimensions. Buckling occurs when the length causes the column to bend under load, resulting in higher bending stresses than direct compression stresses. Buckling load is the critical load at which the column becomes unstable and buckles. Euler's theory provides a formula to calculate the buckling load that depends on the column's length, cross-section, and end conditions. The theory makes simplifying assumptions that may limit its accuracy.

Uploaded by

Navindra S
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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COLUMS

Column or strut is a compression member in which the length is considerably larger compared to the
cross-section dimension. Column denotes vertical member in compression.

In case of long compression members, the load causes the column to bend and stresses are affected by
the deflection produced. The stress due to direct compression is very small compared to stress due to
bending. This phenomenon is known as buckling.

Buckling Phenomenon

When the length of the strut or column is large as compared to its lateral dimensions, failure generally
occurs due to lateral deflection rather than by direct compression. This lateral deflection in a long
column is termed as buckling. In contrast buckling is negligible in short columns. They fail due to
crushing. In very long columns the effect of direct stresses is small as compared with bending stresses.
Main causes of bending in the columns are as follows:

 lack of straightness and uniformity in the member itself,


 initial crookedness or curvature of the member,
 eccentricity of the applied load,
 non-homogeneity in the material of the member,
 minute flaws in the material, and
 casting of column may be out of plumb and load not being transmitted at the selected bearing
(accidental eccentricity).

Buckling Load

Once a member shows signs of buckling, it will lead to the failure of the member. This load at
which the member just buckles is called the buckling load or critical load or crippling load. The
buckling load is less than the crushing load. The value of buckling load is low for long columns
and relatively high for short columns. The value of the buckling load for a given member depends
upon the length of the member and the least lateral dimension. It also depends upon the types of
end-constraints of the column (hinged, fixed etc.). Thus, when an axially loaded compression
member just buckles, it is said to develop an elastic instability.
Euler’s theory

Euler Theory of column buckling is used to estimate the critical buckling load of column since the
stress in the column remains elastic. The critical buckling load is the maximum load that a column
can withstand when it is on the verge of buckling. The buckling failure occurs when the length of
the column is greater when compared with its cross-section.

The Euler’s theory states that the stress in the column due to direct loads is small compared
to the stress due to buckling failure. Based on this statement, a formula derived to compute the
critical buckling load of column. So, the equation is based on bending stress and neglects direct
stress due to direct loads on the column.

Assumptions

Initially, the column is perfectly straight.


The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length.
The load is axial and passes through the centroid of the section.
The stresses in the column are within the elastic limit.
The materials of the column are homogenous and isotropic.
The self-weight of the column itself is neglected.
The failure of the column occurs due to buckling only.
Length of column is large compared to its cross-sectional dimensions.
The ends of the column are frictionless.
The shortening of column due to axial compression is negligible
The possibility of crookedness in column is not accounted for in this theory, and the load
may not be axial.
The axial stress is not considered in the formula derived in Euler theory of column
buckling, and the critical buckling load may be greater than the actual buckling load.

Euler's critical load


Is the compressive load at which a slender column will suddenly bend or buckle. It is given by
the formula:
Column End Conditions
 Both Ends Hinged.
 Both Ends Fixed.
 One End Fixed and Other Hinged.
 One End Fixed and Other Free.
Figure showing Column End Conditions

Case A: Both ends are pinned(Hinged). The structure is adequately braced against lateral forces (e.g.
wind and earthquake forces).
The bending moment due to crippling load:

M = Py

where, A and B are constants of integration which are evaluated by putting the end conditions,
namely at:
x = 0, y = 0, i.e. B = 0
x = 1, y = 0, i.e. 0 = A sin k1.
it is seen that either A = 0 or sin kl = 0.
As B = 0, then if A is also equal to zero, then from Eq. y = A sin kx + B cos kx, we get y = 0. i.e.
column is not deflecting at all, which is trivial solution.
Case (ii) One end fixed other free

M = P (a – y)
Case (iii) Fixed at both ends
Case (iv) One end fixed, other hinged
Limitations of Euler’s Formula

• Assumption – Struts are initially perfectly

straight and the load is exactly axial.

• There is always some eccentricity and initial

curvature present.

• In practice a strut suffers a deflection before

the Crippling load.

Slenderness Ratio

• Slenderness ratio is the ratio of the length of a column and the radius of gyration of its cross section

• Slenderness Ratio = l/k


Rankine’s Formula OR Rankine-Gorden Formula

• Euler’s formula is applicable to long columns only for

which l/k ratio is larger than a particular value.

• Also doesn’t take in to account the direct

compressive stress.

• Thus for columns of medium length it doesn’t

provide accurate results.

• Rankine forwarded an empirical relation

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