‫‪Types of valves‬‬

‫‪Name‬‬ ‫‪ID‬‬
‫حسام احمد عبد الشافي بريقع‬ ‫‪18010550‬‬

‫حسام جمال محمود خليل‬ ‫‪18010553‬‬

‫اسامة ايمن كمال طليس‬ ‫‪18010297‬‬

‫علي احمد علي محمد‬ ‫‪18011067‬‬

‫علي الحسيني علي السيد‬ ‫‪18011069‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 Contents

I. Introduction to Valves

II. Piping Valve Classifications :

1. According to Function.
2. According to Application.
3. According to Motion.
4. According to Port size.
III. COMMON VALVE TYPES AND THEIR
APPLICATIONS
IV. VALVE MATERIALS
V. VALVE STANDARDS

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 I. Introdu
ction to
Valves
Various types of valves are required in any piping system in
order to regulate the fluid flow within that system. Valves can
be manually operated or they can have an actuator to change
and control the valve opening. The actuator may be
pneumatically, hydraulically, or electrically operated. The valves
represent a considerable percentage of the overall expenditure
of the chemical process industry and, therefore, must be
carefully selected.

Valves are installed on equipment/piping to perform any of the

following functions,
 Isolation
 Reglation
 Non Return
 Special Purpose

Figure 1 types of valves

 II. Piping Valve Classifications

Valves are mechanical devices specifically designed to

direct, start, stop, mix, or regulate the flow, pressure,
or temperature of a process fluid. Valves can be
designed to handle either liquid or gas. By nature of
their design, function, and application, valves come in
a wide variety of styles, sizes, and pressure rating
classes. We will try to classify valves according to their
function, application, motion, port size etc. One
confusing aspect of valve classification is that a
specific valve my fit into more than one classification .
Therefore, the user should be careful when equating a
particular valve with a particular classification.

Piping Valve Classifications

According to According to
motion Function

According to According to
Application port size
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  Valve Classification According to
Function.
By the nature of their design and function in handling process fluids,
valves can be categorized into three areas.

1 _ On-off Valves / Block Valves / Shut off

Valves

On-off valves are used to start or stop the flow of the

medium through the process. A majority of on-off valves are
hand operated, although they can be automated with the
addition of an actuator. Although the functioning of an on-off
valve is simple, providing for highly reliable and repeatable
tight shutoff can be equally challenging.
On-off valves are commonly used in applications where the
flow must be stopped completely and quickly. Reasons can
be maintenance, any potential safety hazard like leakage, or
shut down in down stream process piping / equipment. On-
off valves are also used in mixing applications where exact
measurement of fluids being mixed does not matter. Safety
management systems also require automated on-off valves
to immediately shut off the system when an emergency
situation occurs.
Common on-off valves include gate, plug, ball, pressure-
relief, and tank bottom valves. Pressure relief valves are self
actuated on-off valves that open only when a preset pressure
is surpassed.

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2_ Non Return Valves

Non return valves allow the fluid to flow only in one desired
direction. Any flow in the opposite direction is mechanically
restricted from occurring. A non-return valve is fitted to
ensure that a medium flows through a pipe in the right
direction, where pressure conditions may otherwise cause
reversed flow.

Non return valves are used to prevent back flow of fluid,

which could damage equipment or upset the process. Such
valves are especially useful in protecting a pump in liquid
applications or a compressor in gas applications from back
flow when the pump or compressor is shut down. Non
return valves are also used in process systems that have
varying pressures, which must be kept separate.

All check valves are non return valves.

Figure 2 Disc check valve 6

 3_Throttling Valves

Throttling valves are used to regulate the flow, temperature,

or pressure of the service. These valves can move to any
position within the stroke of the valve and hold that position,
including the full-open and full-closed positions. Therefore
they can act as on-off valves also.
Throttling valves are equipped with actuators or actuation
systems, which provide greater thrust and positioning
capability, as well as automatic control. Few throttling valve
designs are also provided with a hand operated manual
handwheel but accuracy is a concern there.
Pressure regulators are throttling valves that vary the valves
position to maintain constant pressure downstream. Control
valves, also part of the family of throttling valves, are
capable of varying the floiw conditions to match the process
requirements. To achieve automatic control, these valves are
always equipped with actuators.

Figure 3 Pressure regulators

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  Valve Classification According
to Application

1_General Service Valves

General service valves are those valves that are designed for
the majority of commonplace applications that have low or
moderate pressure and temperature ratings (pressure rating
between class 150 to 600 and temperature between -50 to
350 degree C), non corrosive fluids, and common pressure
drops that do not result in cavitation or flashing. General
service valves have some degree of interchangeability and
flexibility built into the design to allow them to be used in a
wider range of applications. Their body material are usually
carbon steel or stainless steel.

2_Special Service Valve

Special service valves are those valves that are custom
engineered or designed for a single application that is
outside the preview of normal process applications. Because
of its unique design and engineering, it will only function
inside the parameters and service conditions of that
particular process application. Such valves usually handle
very high temperature, high pressure, or a corrosive
medium.

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3_ Severe Service Valve
Severe service valves are special service valves designed
with special features to handle extremely severe
process applications, such as high pressure drops that
results in severe cavitation, flashing, chocked flow, or high
noise levels. Such valves may have highly engineered trims
or special disks to either minimize or prevent the negative
effects of the application on the valve. In addition to highly
engineered valve body parts, severe service valves may
require special actuation control to overcome the forces of
the process application.

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  Valve Classification According
to Port Size
By the nature of their flow passageway, valves can be categorized
into two areas.

1_ Full Port Valves

Full port valves are those valves whose closure element does
not restrict the flow. Valve internal flow passageways are
large enough to pass the flow without any significant
restriction.
Full port valves are used primarily with on-off and blocking
services, where the flow must be stopped or diverted. Full
port valves also allows for the use of pig in the pipeline to
remove any process buildup or scale.

2_ Reduced Port Valves

Reduced port valves are those valves whose closure element
restrict the flow. The flow area of the port of the closure
element is less than the area of the inside diameter of the
pipeline. This restriction allows the valve to take a pressure
drop as flow moves through the closure element, allowing a
partial pressure recovery after the flow moves past the
restriction.
The primary purpose of reduced port valves is to control the
flow through reduced flow or through throttling, which is
defined as regulating the closure element to provide varying
levels of flow at a certain opening of the valve.

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  Valve Classification According to
Motion
By the nature of their mechanical motion, valves can be categorized into two
areas.

1_Linear Motion Valves / Multi Turn Valves

Linear motion valves are those valves that have a sliding
stem design that pushes a closure element into the valve
body which further regulates the open and close positions.
The closure device could be a disc, slat or flexible material,
like a diaphragm. Linear motion valves tend to be slower in
operation, but they have a higher level of accuracy and
stability in the position of the closure member.
Linear valves are known for their simple design, easy
maintenance, and versatility with more sizes, pressure
classes, and design options. These types of valves are
extremely versatile with many different trim sizes and
design options available. A linear-motion valve is also more
resistant to cavitation compared to a rotary valve. Although
linear valves are typically more expensive.
Gate valves, Globe valves, pinch valves, diaphragm valves,
three way valves, angle valves all belongs to linear motion
valves category.

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2_ Rotary Motion Valves / Quarter Turn Valves
Rotary motion valves are those valves that use a closure
element that rotates through a quarter turn (45 degree) to
open or close the flow. Rotary valves are usually smaller in
size and weigh less than comparable linear motion valves,
size for size. It should be noted that rotary valves are limited
to certain pressure drops and are known to have cavitation
and flashing problems. However, as technology continues to
advance, these problems are becoming less common.
Ball valves, Butterfly valves, Plug valves, and Spherical
valves all belong to rotary motion valves.

Figure 4 Classification of valves based on motion

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 III. COMMON VALVE TYPES AND THEIR
APPLICATIONS
Valves feature a range of characteristics, standards, and groupings the
help to give you an idea of their intended applications and expected
performance. Valve designs are one of the most basic ways to sort the
huge range of valves available and finding a good fit for a project or
process.

1. Ball Valve

Predominantly equipped with quick-acting 90-degree turn handles, these valves

use a ball to control flow to provide easy on-off control. Generally accepted by
operators to be faster and easier to operate than gate valves.

Figure 5 Ball valve

2. Butterfly Valve

Using a compact design, the butterfly valve is a quick-acting rotary motion valve
ideal for tight spaces thanks to its wafer type design. Butterfly valve bodies are
offered in many different configurations

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 3. Check Valve
Used to prevent backflow, these valves are typically self-activated allowing the
valve automatically opens when media passes through the valve in the intended
direction and close should flow reverse.

Figure 6 Check valve

4. Gate Valve

As one of the most common valve types, gate valves use linear motion to start
and stop the flow. These are typically not used for flow regulation. Instead, they
used in the fully open or closed positions.

Figure 7 Gate valve

5. Globe Valve

Globe valves are typically applied in modulating control operations. Typically

avaialable in three body types, T-body (as shown above), Y-Pattern, and Angle
body.

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 6. Knife Gate Valve

Typically used for controlling flow of media containing solids, the knife
gate valve features a thin gate controlled through linear action which
can cut through materials and create a seal.

While not suited for high-pressure implementations, these valves are

ideal for use with grease, oils, paper pulp, slurry, wastewater and other
media which might obstruct the operation of other valve types.

Figure 8 Knife gate valve

7. Needle Valve
Typically used in small diameter piping systems when fine, accurate
flow control is needed, Needle valves get their name from the point on
a conical disc used within.

15

Figure 9 Needle valve

 8. Pinch Valve
Often used for handling solid materials, slurries and liquids with suspended
solids, pinch valves use a linear motion. Typically Pinch Valves feature an
internal sleeve to isolate the media.

Figure 10 pinch valve

9. Plug Valve

Using a quick-acting quarter-turn valve handle, these valves control flow using
tapered or cylindrical plugs. They provide some of the best ratings when tight
shutoff is essential and are reliable in high-pressure or high-temperature
environments.

Figure 11 plug valve

10.Pressure Relief Valve

Used to help improve safety, these valves are spring-automated and will help to

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Figure 12 pressure relief valve

return a system to the desired pressure during over-pressure events.

You might also see valves classified by function instead of

design.

Common functional designations and their common design

types include:

 Isolation Valves: Ball, butterfly, diaphragm, gate, pinch,

piston, and plug valves

 Regulation Valves: Ball, butterfly, diaphragm, globe,

needle, pinch, and plug valves

 Safety Relief Valves: Pressure release and vacuum relief

valves

 Non-Return Valves: Swing check and lift check valves

 Special Purpose Valves: Multi-port, float, foot, knife gate,

and line blind valves

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Figure 13 Various types of valves

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 IV. VALVE MATERIALS

Depending on your intended use, the materials with which your

valves are made might be a critical aspect in ensuring safe
operation and reducing maintenance and replacement costs
over the life of your operation.

Stainless steel valves are excellent options in a range of

processing environments, including those involving corrosive
media (such as chemicals, saltwater, and acids), environments
with strict sanitation standards (such as food and beverage
manufacturing and pharmaceuticals), and processes involving
high pressure or high temperatures.

However, if you are processing solvents, fuels, or volatile

organic compounds (VOCs), choosing a valve material from a
non-sparking material — such as brass, bronze, copper, or even
plastic — is often a better option. In addition to selecting the
correct body material, internal (wetted) trim parts should be
evaluated for chemical compatibility as well. If your valve
contains elastomers, they should also be evaluated for their
chemical compatibility as well as pressure and temperature
limitations.

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References

1.Valve codes and standards.

2.Global supply lines valves uses and applications.
3.Fundamentals of valves by U.S. Department of Energy
Washington, D.C.
4. Valve Handbook 3rd Edition 3rd Edition by Philip
Skousen.

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