L 2 Ohm's Law: Resistance in Circuit Resistance in Parallel
L 2 Ohm's Law: Resistance in Circuit Resistance in Parallel
L 2 Ohm's Law: Resistance in Circuit Resistance in Parallel
L‐2
Ohm’s Law
1/8/2012
3V
I=
2Ω
I = 1.5 amps
Electric Circuits:
Parallel Circuit:
Circuits typically contain a voltage source, a wire conductor,
and one or more devices which use the electrical energy. A parallel circuit has multiple pathways for the current to
flow. If the circuit is broken the current may pass through
Series Circuit:
other pathways and other devices will continue to work.
A series circuit is one which provides a single pathway for the
current to flow. If the circuit breaks, all devices using the
circuit will fail.
Resistance in circuit Resistance in Parallel
Series resistors:
Parallel resistors:
Equivalent resistance of Equivalent resistance of a
a series of resistors is set of resistors
the summation of all connected in parallel is
resistances. 1/R(equivalent)
= 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ...
•R(equivalent) = R1 +
R2 + R3 + … Alternatively : 1
R=
1 1 1
+ + + ...
5
R1 R 2 R3 6
Resistances in circuit A series‐parallel combination circuit
7 8
Difference between an open circuit and a closed circuit
Ohm’s Law A closed circuit is one in which the pathway of the electrical current
is complete and unbroken.
• Ohm's Law : An open circuit is one in which the pathway of the electrical current
Voltage ( Volts ) = is broken. A switch is a device in the circuit in which the circuit can be
closed (turned on) or open (turned off).
Current ( amps )
x Resistance ( ohms )
• V = I x R
Examples: Two Resistors in Parallel
1. How much current is in a circuit that includes a 9‐volt battery and a bulb with
a resistance of 3 ohms?
2. What is the voltage of a circuit with 15amps of current and toaster with 8 • Two Resistors in parallel (R1 and R2):
3.
ohms of resistance?
A light bulb has a resistance of 4 ohms and a current of 2 A. What is the
• The basic formula is 1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2
voltage across the bulb?
4. How much voltage would be necessary to generate 10 amps of current in a
• A more convenient way is i.e. “上乘下加”
circuit that has 5 ohms of resistance?
R1 × R2
5. How many ohms of resistance must be present in a circuit that has 120 volts
RT =
and a current of 10 amps?
R1 + R2
6. An alarm clock draws 0.5 A of current when connected to a 120 volt circuit.
Calculate its resistance.
7. A portable CD player uses two 1.5 V batteries. If the current in the CD player
is 2 A, what is its resistance?
11 12
Three resistors connected in parallel (R1//R2//R3) Voltage Divider
• The basic formula is 1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2 + 1 / R3
• As shown in figure, the voltage drop (V1)
An alternative way is using the across component (R1) and component (R2):
rule of “上乘下加” R1
V1 = V ×
• Step 1: Find R2//R3 by using R1 + R 2
R2 × R3
RT 1 =
R2 + R3
R2
V2 = V ×
• Step 2: Find R1//RT1 by using R1 + R 2
R1 × RT 1
RT =
R1 + RT 1
13 14
Current Divider Example
Given R1=20Ω, R2=30Ω, R3 =12Ω, R4=10Ω, R5=5Ω,
• As shown in figure, the E=24V
current passing the branch (a)Total resistance RT
of parallel resistors are: (b)Total current I
R2 (c)Current passing R4
I1 = I ×
R1 + R 2
10 × 5
R4 // R5 = = 3.33Ω
10 + 5
R1
I2 = I × RT 3 = R3 + R4 // R5 = 12 + 3.33 = 15.33Ω
R1 + R 2 30 × 15.33
RT = R1 + R2 // RT 3 = 20 + = 30.15Ω
30 + 15.33
15 16
Example (cont.) Example
Given R1=100Ω, R3=200Ω,
R4=1000Ω, R5=600Ω, E=100V.
(b) Calculate:
E 24
I= = = 0.8 A (a) Equivalent resistance RT;
RT 30.15
(c) (b) Voltage drop of R4.
• Current passing R3: (a) R4 × R5 1000 × 600
RT = R1 + R3 + = 100 + 200 +
I3 = I ×
R2
= 0.8 ×
30
= 0.53 A R4 + R5 1000 + 600
R2 + RT 3 30 + 15.33 = 100 + 200 + 375 = 675Ω