CE

 Correlation  Courses
Module:  Differential  Calculus
 Differential  Calculus

d  (3)  =  

d  (c)  =  

d  (x2)  =  

d  (x3)  =  

d  (xn)  =  
 Four  Step  Rule

Let  y  =  x2

Step  1:
y + Δy = ( x + Δx )
2

Step  2:

Δy =
 Four  Step  Rule

Let  y  =  x2

Step  3:

Δy =
Step  4:
Δy
=
Δx
Example  1
If  y  =  x2,find  y ’  when  x  =  3.  
Example  2

If  y  =  x3/2,  find  the  approximate  change  from  8  to  8.02

Example  3

Find  the  second  derivative  of   ( x + 1) − x 3

3
 Trigonometric  Functions

d ( sin x ) = cos ( x ) d ( tan x ) = sec 2 ( x ) d ( sec x ) = sec ( x ) tan ( x )

d ( cos x ) = − sin ( x ) d ( cot x ) = − csc 2 ( x ) d ( csc x ) = − csc ( x ) cot ( x )

sin x + cos x = 1
2 2

1+ tan x = sec x
2 2

cot x + 1 = csc x
2 2
Example  4

sec (θ + β ) = ?
a. cscθ csc β c. secθ sec β
1− tan θ tan β 1− tan θ tan β

b. cscθ csc β d. secθ sec β

1+ tan θ tan β 1+ tan θ tan β
 Inverse  Trigonometric  Functions

d ( sin x ) = d ( tan x ) = ( )
−1 dx dx −1 dx
−1
d sec x =
1− x 2
1+ x 2 x x2 − 1

−dx −dx −dx

d ( cos −1 x ) = ( −1
d cot x = ) ( −1
d sec x = )
1− x 2
1+ x 2 x x2 − 1
 Derivation:

Let  y  =  csc-­‐1 x
 Derivation:

Let  y  =  csc-­‐1 x
 Logarithmic  Functions

log a e
d ( log a u ) = du
u

d ( lnu ) = d ( log e u ) = ?
 Exponential  Functions

( )
d a x

Let  y  =  ax

( )
d ex
 Hyperbolic  Functions

d ( sinh x ) = cosh ( x ) d ( coth x ) = − csch ( x ) dx

2

d ( cosh x ) = sinh ( x ) d ( sec hx ) = − sec hx tanh xdx

d ( tanh x ) = sech 2 ( x ) d ( csc hx ) = − csc hx coth xdx

 Partial  Derivatives

∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
dφ = dx + dy + dz
∂x ∂y ∂z
Example  5
Determine  the  partial  derivative  of  the  function  

3x − 4x y + 3xy + 7x − 8y
3 2 2
Example  5
Determine  the  partial  derivative  of  the  function  

3x − 4x y + 3xy + 7x − 8y
3 2 2
Indeterminate  Forms
0 0
0
0
∞ ∞ 0
∞
∞
0•∞ 1
Limits  of  a  Function
Example  6
Find  the  limit  of  the  function:

lim
( )
x2 − 1
x→1 x + 3x − 4
2
Example  7
Find  the  limit  of  the  function:

lim
( x 3
− 5x 2
)
x→0 x 3 + 2x 2
Example  8
Find  the  limit  of  the  function:

lim
( x 2
+ 5x + 6 )
x→∞ 3x + x − 2
2
Example  9
Find  the  limit  of  the  function:

⎡ tan 2x − 2sin x ⎤
lim ⎢ ⎥⎦
x→0 ⎣ x 3
 ⎡ tan 2x − 2sin x ⎤
lim ⎢ ⎥⎦
x→0 ⎣ x3
 ⎡ tan 2x − 2sin x ⎤
lim ⎢ ⎥⎦
x→0 ⎣ x3
 ⎡ tan 2x − 2sin x ⎤
lim ⎢ ⎥⎦
x→0 ⎣ x3
Tangent  and  Normal
Example  10
Determine  the  equation  of  the  line   tangent  and  normal  to  the  curve

y=x 2

Passing  through  the  point  (3,9)

Example  10
Determine  the  equation  of  the  line   tangent  and  normal  to  the  curve

y=x 2

Passing  through  the  point  (3,9)

Example  10
Determine  the  equation  of  the  line   tangent  and  normal  to  the  curve

y=x 2

Passing  through  the  point  (3,9)

Diameter  of  Conics
Example  11
The  chords  of  the  ellipse  

64x + 25y = 1600

2 2

Having  equal  slopes  of  1/5  are  bisected  by  its  diameter.  Determine  the  
equation  of  the  diameter  of  the  ellipse.
Motion  Problems

dS
V=
dt
dV
a=
dt
Example  12
The  motion  of  a  body  moving  vertically  upwards  is  expressed  as

h = 50t − 4.9t 2

Where  h  is  the  height  in  meters  and  t  is  the  time  in   seconds.  What  is  
the  velocity  of  the  body  when  t  =  4  sec?
Parametric  Equations
Example  13
Find  the  slope  of  the  line  whose  parametric  equations  are

x = 2+t
y = 5 − 3t
Example  13
Find  the  slope  of  the  line  whose  parametric  equations  are

x = 2+t
y = 5 − 3t
Example  14
A  particle  moves  according  to  the  parametric  equations

y = 2t 2
x=t 3

Where  x  and  y  are  displacements  (in  meters)  in  the  x  and  y  direction  
respectively,  and  t  is  time  in  seconds.  Determine  the  acceleration  of  the  
body  after  t  =  3  sec?
Circle  of  Curvature
Radius  of  Curvature Curvature
⎡1+ ( y') ⎤
2 3/2
y''
R= ⎣ ⎦ K=
⎡1+ ( y') ⎤2 3/2
y''
⎣ ⎦
Example  15
Determine  the  radius  of  curvature  at  (4,4)  of  the  curve

y − 4x = 0
2
Example  15
Determine  the  radius  of  curvature  at  (4,4)  of  the  curve

y − 4x = 0
2

y' ⎡
h = x − ⎣1+ ( y') ⎤⎦
2

y"
1 ⎡
k = y + ⎣1+ ( y') ⎤⎦
2

y"
 y' ⎡
h= x− ⎣1+ ( y' ) 2
⎤
⎦
y"
1
k = y + ⎡⎣1+ ( y') ⎤⎦
2

y"
Flow  Rates
Example  16
There is a constant inflow of liquid into a conical vessel 15ft deep
and 7.50 ft in diameter at the top. Water is flowing at the rate of
6 cu.ft/min. When the water is 4ft deep, determine the rate of
water rise.
 Example  17
Water is running into a hemispherical bowl having a radius of 10cm
at a constant rate of 3 cu.cm/min. When the water is “h” cm deep,
the water level is rising at the rate of 0.0149 cm/min. What is the
value of “h”?
 Example  17
Water is running into a hemispherical bowl having a radius of 10cm
at a constant rate of 3 cu.cm/min. When the water is “h” cm deep,
the water level is rising at the rate of 0.0149 cm/min. What is the
value of “h”?
Example  18
Gas is escaping from a spherical balloon at a constant rate of 2
cu.ft/min. How fast, in sq.ft/min, is the outer surface area of the
balloon shrinking when the radius is 12 ft?
Example  19
A car drives east from a certain point at 30 kph. Another car
drives north from the same point at the same time at 40 kph.
How fast is the distance between the two cars changing after 3
hours?
Time  Rates
Example  20
A man 1.75 m in height is walking towards a building 60m high at the
rate of 0.50 m/s. Determine the rate of increase/decrease in the
subtended angle of a billboard 5m high on top of the building if the
man is 20m from the foot of the building.
 Maxima/Minima
• Identify the item to be maximized/minimized

• Formulate an equation for that item

• Express the item in terms of a single variable

• Differentiate; Equate to zero; Solve for the variable

Example  21
A cylindrical steam boiler is to have a volume of 1,340
cu.ft. The cost of the metal sheets to make the boiler
should be a minimum. What should be its diameter?