EXPRESSION OF ASKING AND OFFERING HELP

Offering Help to give assistence or support to someone

Example:
1. Do you want me to help you with the math homework? (to make everything more
pleasant)
2. Let me get you an aspirin for your headacne (to be of usefor benefit)
3. Perhaps I could asist you in some way
Asking for help:
1. Help!
2. Help me!
3. Got a minute!
4. Can you give me some help with this?
5. Could you give me a hand?
When we want to say help, we say:
1. Can I help you?
2. Need some help?
3. Can i give you a hand?
4. Need a hand?
5. Let me help you with that
6. Could you use some help?
Example:
Can i be assistance?
Is there anything you need help with?
If you need help with anything,please
Let me know

ACCEPTING AN OFFER HELP:

Yes, please
Lovely, great, terrifie
That’s very kind of (you)
Yes, that would be great
Thanks, i’m very much obliged

Declining an offer help:

Thanks but i can do it myself
I don’t think so, thank you
It’s okay, i can handle by myself
No. Really. I can manage (thanks)
That’s very kind of you, but..
MODAL VERBS SHOWING OFFER

Modal Verbs

the modal verbs, can, could, nd would to do thins for people or invite them to do something.
We also use them to make request or ask permissions to do something. They are type of
auxilary verb we use with other verbs to add more meaning to the verb. After modal verbs we
uses the infinitive for without to. Modals are not used with the auxulary verb do, to form
negative, we put modal in front of the subject. Modal dont change in the third person singular
from (she, he, it) in the present simple.

Modal “Will”

Will is used to say that we are willig to do something or to offer to do something.

For example : i will help you with your suitcase,

i will lend you my history book, if you want.

Modal “can/could”

Can/Could ( ability) is used to offer to do something for someone.

For example : i can post this letter for you

I could lend you some money if you want.

For more informal invitation you can use : (can +get)

Modal “Should”

Would is used with verbs such as like, prefer, and rather to make polite offer nd invitation.

For example : would you like some cake

Would you prfer to stay in or go out this evening

Would you like to come to our house for dinner

Request with modal and “could you mind?”

Modal + v1

For example : can you turn the stereo down?

Could you leave the door open, please?

Would you + gerund

For example : would you mind keeping the noise down ?

Would you minda not closing the door, please?

BIOGRAPHY TEXT
Definition

Detailed description or account of presents life and written by someone else, i tis not fiction
text, contains basics facts such as childhood, education, career, relationship, family and death.
Biography is a literaty genre that potrays the experiences of all the events occured in the life
of person. Mostly, in the cronological order, the person or the writter who writtters
biographies in clled biographer.

Sosial Function

To know a person’s story about their life outside of any accompusments of the person may be
known for to give many information esily and educate the readers.

Characteristic Of Biography

Not written by subject and always written in third person

- Based on research
- describes the person surrondings (where, when and how the person mind
- when and how the person mind
- used with languange to narrative events
Structure

- orientations
- events
- closing
Linguistic Feature

-simple past tense

- temporal sequence and temporal conjuction

Focus on spesific participants use of action verbs

Types Of biography

- Short biography (focus only on higlight of person’s life

- Long biography (life and times of someone in a lot more desain)
SUBJUNCTIVE
Kalimat Pengandaian/khayalan

Wish : would rather, as if/as though, if only.

Type 1

Future : would/could + V1/be

Type 2

Present : V2 / were

Type 3

Past : had +V3/Been

Purpose a now

Insist ask

Crucial necessery

Urge demand

Prefer important + That + S + K dasar/be

Essentia recoment

Request/require imperative

Advise vital

Suggest critical

For Example : i insist that she come here

She demand that web be there

Conclusion Subjunctive

Subjunctive : kalimat pengandaian, khayalan, kepura-puraan.

Conjuction : with, would rather, as if/as though, if only.

Type :

Future, present and past

GERUND
V-ing : noun

Usage:

a) As a subject in a sentence
Ex:
 searching on the internet is my fav hobby.
 Swimming is my hobby
S+P+O
b) After certain verbs
 A : avoid, appreciated, admit,
 D : deny
 E : enjoy
 M : mind
 K : keep
 F : finish
 C : continoue
 C: consider

Ex. Would you mind loving me?

I’m going to keep reading until i finish it

c) After certain expressions

 Stand
 Help
 Bear
 Stop
 Busy no use

Ex. I can’t stop thinking about you.

d) After phrasal verbs

 Look forward to
 Object to
 Devote to
 Confess to
e) Be –
 used to
 accostumed to
 get used to

ex: i’m used to drinking tea without sugar

f) Passive from + V-in g
My, your, our, her, his,their, its + V.ing
Ex: we objected to bob’s coming late
g) After preposition + Ving
 In
 On
 At
 By
 Before
 After
 With
 Form
 Between
 Among
 For
 Of
 Off
 Without

Ex: i’m interested in reading novels

TO – INF & GERUND

 Like
 Love
 Remember
 Dislike
 Hate
 Forget
 Stop
 Go

To inf :

 Temporary
 Will be done

Gerund :

 Permanent
 Has been done.

Ex:

 i stop smoking
  i stop smoke

advice :

 obj + to inf
 V.ing

Ex: the doctor advised me to take a rest.

ACTIVE – PASSIVE VOICE
Syarat:
 Tenses : perubahan kata kerja – adverb of time
Tenses sama
 Makna tetap
 Verb transitif “ kata kerja yang +Obj
 Subject = Object
 To be : is, am, are, was, were, be been
 Verb3
Active:
 V1 S/es
 V2
 Has, have, had + V3
 To be + Ving
 Modals + V1 (will, shall, can, could, may, might, must, should, to be + going to)
Passive:
 Is, am, are, + V3
 Was, were + V3
 Has, have / had + been + V3
 To be + being + V3
 Modals + be + V3
 To be + going to + V3
INFINITIVE
Bentuk dasar kata kerja yng belum mengalami perubahan.
Types:
1. Infinitive with to
2. Infinitive without to/bare infinitive
INFINITIVE WITH TO
a) As subject : S + P + O/C
To annoy the beggar is not police
To annoy the flowers is her job
b) After certain verbs:
 Promise
 Appear
 Command, choose
 Ask require
 Persuade
 Expect
 Attempt
 Manage
 Agree
 Need
 Tell/try
 Allow
 Decide
 Want/warn
To – infinitive
Ex. I attempt to forget him
c) After adjective + to infinitive
Kecuali: (be) busy + V.ing
When
Too + adjective + to inf
Ex. It is nice to meet you
The question is too difficult to solve.
d) After advestion words
 What
 Where
 When
 Who
 Why
 How
Ex.i dont know what to do.
e) After noun + inf
I have flics to arrange
 f) Denoting puspose : menyatakan tujuan
 We came here to study
 We joined zoom to study
BARE INFINITIVE E/INF.to
 See,look, observe, watch
 Smell
 Listen to, hear
 Sound
 Taste
Ex. The teacher heard us come
b). After modals: kata kerja bantu +to inf
ex. I can left the table by myself
c). Would rather + infinitive
` ex. I would rather study at classroom with my friends.

Infinitive VS Gerund
 Like
 Love
 Remember
 Dislike
 Hate
 Forget
 Stop
 Go
To Inf :
a) Temporary
b) Will be
Gerund :
a) Permanent
b) Has been done.
DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH
Reported Speech : Kalimat laporan
: When we tell someone what another person said.
1. Direct speech (kalimat langsung) ditandai dengan tanda kutip dan kalimat diawali
hurup kapital
2. Indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung) statement/declarative,imperative,
interrogative.

1. STATEMENT / DECLARATIVE
: Jika kata pengantar (reporting verb) dalambentuk present / future maka tidak ada
perubahan tenses, hanya perubahan pronoun.
DS = she says, “i am beautiful”
IS = She says (that) she’s beautiful.
: Jika kata pengantar (reporting verb) dalam bentuk post, maka terjadi perubahan:
1. Perubahan tenses
2. Perubahan adverb of time dan adverb of place
3. Perubahan pronoun (kata ganti)

Perubahan Tenses:
Direct speech:
1. Simple present
2. Present continous
3. Present perfect
4. Simpel past
5. Past continous
6. Present future
7. Past future
Indirect Speech:
1. Simple past
2. Past continous
3. Past perfect
4. Past perfect continous
5. Past future
6. Past future perfect
PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME AND ADVERB OF PLACE
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Now Then
Ago Before
Yesterday The day before/the previous day
Tomorrow The next day/the following day
Next The following
Tonight That night
Today That day
Next mont The following month
 Last Sunday The Sunday before
Two days ago Two days before
Here There
this that

Perubahan pronoun “kata ganti disesuaikan”

Example:
1. I said “ i will leave the country”.
I said that i would leave the countre
2. Johny said, “ My sister have finished her class”.
Johny said that his sister had finished her class.
3. He said, “ I need my phone now”.
He said that he needed his phone than.
4. She said, “ My uncle visited me yesterday”.
She said that her uncle had visited her the day before.
NEWS ITEM TEXT
: it is a text that tells an information of event or newsworthy event of the day.

Social function: to tell the information of important event or newsworthy event of the day.

Structures of Text
1. Main event / newsworthy event (headline of the news)
2. Background event / newsworthy event (telling the spesific event and answering 5 W
1H)
3. Sources (statement or opinion from someone who involves in the event or knows
about the chronology of the event)
Example:
2020 global tourism expected to drop 57% anid tighter border controls
Global international travel demand is expected to drp[ 57 percent in 2020, dented by tighter
border controls and quarantine measures imposed in a effort to stem the corona virus
outbreak, according to a british research firm.

Demand for overseas tourism will not return to the level in 2019 until 2024, reflectin the
economic effects of the pandemic and lingering negative sentiment toward international
travel, includina, the impact on both leisure and business travel, oxford economics ltd. Said in
a recent report.

Many countries are beginning to reopen their borders. “however, there is immense difficulty
in striking the correct balance between ensuring the virus remains under control while
reviving
Tourism, the research firm said
(source: the Jakarta Post, september 13, 2020).