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Notes Digital Transmission

Digital transmission involves transmitting digital signals between points in a communication system. There are advantages to digital transmission such as noise immunity and better signal processing capabilities compared to analog transmission. However, digital transmission requires converting analog signals to digital pulses and back, which requires more bandwidth. Pulse modulation involves sampling analog signals and converting the samples to discrete pulses for transmission. The main pulse modulation techniques are pulse width modulation, pulse position modulation, pulse amplitude modulation, and pulse code modulation. Pulse code modulation is the most common technique, where analog signals are converted to binary codes for transmission.

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203 views4 pages

Notes Digital Transmission

Digital transmission involves transmitting digital signals between points in a communication system. There are advantages to digital transmission such as noise immunity and better signal processing capabilities compared to analog transmission. However, digital transmission requires converting analog signals to digital pulses and back, which requires more bandwidth. Pulse modulation involves sampling analog signals and converting the samples to discrete pulses for transmission. The main pulse modulation techniques are pulse width modulation, pulse position modulation, pulse amplitude modulation, and pulse code modulation. Pulse code modulation is the most common technique, where analog signals are converted to binary codes for transmission.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Noufil Siddiqui
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Notes: Digital Transmission

Pulse Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Jan Ray C. Rulida


Sources:
Electronic Communications Systems by Wayne Tomasi
Electronic Communication Systems by Roy Blake

Digital Transmission
– is the transmittal of digital signals between two or more points in a communications system
– The signals can be binary or any other form of discrete-level digital pulses.
– the original source information may be in digital form, or it could be analog signals that
have been converted to digital pulses prior to transmission and converted back to analog
signals in the receiver.
– with digital transmission systems, a physical facility (pair of wires, coaxial cable, or an
optical fiber cable) is required to interconnect the various points within the system

Advantages of Digital Transmission


- noise immunity
o pulses are evaluated during a precise time interval and a simple determination is
made whether the pulse is above or below a prescribed reference level
- better suited than analog signals for processing and combining using a technique called
multiplexing
- more resistant than analog systems to additive noise because they use signal regeneration
rather than signal amplification
- simpler to measure and evaluate

Disadvantages of Digital Transmission


- the transmission of digitally encoded analog signals requires significantly more bandwidth
than simply transmitting the original analog signal
- needs additional encoding and decoding circuitry because analog signals must be converted
to digital pulse prior to transmission and converted back to their original analog form at the
receiver
- digital transmission requires precise time synchronization between the clocks in the
transmitters and receivers
- incompatible with older analog transmission systems
Pulse Modulation
- consists essentially of sampling analog information signals and then converting those
samples into discrete pulses and transporting the pulses from a source to a destination over
a physical transmission medium

The four predominant methods of pulse modulation:


- pulse width modulation
- pulse position modulation
- pulse amplitude modulation
- pulse code modulation

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)


- is sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM) or pulse length modulation
(PLM)
- the width of a constant amplitude pulse is varied proportional to the amplitude of the analog
signal at the time the signal is sampled
- used in special-purpose communications system mainly for the military but are seldom used
for commercial digital transmission

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)


- the position of a constant-width pulse within a prescribed time slot is varied according to the
amplitude of the sample of the analog signal
- the higher the amplitude of the sample, the farther to the right the pulse is positioned
within the prescribed time slot
- the highest amplitude sample produces a pulse to the far right, and the lowest amplitude
sample produces a pulse to the far left
- also used in special-purpose communications system mainly for the military but are seldom
used for commercial digital transmission

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)


- the amplitude of a constant width, constant-position pulse is varied according to the
amplitude of the sample of the analog signal
- PAM waveforms resemble the original analog signal more than the waveforms for PWM or
PPM
- this is used as an intermediate form of modulation with PSK, QAM, and PCM, although it is
seldom used by itself

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)


- the analog signal is sampled and then converted to a serial n-bit binary code for
transmission
- each code has the same number of bits and requires the same length of time for
transmission
- is by far the most prevalent form of pulse modulation
Pulse Code Modulation
- invented by Alex Reeves in 1937 at AT&T laboratories in Paris
- this is the preferred method of communications within the public switched telephone
network
- with PCM, it is easy to combine digitized voice and digital data into a single, high-speed
digital signal and propagate it over either metallic or optical fiber cables
- it is not really a type of modulation but rather a form of digitally coding analog signals
- pulses are of fixed length and fixed amplitude
- this is a binary system where a pulse or lack of pulse within a prescribed time slot
represents either a logic 1 or a logic 0 condition

PCM Sampling
- the function of a sampling circuit in a PCM transmitter is to periodically sample the
continually changing analog input voltage and convert those samples to a series of
constant-amplitude pulses that can be more easily be converted to binary PCM code
- For the ADC to accurately convert a voltage to binary code, the voltage must be relatively
constant so that the ADC can complete the conversion before the voltage level changes. If
not, the ADC would be continually attempting to follow the changes and may never stabilize
on any PCM code.

o Two basic techniques used to perform the sampling function:


 natural sampling
 flat-top sampling

Natural sampling
– is when the tops of the sample pulses retain their natural shape during the sample interval,
making it difficult for an ADC to convert the sample to a PCM code

Flat-top sampling
- is the most common method used for sampling voice signals in PCM systems, which is
accomplished in a sample-and-hold circuit
- the purpose of a sample-and-hold circuit is to periodically sample the continually changing
analog input voltage and convert those samples to a series of constant-amplitude PAM
voltage levels

aperture error – is when the amplitude of the sampled signal changes during the sample pulse
time
aperture or acquisition time – the time that the FET, Q1, of a sample-and-hold circuit is on
aperture distortion – if the input to the ADC is changing while it is performing the conversion
droop – a gradual discharge across the capacitor of a sample-and-hold circuit during conversion
time caused by the capacitor discharging through its own leakage resistance and the input
impedance of the voltage follower Z2

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