MATHEMATICS-II Department of Humanities & Sciences

UNIT-I
FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION’S OF FIRST ORDER & FIRST DEGREE

Definition: An equation which involves differentials is called a Differential equation.
Ordinary differential equation: An equation is said to be ordinary if the derivatives have
reference to only one independent variable.
dy d2 y dy
Ex . (1)  7xy  x 2 (2) 2
 3  2y  e x
dx dx dx
(1) Partial Differential equation: A Differential equation is said to be partial if the derivatives in
the equation have reference to two or more independent variables.
2
 z   z  z z
2

E.g: 1.       4z 2. x  y  2z
 x   y  x y
Order of a D.E equation: A Differential equation is said to be of order ‘n’ if the derivative is
the highest derivative in that equation.
E.g : (1). (x2+1) . + 2xy = 4x2
Order of this Differential equation is 1.

(2). + =0. Order is 2.

Degree of a Differential equation: Degree of a D .Equation is the degree of the highest derivative
in the equation after the equation is made free from radicals and fractions in its derivations.
E.g : 1 ) y = x . + on solving we get

(1- ) 2xy . = 0 . Degree = 2

Formation of Differential Equation : In general an O.D Equation is Obtained by eliminating the
arbitrary constants c1,c2,c3--------cn from a relation like ------
(1). Where c1,c2,c3,---------cn are constants.
Differentiating (1) successively w.r.t x n- times and eliminating the n-arbitrary constant c1,c 2,--
--cn from the above (n+1) equations, we obtain the differential equation f(x , y, =0.

Exact Differential Equations:

Def: Let M(x,y)dx +N(x,y) dy =0 be a first order and first degree Differential Equation where M &
N are real valued functions of x,y . Then the equation Mdx + Ndy =0 is said to be an exact
Differential equation if a function f .
f f
d[f (x, y)] = dx  dy
x y
Condition for Exactness: If M(x,y) & N (x,y) are two real functions which have continuous partial
derivatives then the necessary and sufficient condition for the Differential equation Mdx+ Ndy =0 is
to be exact is that
=
Hence solution of the exact equation M(x,y)dx +N(x,y) dy =0. Is
+ = c.
(y constant) (terms free from x).

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PROBLEMS:
x
x
1 ) Solve dx + e ( 1  ) .dy =0
y

y
x x
x
Sol: Hence M = 1 e y
& N = e (1  ) y

y
 1 
x x x
y1
= e ( y
& = e   +
y
)e ( )
 y  y
x x

= ey ( & = ey (

equation is exact
General solution is
+ = c.
(y constant) (terms free from x)
+ = c.
x
y
e
=> =c
1
y
=> =C
2. Solve [y( ) +cos y] dx+ [ x +logx –xsiny]dy =0.

Sol: hence M = y( ) +cos y N = x +logx –xsiny.

= 1+ -siny = 1+ -siny

so the equation is exact

General sol + = c.

(y constant) (terms free from x)

+ = c.
 Y(x+ logx) +x cosy = c.
3. (cosx-xcosy)dy – (siny+(ysinx))dx =0
Sol: N = cosx-x cosy & M = -siny-ysinx
= -sinx - cosy = -cosy - sinx

 the equation is exact.

General sol + = c.
(y constant) (terms free from x)
=> + =c
=> -xsiny+ ycos x =c
=> ycosx – xsiny =c.

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REDUCTION OF NON-EXACT DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS TO EXACT USING

INTEGRATING FACTORS
Definition: If the Differential Equation M(x,y) dx + N (x,y ) dy = 0. Can be made exact by
multiplying with a suitable function u (x,y)  0. Then this function is called an Integrating
factor(I.F).
Note: there may exits several integrating factors.

Some methods to find an I.F to a non-exact Differential Equation Mdx+N dy =0

Case -1: Integrating factor by inspection/ (Grouping of terms).

Some useful exact differentials

1 . d (xy) = xdy +y dx
2. d ( =

3. d( =
4. d( ) = x dx + y dy
5. d(log( ) =

6. d(log( ) =
7. d( ( ) =
8. d( ( ) =
9. d(log(xy)) =

10. d(log( )) =

11. d( =

PROBLEMS:
1. Solve ydx –x dy = a ( dx
Ans: = a dx
d( = a dx
integrating on = ax +c

2.Solve xdx +y dy + = 0.
Sol: Given equationx dx + y dy + =0
1
d( ) + d( (
on Integrating
1
+ ( = c.

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3 . Solve y(x3. ) dx + x (y + x3. dy = 0.

Sol: Given equation is on Regrouping
We get yx3 - dx+ x2 y dy +x4 dy =0.
X3
(ydx+ xdy)+ y (x dy – ydx ) = 0
Dividing by x3
(ydx + xdy) +( .( ) =0
d( ) +( .d +( =0
on Integrating
2
 y
e xy  ½    C is required G.S.
x
4. (1+xy) x dy + (1- yx ) y dx = 0
Sol: given equation is (1+xy) x dy +(1-yx ) y dx =0.
(xdy + y dx ) + xy ( xdy – y dx ) = 0.
Divided by x2 y2 => ( )+( =0

( ) + dy - dx =0.
On integrating => + log y – log x =log c
- - logx +log y =log c.

Method -2: If M(x,y) dx + N (x,y) dy =0 is a homogeneous differential equation

and and
1
Mx +Ny 0, then is an integrating factor of Mdx+ Ndy =0.
Mx  Ny

1 . Solve x2y dx – ( x3+ y3 ) dy = 0

Sol : x2y dx – ( x3+ y3 ) dy = 0-----------------(1)
Where M = x2y & N = (-x3- y3 )
Consider = x2 & = -3x2

equation is not exact .

But given equation(1) is homogeneous D.Equation then
So Mx+ Ny = x(x2y) – y (x3+ y3) = - y4 0.
1 1
I.F =  4
Mx  Ny y
Multiplying equation (1) by
x2 y x3  y 3
= > dx - dy = 0 ----------------------(2)
 y4  y4
= > - dx -
This is of the form M1dx + N1dy = 0
x 3  y3
For M1 = & N1 =
 y4

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3x 2 3x 2
=> = & =
y4  y4
=> = equation (2) is an exact D.equation.
General sol + = c.
(y constant) (terms free from x in N)
=> + = c.

=> + log |y| = c.//

3. Solve y( + x (2 dy =0 -----------(1)
Sol: it is the form Mdx +Ndy =0
Where M = y( N= x (2
Consider = 3y2-2x2 & = 2y2-3x2

equation is not exact .

Since equation(1) is homogeneous D.Equation then
Consider Mx+ N y= x[y( ] +y [x (2
= 3xy ( 0.
=> I.F. =
Multiplying equation (1) by we get

= = dy =0
=> now it is exact (check)
dx + dy =0.

+ =0.
2 ydy 2 xdx
( + =0
2( y  x ) 2( y 2  x 2 )
2 2

Log x +log y + log ( - log (  xy = c

Method- 3: If the equation Mdx + N dy =0 is of the form y. f (xy) .dx + x . g (

xy) dy = 0 &
Mx- Ny then is an integrating factor of Mdx+ Ndy =0.
Problems:
1 . solve (xy sinxy +cosxy) ydx + ( xy sinxy –cosxy )x dy =0.
Sol: (xy sinxy +cosxy) ydx + ( xy sinxy –cosxy )x dy =0 -------(1).
=> this is the form y. f(xy) .dx + x . g ( xy) dy =0.
=> consider Mx-Ny
Here M =(xy sinxy + cos xy ) y
N= (xy sinxy- cos xy) x
Consider Mx-Ny =2xycosxy
Integrating factor =
So equation (1) x I.F

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( xy sin xy  cos xy )x ( xy sin xy  cos xy )y

 dx + dy = 0.
2 xy cos xy 2 xy cos xy
 ( y tan xy + ) dx + ( y tan xy - ) dy =0
 M1 dx + N1 dx =0
Now the equation is exact.
General sol  M1 dx +  N1 dy = c.
(y constant) (terms free from x in N1)
-1
=> +  y dy = c.

=> +logx + (-logy) = log c

=> log|sec(xy)| +log =log c.

=> . seexy =c.

2. Solve (1+xy) y dx + (1-xy) x dy =0
Sol : I.F =
=> + =c

=> + logx - log y =c.

=> +log( ) = where c1 = 2c.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Method -4: If there exists a single variable function  f (x) dx such that

=f(x), then I.F. of Mdx + N dy =0 is e e 

f ( x ) dx

PROBLEMS:
1 . Solve ( 3xy – 2a ) dx + ( dy =0
Sol: given equation is the form Mdx+ Ndy = 0
=> M = 3xy – 2a &N=
= 3x-4ay & = 2x-2ay

equation not exact .

Now consider =

=> = = f(x).
=x
=> is an Integrating factor of (1)
=> equation (1) x I.F = equation (1) X x
=> x dx + x dy = 0
=> (3x2 y -2ay2x) dx + (x3-2ax2 y) dy =0
It is the form M1dx + N1dy =0
General sol  M1dx +  N1dy = c.

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 ( 3x  2ay 2 x )dx   od y = c
2
= >
= > x3 y –ax2 y2 =c .//

2 . Solve ydx-xdy+(1+
Sol : given equation is (y+1+ ( dy =0.
M= y+1+ & N=
= 1 = 2x sin y -1

= > the equation is not exact.

So consider = = =

I.F = = = =
Equation (1) X I.F => dy =0
It is the form of M1dx+ N1 dy =0.
Gen soln => + =0

=> - +x- cosy =c.

=> //

Method -5: For the equation Mdx + N dy = 0 if = g(y) (is a function

of y alone) then is the Integrating factor of M dx + N dy =0.
Problems:
1 . Solve (3x2y4+2xy)dx +(2x3y3-x2) dy =0
Sol: (3x2y4+2xy)dx +(2x3 y3-x2) dy =0 -----------------(1).
Here M dx + N dy =0.
Where M =3x2y4+2xy & N = 2x3 y3-x2
equation (1) not exact.

So consider = = g(y)

I.F = = = = .

Equation (1) x I.F => ) dy =0

It is the form M1dx + N1 dy =0
General sol + = c.
(y constant) (terms free from x in N1)
=> + =c.

=> + =c.

=> =c.//

2 . Solve (xy3+y) dx + 2(x2y2+x+y4) dy =0

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Sol: = = = g(y).

I.F = = =y.
Gen sol: +
+ x+ =c .
3 . solve (y4+2y)dx + ( xy3 +2 y4 – 4x) dy =0
Sol: = = = g(y).

I.F = = =

 2 
Gen soln :   y  y 2 

dx   2 ydy  c .

LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION’S OF FIRST ORDER:

dy
Def: An equation of the form  P( x). y  Q( x) is called a linear
dx
differential equation of first order in y.
dy
Working Rule: To solve the liner equation  P( x). y  Q( x)
dx
first find the Integrating factor I.F =
General solution is y x I.F =  Q( x )  I.F.dx  c

Note: An equation of the form Q(y) is called a linear Differential

equation of first order in x.

Then Integrating factor =

Gen soln is = x X I.F =  Q( y )  I.F.dy  c

PROBLEMS:
1 . Solve (1+ y2) dx=( y –x ) dy

Sol: (1+ y2) =( y –x )

+ ).x=

It is the form of + p(y).x = Q(y)

I.F = = =

=> Gen sol is x. = + c.

= > x. =

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[ put tan-1 y = t
1
 dy  dt ]
1  y2

 x. =t. - +c

=> x. = - +c

=>x = + c/ is the required solution

2. Solve (x+y+1) = 1.

Sol: g iven equation is (x+y+1) = 1.

=> = y+1.

It is of the form + p(y).x = Q(y)

Where p(y) = -1 ; Q(y) = 1+y

= > I.F = = =

Gen soln = x X I.F =  Q( y )  I.F.dy  c

=>x. =

=>x. =

=> x =- yx - +c
=> x =- +c .//

3. Solve

Sol: this is of the form Q(x)

Where p(x) =1 Q(x) =

=> I.F = = =

Gen soln is is y x I.F =  Q( x )  I.F.dx  c

=> y. =

=> y. = put

=> y. =t +c

=> y. = (

4. Solve x. + y =log x
Sol : this is of the form +p(x)y =

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Where p(x) = &

i.e , + .y=

=> I.F = = = =x.

Gen soln is is y x I.F =  Q( y )  I.F.dy  c

=> y.x =

=> y .x = x (logx-1) +c.//

5 . Solve (1+y2) + (x- = 0.

Sol : Given equation is

It is of the form + p(y) .x = Q(y)

Where p (y) = Q(y)

I.F = = =

General solution is is x x I.F =  Q( y )  I.F.dy  c .

= > x. = dy +c

=> x. = dt +c
[ Note: put =t

=> = dt ]

=>x. = dt +c

=> x. = +c

=> x. = + c //

6. Solve = (1+x) . sec y

Sol : the above equation can be written as

Divided by sec y => cos y - = (1+x) ------------(1)

Put sin y = u

= > cos y =

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D. Equation (1) is – . u = (1+x)

this is of the form Q(x)

Where p(x) = Q(x) =(1+x)

=> I.F = = = =

Gen soln is is u x I.F =  Q( y )  I.F.dy  c

=> u. =

=> u. =

=> (sin y ) = c

( Or)
= > sin y = (1+x) c . (1+x) is required solution.

BERNOULI’S EQUATION :
(EQUATION’S REDUCIBLE TO LINEAR EQUATION)
Def: An equation of the form + p(x) .y = Q(x) ----- --------(1)

Is called Bernoulli’s Equation, where p & Q are function of x and n is a real

constant.
Working Rule:
Case -1 : if n=1 then the above equation becomes + p. y = Q.

dy
=> Gen soln of  ( p  Q )y  0 is
dx
dy
 dx 
 ( p  Q )dx  c by variable separation method.

Case -2: if 1 then divide the given equation (1) by

 . + p(x) . = Q ---------(2)

Then take =u

(1-n)

 =

Then equation (2) becomes

+ p(x) . u =Q

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+ (1-n) p.u = (1-n)Q which is linear and hence we can solve it.

Problems:

1 . Solve x + y = x3

Sol: given equation can be written as =x2+y6

Which is of the form + p(x).y =Q

Where p(x) = Q(x) = & n=6

Divided by => . + = ---------------(2)

Take =u

 = }----------------(3)

 = }----------------(3)

(3) in (2) => - u = -5x2

Which is a L.D equation in u

I.F = = = =

Gensol  u .I.F =  Q( y )  I.F.dy  c

u. = +c

= +c (or) +c

2. Solve ( xy ) =1

dx
Sol: -x .y= => . - .y = ---------------------(1)
dy

Put =u

 . = ---------------(2).

(2) in (1)  u .y =

(Or) + u .y = - .

Is a L.D Equation in ‘ u’

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e
P(y)dy
I.F = = =

Gensol  u .I.F =  Q( y )  I.F.dy  c

 u. = +c
y2

2
e
 = -2( . +c
x
(or)
X(2- )+ cx =1.

3. (1- ) + xy = x

Sol: given equation can be written as

+ y = x

Which is a Bernoulli’s equation in ‘ y ‘

Divided by  . + = -----------(1).

Let =u

 = => = -------------(2)

(2) in (1)  + =

Which is a L.D equation in u

 I.F = = = =

Gensol  u .I.F =  Q( x )  I.F.dx  c

 = -

=> = -2 [ x + ] +c

NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

STATEMENT: The rate of change of the temp of a body is proportional to the
difference of the temp of the body and that of the surroundings medium.
Let be the temp of the body at time ‘t’ and be the temp of its surroundings
medium(usually air). By the Newton’s low of cooling , we have
(  = k( k is +ve constant


 log = -kt +c.

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If initially = is the temp of the body at time t=0 then

c = log  log =-kt+ log
 log ( = -kt.

 =
= + .
Which gives the temp of the body at time ‘t’ .

Problems:
1 A body is originally at and cools dowm to c in 20 min . if the
temp of the air is c. Find the temp of body after 40 min.
Sol: By Newton’s low of cooling we have
= k( is the temp of the air.

 = c
 log( = -kt + log c
 log( ) =-kt
 =
 --------------(1)
When t=0 , = c  80 = 40 +c ------------(2).
When t=20 , = c  60 = 40 +c ------------(3).
Solving (2) & (3)  c
C=40  40 =20
=> k= log2

When t= c => equation (1) is

= 40 +40
= 40 + ( 40 x )
 = c

2 . An object when temp is 750c cools in an atmosphere of constant temp. 250

c, at the rate k being the excess temp of the body over that of the temp.
If after 10min , the temp of the object falls to 660 c , find its temp after 20
min . also find the time required to cool down to 55 0c .
Sol : we will take one as unit of time.
It is given that =-k
 sol is c ------------(1).
Initially when t=0  =
 c= -----------------(2)
When t= 10 min  =
 40= 50
 = ---------------------(3).
The value of when t=20  c

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50
50
50
when t=20  = c.

3. A body kept in air with temp cools from c to in 20 min.

Find when the body cools down in .
Sol : here o=  = -k dt
 log = -kt +c -------------(1).
When t=0 , = c  log (115) =c
 c =log (115).
 kt = - log + log 115--------(2)
When t=20 , = c
 log( c) = -20k + log 115
 20 k =log (115) - log(55) ---------(3)
(2)/ (3) => =

When = c 

 = 3. 31

 t = 20  3.31 = 66.2
The temp will be c after 66.2 min.

LAW OF NATURAL GROWTH OR DECAY

(STATEMENT: Let x(t) or x be the amount of a substance at time ‘ t’ and let the
substance be getting converted chemically . A law of chemical conversion states
that the rate of change of amount x(t) of a chemically changed substance is
proportional to the amount of the substance available at that time
(or) = - kt ; ( k >0)
Where k is a constant of proportionality
Note: In case of Natural growth we take
= k .x )

PROBLEMS
1 The number N of bacteria in a culture grew at a rate proportional to N .
The value of N was initially 100 and increased to 332 in one hour. What was
the value of N after 1hrs
Sol: The D. Equation to be solved is = kN
 = k dt


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 log N = kt + log e
 N= c ------------(1).
When t= 0sec , N =100  100 = c  c =100
When t =3600 sec , N =332  332 =100
 =
Now when t = hors = 5400 sec then N=?
 N =100
 N =100
 N = 100 = 605.
 N = 605.
2.. The temp of cup of coffie is c . in which freshly period the room temp
being c . in one min it was cooled to c . how long a period must elspse ,
before the temp of the cup becomes c .
Sol: : By Newton’s Law of Cooling,
= -k( ; k>0
= c  log ( ) = -kt + log c--------------(1).
When t=0 ; = 92  c =68
When t =1 ; c  =
 k = log ( ).
When c , t =?
Ans: t = min.

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Ex:Solve the equation

Solution: It can be easily verified that the given equation is not exact.

Multiplying by the equation reduces to

Thus, by definition, is an integrating factor. Hence, a general

solution of the given equation is for some

constant That is,

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UNIT-II
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF HIGHER ORDER

2.1 Second Order Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients

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eax

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Method of Variation of parameters:

This method is applicable to equations with constant coefficients but the C.F. must be known
before the method is applied.
Procedure to solve y11+py1+qy=X where p,q are constants and X is function of x
Find C.F. c1y1+c2y2
Assume P.I. as uy1+vy2 so that u1y11+v1 y21=X
To find u,v as functions of x assume that u1y1+v1 y2=0
y X yX y y2
Compute u=   2 dx and v =  1 dx where W= 11 is called the Wronskian of y1 ,y2
W W y1 y 12
The general solution is y = c1 y1+c2y2+uy1+vy2.

Ex: Find the general solution of

Solution: The general solution of the corresponding homogeneous

equation is given by

Here, the solutions and are linearly independent over

and Therefore, a particular solution, by Theorem is

So, the required general solution is

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UNIT-III

MULTIVARIABLE CALCULUS (MULTIPLE INTEGRALS)

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Sciences

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Evaluation of Triple integrals:

Let f(x,y,z) be a function which is defined at all points in a finite region v in
space. Let ,
be an elementary volume v enclosing of the point (x,y,z) thus the triple
summation.
,

If it exists is written as dx dydz which is called the triple integral

of f(x,y,z) over the region v.
If the region v is bounded by the surfaces x=x1, x=x2, y=y1, y=y2, z=z1, z=z2 then

dxdydz =

Note:
(i) If x1, x2; y1, y2; z1, z2 are all constants then the order of integration is
immaterial provide the limits of integration are changed accordingly.
i.e.

(ii) If, however , are functions of x and y and , are functions

of x while and are constants

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(iii) then the integration must be performed first w.r.to ‘z’ then w.r.to ‘y’
and finally w.r.to ‘x’.
i.e.

dxdydz =

10). Evaluate the following integrals:

(i)

Sol

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= [ - + ]=

(ii)

Sol. I =

Consider =

= log e - +1

=x - +1

= (x-1) + 1

I= + 1} dx

Consider - + 1} dx

+logy] – [e-2e+1]

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I= dy

= –

= –( -3-e)

= = [ -8e+13]

= [ -8e+13]

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UNIT-IV
Vector Differentiation and Vector Operators
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, vector differential calculus is considered, which extends the basic
concepts of differential calculus, such as, continuity and differentiability to vector functions in a
simple and natural way. Also, the new concepts of gradient, divergence and curl are introduced .
DIFFERENTIATION OF A VECTOR POINT FUNCITON
Let S be a set of real numbers. Corresponding to each scalar t ε S, let there be associated
a unique vector f . Then f is said to be a vector (vector valued) function. S is called the

domain of f . We write f = f (t).

Let i , j , k be three mutually perpendicular unit vectors in three dimensional space. We

can write f = f (t)= f1 (t )i  f 2 (t ) j  f 3 (t ) k , where f1(t), f2(t), f3(t) are real valued functions

(which are called components of f ). (we shall assume that i , j , k are constant vectors).

1. Derivative:
f (t )  f (a)
Let f be a vector function on an interval I and a є I. then Lt t a , if exists, is
t a
 df 
called the derivative of f at a and is denoted by f 1(a) or   at t = a. we also say that f is
 dt 
differentiable at t =a if f 1(a) exists.

2. Higher order derivatives

df f 1 (t )  f 1 (a)
Let f be differentiable on an interval I and f 1= be the derivative of f . Ltt a
dt t a
d2 f
exists for every a Є I1 . it is denoted by f 11
= .
dt 2
111
Similarly we can define f (t) etc.

We now state some properties of differentiable functions (without proof)

(1) Derivative of a constant vector is a .

d da db
If a and b are differentiable vector (3). (a .b )  .b  a .
dt dt dt
functions, then d da db
(4). (a xb )  xb  a x
d da db dt dt dt
(2). (a  b )  
dt dt dt

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(5). If f is a differentiable vector function and  is a scalar differential function, then

d df d
( f )    f
dt dt dt
(6). f = f1 (t )i  f 2 (t ) j  f 3 (t ) k , where f1(t), f2(t), f3(t) are Cartesian components of the
df df1 df df
vector f , then  i 2 j 3 k
dt dt dt dt
df
(7). The necessary and sufficient condition for f (t) to be constant vector function is
dt
= 0.

3. Partial Derivatives
Partial differentiation for vector valued functions can be introduced as was done in the
case of functions of real variables. Let f be a vector function of scalar variables p, q, t. Then we

write f = f (p,q,t). Treating t as a variable and p,q as constants, we define

f ( p, q, t  t )  f ( p, q, t )
Ltt 0
t
f
If exists, as partial derivative of f w.r.t. t and is denot by
t
f f
Similarly, we can define , also. The following are some useful results on partial
p q
differentiation.

4. Properties

  a f f f f
1) (a )  a   i 1  j 2  k 3 (treating i , j , k as
t t t t t t t
 a fixed directions)
2). If λ is a constant, then (a )  
t t
3). If c is a constant vector, then
 
(c )  c
t t
 a b
4). (a  b )  
t t t
 a b
5). (a .b )  .b  a .
t t t
 a b
6). (a xb )  xb  a x
t t t
7). Let f = f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k , where f1, f2,
f3are differential scalar functions of more
then one variable, Then

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5. Higher order partial derivatives

2 f   f   2 f   f 
Let f = f (p,q,t). Then   ,    etc.
t 2 t  t  pt p  t 
6. Scalar and vector point functions: Consider a region in three dimensional space. To each
point p(x,y,z), suppose we associate a unique real number (called scalar) say . This (x,y,z) is
called a scalar point function. Scalar point function defined on the region. Similarly if to each
point p(x,y,z)we associate a unique vector f (x,y,z) we associate a unique vector f (x,y,z). f is
called a vector point function.

VECTOR DIFFERENTIAL OPERATOR

Def. The vector differential operator (read as del) is defined as
  
 i  j k . This operator possesses properties analogous to those of ordinary vectors
x y z

as well as differentiation operator. We will define now some quantities known as “gradient”,
“divergence” and “curl” involving this operator . We must note that this operator has no
meaning by itself unless it operates on some function suitably.

GRADIENT OF A SCALAR POINT FUNCTION

Let (x,y,z) be a scalar point function of position defined in some region of space. Then
  
the vector function i  j k is known as the gradient of  or 
x y z

     
= ( i  j k ) = i  j k
x y z x y z

Properties:
(1) If f and g are two scalar functions then grad(f g)= grad f  grad g
(2) The necessary and sufficient condition for a scalar point function to be constant is that f

=O
(3) grad(fg) = f(grad g)+g(grad f)
(4) If c is a constant, grad (cf) = c(grad f)

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 f  g ( grad f )  f ( grad g )
(5) grad    , ( g  0)
g g2
(6) Let r = xi+yj+zk. Then dr= (dx)i+(dy) j+(dz)k. if  is any scalar point function, then

      
d  dx  dy  dz   i  j  k 
x y z  x y z 

DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE

Let (x,y,z) be a scalar function defined throughout some region of space. Let this function have
a value  at a point P whose position vector referred to the origin O is OP = r. let +Δ be the
value of the function at neighbouring point Q. If Δr. . Let Δr be the length of Δ .

gives a measure of the rate at which  change when we move from P to Q. then limiting

value is called the derivative of  in the direction of PQ or simply directional

derivative of  at P and is denoted by d/dr.

Theorem 1: The directional derivative of a scalar point function  at a point P(x,y,z) in the

direction of a unit vector e is equal to e. grad =e. .

The physical interpretation of 

The gradient of a scalar function (x,y,z) at a point P(x,y,z) is a vector along the normal
to the level surface (x,y,z) = c at P and is in increasing direction. Its magnitude is equal to the
greatest rate of increase of . Greatest value of directional derivative of  at a point P = |grad |
at that point.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1: If a=x+y+z, b= x2+y2+z2 , c = xy+yz+zx, prove that [grad a, grad b, grad c] = 0.
a a a
Sol:- Given a=x+y+z  1,  1, 1
x y z
a
Grad a = a =  i i  j  z
x
b b b
Given b= x2+y2+z2  2 x,  2 y,  2z
x y z
b b b
Grad b = b = i  j z  2 xi  2 yj  2 zk
x y z

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c c c
Again c = xy+yz+zx  y  z,  z  x, yx
x y z
c c c
Grad c = i  j z  ( y  z )i  ( z  x) j  ( x  y )k
x y z
1 1 1
[grad a, grad b, grad c] = 2 x 2 y 2 z  0, (on simplifica tion)
yz zx x y

f i (r )
Example 2 : Show that [f(r)] = r where r = xi  yj  zk .
r
Sol:-since r = xi  yj  zk , we have r2= x2+y2+z2
Differentiating w.r.t. ‘x’ partially, we get
r r x r y r z
2r  2 x   .Similarly  , 
x x r y r z r
    r x
[f(r)] =  i  j  k  f (r )   i f 1 (r )   i f 1 (r )
 x y z  x r
f 1 (r ) f 1 (r )
=
r
 ix 
r
.r
1
Note : From the above result, (log r) = r
r2

Example 3 : Prove that (rn)= nrn-2 r .

Sol:- Let r = xi  yj  zk and r = r . Then we have r2 = x2+y2+z2 Differentiating w.r.t. x
partially, we have
r r x r y r z
2r  2 x   .Similarly   and 
x x r y r z r
 n r x
(rn)=  i (r )  i nr n 1  i nr n 1 n r n  2  i x  n r n  2 (r )
x x r
Note : From the above result, we can have
1 r r
(1).     3 , taking n = -1 (2) grad r = , taking n = 1
r r r

Example 4 : Find the directional derivative of f = xy+yz+zx in the direction of vector

i  2 j  2k at the point (1,2,0).
Sol:- Given f = xy+yz+zx.
f f f
Grad f = i  j z  ( y  z )i  ( z  x) j  ( x  y )k
x y z
If e is the unit vector in the direction of the vector i  2 j  2k , then

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i  2 j  2k
1
e  (i  2 j  2k )
1 2 2 2 32 2

Directional derivative of f along the given direction =

Example 5 : Find the directional derivative of the function xy2+yz2+zx2 along the tangent to the
curve x =t, y = t 2, z = t3 at the point (1,1,1).
Sol: - here f = xy2+yz2+zx2
f f f
f = i  j k = (y2+2xy)j+(x2+2yz)k
x y z
At (1,1,1) , f = 3i  3 j  3 k
Let r be the position vector of any point on the curve x =t , y = t 2, z = t3. then

r = xi  y j  z k  ti  t 2 j  t 3 k
r
 i  2tj  3t 2 k  ( i  2 j  3k ) at (1,1,1)
t
r
We know that is the vector along the tangent to the curve.
t
Unit vector along the tangent = e

Directional derivative along the tangent = f .e

1 3 18
= ( i  2 j  3k ) .3 ( i  j  k ) (1  2  3) 
14 14 14
Example 6 : Find the directional derivative of the function f = x -y2+2z2 at the point P =(1,2,3)
2

in the direction of the line PQ where Q = (5,0,4).

Sol:- The position vectors of P and Q with respect to the origin are OP = i  2 j  3k and OQ =

5 i  4k
PQ = OQ – OP = 4 i  2 j  k

4i  2 j  k
Let e be the unit vector in the direction of PQ. Then e 
21
f f f
grad f = i  j k  2 x i  2 yj  4 zk
x y z
The directional derivative of f at P (1,2,3) in the direction of PQ = e .f

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1 1 1
= (4 i  2 j  k ) . (2 x i  2 yj  4 zk ) (8 x  4 y  4 z ) at (1, 2,3)  (28)
21 21 21

Example 7 : Find the greatest value of the directional derivative of the function f = x2 yz3 at
(2,1,-1).
Sol: we have
f f f
 j k  2 xyz i  x z j  3x yz k =  4i  4 j  12k at (2,1,-1).
3 2 3 2 2
grad f = i
x y z
Greatest value of the directional derivative of f = f  16  16  144 = 4 11.

Example 8 : Find the directional derivative of xyz 2+xz at (1, 1 ,1) in a directional of the normal
to the surface 3xy2 +y= z at (0,1,1).
Sol:- Let f(x, y, z)  3xy2+y- z = 0
Let us find the unti normal e to this surface at (,1,1). Then
f f f
 3y 2 ,  6 xy  1,  1.
x y z
f = 3y2i+(6xy+1)j-k
(f)(0,1,1) = 3i+j-k = n
n 3i  j  k 3i  j  k
e=  
n 9 11 11
Let g(x,y,z) = xyz2+xz then
g g g
 yz 2  z ,  xz 2 ,  2 xy  x
x y z
g=(yz2+z)i+xz2 j+(2xyz+x)k
And [g] (1,1,1) = 2i+j+3k
Directional derivative of the given function in the direction of e at (1,1,1) = g. e
 3i  j  k  6  1  3 4
=(2i+j+3k).    
 11  11 11
2
Example 9 : Find the directional derivative of 2xy+z at (1,-1,3) in the direction of
i  2 j  3k .
f f f
Sol: Let f = 2xy+z2  2 y,  2 x,  2 z.
x y z
f
grad f =  i  2 yi  2 xj  2 zk and (grad f)at (1,-1,3)=  2i  2 j  6k
x
given vector is a  i  2 j  3k  a  1  4  9  14
directional derivative of f in the direction of a
a .f (i  2 j  3k )( 2i  2 j  6k ).  2  4  18 20
  
a 14 14 14

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Example 10: Find the directional derivative of  = x2 yz+4xz2 at (1,-2,-1) in the direction 2i-j-2k.
Sol:- Given  = x2 yz+4xz2
  
 2 xyz  4 z 2 ,  x 2 z,  x 2 y  8 xz.
x y z

Hence  =  i x  i (2 xyz  4 z 2
)  jx 2 z  k ( x 2 y  8 xz)

 at (1,-2,-1) = i(4+4)+j(-1)+k(-2-8)= 8i-j-10k.

The unit vector in the direction 2i-j-2k is
2i  j  2k . 1
a  (2i  j  2k )
4 1 4 3
Required directional derivative along the given direction = . a
= (8i-j-10k). 1/3 (2i-j-2k)
= 1/3(16+1+20) = 37/3.
Example:11 If the temperature at any point in space is given by t = xy+yz+zx, find the
direction in which temperature changes most rapidly with distance from the point (1,1,1)
and determine the maximum rate of change.
Sol:- The greatest rate of increase of t at any point is given in magnitude and direction by t.

   
We have t =  i  j  k  ( xy  yz  zx)
 x y z 

= i ( y  z )  j ( z  x)  k ( x  y)  2i  2 j  2k at (1,1,1)

Magnitude of this vector is 2 2  2 2  2 2  12  2 3

Hence at the point (1,1,1) the temperature changes most rapidly in the direction given by
the vector 2i  2 j  2k and greatest rate of increase = 2 3 .

Example12 : Find the directional derivative of (x,y,z) = x2yz+4xz2 at the point (1,-2,-1) in
the direction of the normal to the surface f(x,y,z) = x log z-y2 at (-1,2,1).
Sol:- Given (x,y,z) = x2yz+4xz2 at (1,-2,-1) and f(x,y,z) = x log z-y2 at (-1,2,1)
  
Now  = i j k
x y z

= (2 xyz  4 z 2 )i  ( x 2 z ) j  ( x 2 y  8xz)k

()(1,-2,-1) = [2(1)(2)(1)  4(1) 2 ]i  [(1) 2 (1) j ]  [(12 )(2)  8(1)]k    (1)

= 8i  j  10k
Unit normal to the surface

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f
f(x,y,z)= x log z- y2 is
f
f f f x
now f = i  j k  log z i  (2 y ) j  k
x y z z

1
at (-1,2,1), f = log( 1) i  2(2) j  k  4 j  k
1

f  4 j  k.  4 j  k.
= 
f 16  1 17 =
f
Directional derivative = .
f

 4 j  k. 4  10 14
= ( 8i  j  10k ).   .
17 17 17
Example 13 : Find a unit normal vector to the given surface x2 y+2xz = 4 at the point (2,-2,3).
Sol:- Let the given surface be f = x2y+2xz – 4
On differentiating,
f f f
 2 xy  2 z,  x2 ,  2 x.
x y z
f
grad f =  i x  i (2 xy  2 z )  jx 2
 2 xk )

(grad f) at (2,-2,3) = i (8  6)  4 j  4k )   2i  4 j  4k

grad (f) is the normal vector to the given surface at the given point.
f 2(i  2 j  2k ).  i  2 j  2k
Hence the required unit normal vector = 
f 2 1  22  22 3

Example 14 : Evaluate the angle between the normals to the surface xy= z2 at the points (4,1,2)
and (3,3,-3).
Sol:- given surface is f(x,y,z) = xy= z2
Let n1 and n 2 be the normals to this surface at (4,1,2) and (3,3,-3) respectively.
Differentiating partially, we get
f f f
 y,  x,  2 z.
x y z

grad f = yi  xj  2 zk
n1 = (grad f) at (4,1,2) = i  4 j  4k

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n 2 = (grad f) at (3,3,-3) = 3i  3 j  6k
Let  be the angle between the two normals.

n1 n2 (i  4 j  4k ) (3i  3 j  6k )
cos  =  .
n1 n2 1  16  16 9  9  36
(3  12  24) 9

33 54 33 54

Example15 : Find a unit normal vector to the surface x2+y2+2z2 = 26 at the point (2, 2 ,3).

Sol:- Let the given surface be f(x,y,z)  x2+y2+2z2 – 26=0. Then

f f f
 2 x,  2 y,  4 z.
x y z
f
grad f =  i  2xi+2yj+4zk
x
normal vector at(2,2,3) = [f ](2,2,3) = 4I+4J+12K
f 4(i  j  3k ) i  j  3k
unit normal vector = = 
f 4 11 11
Example 16: Find the values of a and b so that the surfaces ax2-byz = (a+2)x and 4x2 y+z3= 4
may intersect orthogonally at the point (1, -1,2).
(or) Find the constants a and b so that surface ax2-byz=(a+2)x will orthogonal to 4x2 y+z3=4 at
the point (1,-1,2).
Sol:- let the given surfaces be f(x,y,z) = ax2-byz - (a+2)x-------------(1)
And g(x,y,z) = 4x2 y+z3- 4------------(2)
Given the two surfaces meet at the point (1,-1,2).
Substituting the point in (1), we get
a+2b-(a+2) = 0  b=1
f f f
now  2ax  (a  2),  bz ,  by.
x y z
f
f =  i x  [(2a-(a+2)]i-2bj+bk = (a-2)i-2bj+bk
= (a-2)i-2j+k = n1 , normal vector to surface 1.
g g g
Also  8 xy,  4x 2 ,  3z 2 .
x y z

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g
g =  i x  8xyi+4x2j+3z2k
(g)(1,-1,2) = -8i+4j+12k = n 2 , normal vector to surface 2.
Given the surfaces f(x,y,z), g(x,y,z) are orthogonal at the point (1,-1,2).
f . g   0  ((a-2)i-2j+k). (-8i+4j+12k)=0
-81+16-8+12  a =5/2
Hence a = 5/2 and b=1.

Example17 : Find a unit normal vector to the surface z= x2+y2 at (-1,-2,5)

Sol:- let the given surface be f = x2+y2-z
f f f
 2 x,  2 y,  1.
x y z
f
grad f = f =  i  2xi+2yj-k
x
(f) at (-1,-2,5)= -2i-4j-k
f is the normal vector to the given surface.
f
Hence the required unit normal vector = =
f
 2i  4 j  k  2i  4 j  k 1
   (2i  4 j  k )
(2)  (4)  (1)
2 2 2
21 21

Example 18: Find the angle of intersection of the spheres x2+y2+z2 =29 and x2+y2 +z2 +4x-6y-
8z-47 =0 at the point (4,-3,2).
Sol:- Let f = x2+y2+z2 -29 and g = x2+y2+z2 +4x-6y-8z-47
f f f
Then grad f= i  j k  2 xi  2 yj  2 zk and
x y z

grad g = (2 x  4)i  (2 y  6) j  (2 z  8)k

The angle between two surfaces at a point is the angle between the normals to the
surfaces at that point.
Let n1 = (grad f) at (4,-3,2) =8 i  6 j  4k

n 2 = (grad f) at (4,-3,2) = 12i  12 j  4k

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The vectors n1 and n 2 are along the normals to the two surfaces at (4,-3,2). Let θ be the
angle between the surfaces. Then

n1 n2 152  19 
Cos θ= .   cos 1  

n1 n2 116 304  29 
Example19 : Find the angle between the surfaces x2+y2+z2 =9, and z = x2+y2- 3 at point (2,-1,2).
Sol:- Let 1 = x2+y2+z2 -9=0 and 2= x2+y2-z- 3=0 be the given surfaces. Then
1= 2xi+2yj+2zk and 2 = 2xi+2yj-k
Let n1 = 1 at(2,-1,2)= 4i-2j+4k and

n 2 = 2 at (2,-1,2) = 4i-2j-k

The vectors n1 and n 2 are along the normals to the two surfaces at the point (2,-1,2). Let θ be the
angle between the surfaces. Then
n1 n2 (4i  2 j  4k ) (4i  2 j  k ) 16  4  4 16 8
Cos θ =  .   
n1 n2 16  4  16 16  4  16 6 21 6 21 3 21

 8 
  cos 1  .
 3 21 
Example : If = yzi  zxj  xyk , find .
f f f
Sol:- we know that = i  j k
x y z
Given that = yzi  zxj  xyk
  
Comparing the corresponding coefficients, we have  yz,  zx,  xy
x y z
Integrating partially w.r.t. x,y,z, respectively, we get
= xyz + a constant independent of x.
= xyz + a constant independent of y.
= xyz + a constant independent of z.
Here a possible form of  is = xyz+a constant.

DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR
f f f
Let f be any continuously differentiable vector point function. Then i.  j.  k .
x y z
is called the divergence of f and is written as div f .

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f f f    
i.e div f = i.  j.  k . =  i  j  k . f
x y z  x y z 
hence we can write div f as
div f = . f
This is a scalar point function.
 f 1 f 2 f 3
Theorem 1: If the vector f = f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k , then div f =  
x y z
Prof: Given f = f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k

f f f f
i 1  j 2  k 3
x x x x
f  f1 f  f f  f3
Also i.  . Similarly j.  2 and k . 
x x y y z z
 f   f f f
We have div f =  i.   1  2  3
 x  x y z
 f f f
Note : If f is a constant vector then 1 , 2 , 3 are zeros.
x y z
div f =0 for a constant vector f .

Theorem 2: div ( f  g ) = div f  div g

 
Proof: div ( f  g ) =  i .  f    i . g  = div f  div g .
x x
Note: If  is a scalar function and f is a vector function, then
     
(i). (a .)  a  i  j  k 
  x y z 
   
= (a .i )  (a . j )  (a .k ) 
 x y z 
    
= (a .i )  (a . j )  (a .k ) 
 x y z 

=  (a .i ) . and
x
f
(ii). (a .) f =  (a .i ) . by proceeding as in (i) [simply replace  by f in (i)].
x

SOLENOIDAL VECTOR
A vector point function f is said to be f solenoidal if div f =0.

Physical interpretation of divergence:

Depending upon f in a physical problem, we can interpret div f (= . f ).

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Suppose F (x,y,z,t) is the velocity of a fluid at a point(x,y,z) and time ‘t’. though time has
no role in computing divergence, it is considered here because velocity vector depends on time.
Imagine a small rectangular box within the fluid as shown in the figure. We would like to
measure the rate per unit volume at which the fluid flows out at any given time. The divergence
of F measures the outward flow or expansions of the fluid from their point at any time. This
gives a physical interpretation of the divergence.
Similar meanings are to be understood with respect to divergence of vectors f from other
branches. A detailed elementary interpretation can be seen in standard books on fluid dynamics,
electricity and magnetism etc.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1: If f = xy2 i  2 x 2 yzj  3 yz 2 k find div f at(1, -1, 1).

Sol:- f = xy2 i  2 x 2 yzj  3 yz 2 k . Then

 f 1 f 2 f 3   
div f =   = ( xy 2 )  (2 x 2 yz )  (3 yz 2 )  y2+2x2z-6yz
x y z x y z

(div f ) at (1, -1, 1) = 1+2+6 =9

Example 2: find div f = grad(x3+y3+z3-3xyz)

Sol:- Let = x3+y3+z3-3xyz. Then
  
 3x 2  3 yz,  3 y 2  3zx,  3z 2  3xy
x y z
  
grad  = i  j k = 3 [( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy)k ]
x y z

 f 1 f 2 f 3   
div f =   = [3( x 2  yz )]. [3( y 2  zx )]. [3( z 2  xy)]
x y z x y z
= 3(2x)+3(2y)+3(2z) = 6(x+y+z)
Example 3: If f = ( x  3 y)i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  pz )k is solenoidal, find P.
Sol:- Let f = ( x  3 y)i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  pz )k = f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k
f1 f f
We have  1, 2  1, 3  p
x y z

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 f 1 f 2 f 3
div f =   = 1+1+p =2+p
x y z
since f is solenoidal, we have div f = 0  p = -2

Example 4: Find div f = r n r . Find n if it is solenoidal?

Sol: Given f = r n r . where f = r  xi  yj  zk and r  r
We have r2 = x2+y2+z2
Differentiating partially w.r.t. x , we get

r r x
2r  2x   ,
x x r
r y r z
Similarly  , and 
y r z r
f =rn ( xi  yj  zk )

 n  n  n
div f = (r x)  (r y )  (r z )
x y z
r r r
= nr n 1 x  nr n 1 y  nr n 1 z  rn
x y z
 x2 y2 z 2 
= nr n1      3r n  nr n1
r2  
+3rn = nrn+3rn= (n+3)rn
r r r  r
n
Let f = r r . be solenoidal. Then div f = 0
(n+3)rn = 0  n= -3

r 
Example 5: Evaluate .  3  where r  xi  yj  zk and r  r .
r 
Sol:- We have
r = xi+yj+zk and r = x2  y2  z2

r x r y r z
 ,  , and 
x r y r z r
r
 3 = r . r-3 = r-3xi+r -3 yj+r-3zk = f1i+f2j+f3k
r
 r  f f f
Hence .  3  = 1  2  3
 r  x y z
f r
We have f1= r-3 x 1  r 3 .1  x(3)r 4 .
x x
r  f
  3  =  i . 1  3r 3  3r 5  x 2
r  x
= 3r-3-3r-5 r2 = 3r-3-3r-3 =0

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Example 6: Find div r . where r . = xi  yj  zk

Sol:- We have r . = xi  yj  zk = f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k

 f 1 f 2 f 3   
div r . =   = ( x)  ( y )  ( z ) 1  1  1  3
x y z x y z

CURL OF A VECTOR
Def: Let f be any continuously differentiable vector point function. Then the vector
f f f
function defined by i x  jx  k x is called curl of f and is denoted by curl f or (x f
x y z
).
f f f  f 
Curl f = i x  jx  k x    i x 
x y z  x 
Theorem 1: If f is differentiable vector point function given by f = f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k then curl
 f f   f f   f f 
f =  3  2 i   1  3  j   2  1 k
 y z   z x   x y 
   f f 
Proof : curl f =  i x x ( f )  i x x ( f i  f
1 2 j  f3k )    2 k  3 j 
 x x 
 f f   f f   f f 
=  2 k  3 j    3 i  1 k    1 j  2 i 
 x x   y y   z z 
 f f   f f   f f 
= i  3  2   j 1  3   k  2  1 
 y z   z x   x y 
Note : (1) The above expression for curl f can be remembered easily through the representation.
j i k
  
curl f = =x f
x y z
f1 f 2 f3
note : (2) If f is a constant vector then curl f = o .
Theorem 2: curl a  b   curl a  curl b

Proof: curl a  b    i x a  b 
x
 a b 
=  ix   =  ix a   ix b
 x x  x x
= curl a  curl b

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1. Physical Interpretation of curl

If w is the angular velocity of a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis and v is the
velocity of any point P(x,y,z) on the body, then w = ½ curl v . Thus the angular velocity of
rotation at any point is equal to half the curl of velocity vector. This justifies the use of the word
“curl of a vector”.
2. Irrotational Motion, Irrotational Vector
Any motion in which curl of the velocity vector is a null vector i.e curl v = 0 is said to
be Irrotational.
Def: A vector f is said to be Irrotational if curl f = 0 .

If f is Irrotational, there will always exist a scalar function (x,y,z) such that f =grad

. This is called scalar potential of f .

It is easy to prove that, if f = grad , then curl f = 0.

Hence x f = 0  there exists a scalar function  such that f = .

This idea is useful when we study the “work done by a force” later.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1: if f = xy i  2 x yz j  3 yz 2 k find curl f at the point (1,-1,1).
2 2

Sol:- Let f = xy 2 i  2 x 2 yz j  3 yz 2 k . Then

i j k
  
curl f = x f =
x y z
xy 2 2 x 2 yz  3 yz 2
        
= i  (3 yz 2 )  (2 x 2 yz )   j ( xy 2 )  (3 yz 2 )   k  (2 x 2 yz )  ( xy 2 ) 
 y z   z x   x y 
= i  3z  2 x z   j 0  0  k 4 xyz  2 xy
2 2

= curl f = at (1,-1,1) =  i  2k .

Example 2: Find curl f where f = grad(x3+y3+z3-3xyz)

Sol:- Let = x3+y3+z3-3xyz. Then

grad =  .i  3( x 2  yz )i  3( y 2  zx ) j  3( z 2  xy)k
x

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i j k
  
curl grad = x grad = 3
x y z
x 2  yz y 2  zx z 2  xy
= 3[i  x  x   j  y  y   k  z  z ]  0
curl f = 0 .
Note: We can prove in general that curl (grad )= 0 .(i.e) grad  is always irrotational.

Example 3: Prove that if r is the position vector of an point in space, then r n r is Irrotational. (or)
Show that
Sol:- Let r = xi  yj  zk and r = r r2= x2+y2+z2.

Differentiating partially w.r.t. ‘x’ partially, we get

r r x
2r  2x   ,
x x r
r y r z
Similarly  , and 
y r z r
r n= r rn( xi  yj  zk )
i j k
  
x(rn r )=
x y z
xr n yr n zr n
        
= i  (r n z )  (r n y )   j (r n x)  (r n z )   k  (r n y )  (r n x) 
 y z   z x   x y 
 r r    y   z 
=  i  znr n1  ynr n 1   nr n1  i  z   z 
 y z    r   r 
nr [zy  yz i  xz  zx  j  xy  yz k ]
n2

nr n2 [0i  0 j  0k ] = nrn-2 [ 0 ]= 0

Hence rn r is Irrotational.

Example 4: Prove that curl r = 0

Sol:- Let r = xi  yj  zk

curl r =  i x r    (i xi )  0 + 0 = 0
x
r is Irrotational vector.

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 a xr  a 3r
Example 5: If a is a constant vector, prove that curl  3    3  5 (a .r ).
 r  r r
Sol:- We have r = xi  yj  zk

r r r
i ,  j, k
x y z
If r = r then r2 = x2+y2+z2
r x r y r z
 ,  , and 
x r y r z r
 a xr    a xr 
curl  3    i x  3 
 r  x  r 
  a xr    r   1 r 3 r 
Now  3   ax  3   ax 3  4 r
x  r  x  r   r x r x 

1 3  a xi 3x(a .xr )
= a x  3 i  5 xr   3  .
r r  r r5
  a xr   a xi 3x  i x(a xi ) 3x
 ix  3   i x  3  5 (a xr )   5 i x(a xr )
x  r  r r  r3 r
(i .i )a  (i .a )i 3x
=  5 [(i .r )a  (i.a)r ]
r3 r
Let a = a1i  a 2 j  a3 k . Then i . a = a1 , etc.

  a xr  (a  a1i ) 3x
 ix  3   3 ( xa  a1 r )
x  r  r3 r
  a xr  a  a1i 3
  ix  3     5  ( x 2 a  a1 xr )
x  r  r 3
r
3a  a 3a 2 3r
= 3
 5 (r )  5 (a1 x  a 2 y  a3 z )
r r r
2a 3a 3r a 3r
= 3  3  5 (r .a )   3  5 (r .a )
r r r r r

Example 6: Show that the vector ( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy) k is irrotational and find its
scalar potential.
Sol: let f = ( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy) k
i j k
  
Then curl f = =  i( x  x)  0
x y z
x 2  yz y 2  zx z 2  xy

f is Irrotational. Then there exists  such that f =.

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  
i  j k = ( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy) k
x y z
Comparing components, we get

 x 2  yz     x 2  yz dx 
x3
 xyz  f1 ( y, z )......(1)
x 3

 y3
 y 2  zx     xyz  f 2 ( z, x)......( 2)
y 3
 z3
 z 2  xy     xyz  f 3 ( x, y )......(3)
z 3

x3  y3  z 3
From (1), (2),(3),    xyz
3

1 3
  ( x  y 3  z 3 )  xyz  cons tan t
3
Which is the required scalar potential.

Example 7: Find constants a,b and c if the vector f =

(2 x  3 y  az )i  (bx  2 y  3z ) j  (2 x  cy  3z ) k is Irrotational.

Sol:- Given f = (2 x  3 y  az )i  (bx  2 y  3z ) j  (2 x  cy  3z ) k

i j k
  
Curl f = =
x y z
2 x  3 y  az bx  2 y  3z 2 x  cy  3z
(c  3)i  (2  a) j  (b  3) k

If the vector is Irrotational then curl f = 0

c-3 = 2-a=0, b-3 = 0 c=3, a=2, b=3.

Example 8: If f(r) is differentiable, show that curl { r f(r)} = 0 where r = xi  yj  zk .

Sol: r = r = x 2  y 2  z 2 r2 = x2+y2+z2
r r x r y r z
 2r  2x   , similarly  , and 
x x r y r z r
curl{ r f(r)}= curl{f(r)( xi  yj  zk )}= curl ( x. f (r )i  y. f (r ) j  z. f (r ) k

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i j k
     
=   i  [ zf (r )]  [ yf (r )]
x y z  y z 
xf (r ) yf (r ) zf (r )

 r r   y z
 i  zf 1
(r )
y
 yf 1 (r )    i  zf 1 (r )  yf 1 (r ) 
z   r
 r

= 0.

Example 9: If A is Irrotational vector, evaluate div( A x r ) where r = xi  yj  zk .

Sol: we have r = xi  yj  zk
Given A is an irrational vector
x A = 0
div ( A x r ) = .( A x r )
= r .(x A )- A .(x r )
= r .( 0 )- A .(x r ) [ using (1)]
= - A .(x r )…..(2)

i j k
           
Now x r = = i  z  y   j z  x   k  y  x   0
x y z  y z   x z   x y 
x y z

A .(x r )=0 …(3)

Hence div ( A x r )=0. [using (2) and (3)]

Example 10: Find constants a,b,c so that the vector A =

( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z ) k is Irrotational. Also find  such that A = .

Sol: Given vector is A = ( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z ) k

Vector A is Irrotational  curl A = 0

i j k
  
 0
x y z
x  2 y  az bx  3 y  z 4 x  cy  2 z

 (c  1)i  (a  4) j  (b  2) k  0

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 (c  1)i  (a  4) j  (b  2) k = 0i  0 j  0 k
Comparing both sides,
c+1=0, a-4=0, b-2=0
c= -1, a=4,b=2
now A = ( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z ) k , on substituting the values of a,b,c
we have A = .
  
 A = ( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z ) k = i  j k
x y z

Comparing both sides, we have


 x+2y+4z = x2/2+2xy+4zx+f1(y,z)
x

 2x-3y-z = 2xy-3y2/2-yz+f2(z,x)
y


 4x-y+2z = 4xz-yz+z2+f3(x,y)
z
Hence = x2/2 -3y2/2+z2+2xy+4zx-yz+c
Example 11: If  is a constant vector, evaluate curl V where V = x r .

   r 
Sol: curl (x r ) =  i x x (xr )   i x  x xr  x
x 

=  i x[ 0  xi ] [ a x(b xc )  (a.c )b  (a.b ).c ]

=  i x(xi )  [ (i .i )  (i .)i ]     (i .)i  3    2

OPERATORS
Vector differential operator 
     
The operator  = i  j k is defined such that = i  j k where  is a
x y z x y z
scalar point function.

Note: If  is a scalar point function then = grad =  i x
(2) Scalar differential operator a .
  
The operator a . = (a .i )  (a . j )  (a .k ) is defined such that
x y z

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  
( a .)= (a .i )  (a . j )  (a .k )
x y z
f f f
And ( a .) f = (a .i )  (a . j )  (a .k )
x y z
(3). Vector differential operator a x
  
The operator a x= (ax i )  (a xj )  (a xk ) is defined such that
x y z
  
(i). ( a x)= (ax i )  (a xj )  (a xk )
x y z
f f f
(ii). ( a x). f = (ax i ).  (a xj ).  (a xk ).
x y z
f f f
(iii). ( a x)x f = (ax i )x  (a xj ) x  (a xk ) x
x y z
(4). Scalar differential operator .
   f f f
The operator  = i.  j.  k . is defined such that . f = i.  j.  k .
x y z x y z
Note: . f is defined as div f it is a scalar point function.
(5). Vector differential operator  x
  
The operator  x = i x  jx  k x is defined such that
x y z
f f f
x f = i x  jx  k x
x y z
Note : x f is defined as curl f . It is a vector point function.
(6). Laplacian Operator 2

       2   2 2 2 
.=  i .  i j k    2   2  2  2    2
x  x y z  x  x y z 
2 2 2
Thus the operator 2 2  2  2 is called Laplacian operator.
x y z
Note : (i).  = .() = div(grad )
2

(ii). if 2=0 then  is said to satisfy Laplacian equation. This  is called a harmonic
function.

VECTOR IDENTITIES

Theorem 1: If a is a differentiable function and  is a differentiable scalar function. Then prove

that div( a )= (grad ). a + div a or .( a )= () a +(. a )

Proof: div( a )=.( a )=  i (a )
x

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  a      a 
=  i . a    = i a   i 
 x x   x   x 
    a 
=   i x .a    i x  =() a +(. a )
Theorem 2: prove that curl ( a )= (grad )x a + curl a

Proof : curl ( a )=x( a )=  ix (a )
x
  a      a 
=  i x x a   x  =   i x  xa    ix x 
= x a +(x a )=(grad )x a + curl a

Theorem 3: Prove that grad ( a . b )= (b .)a  (a .)b  b x curl a  a x curl b

Proof: Consider
 b 
a x curl (b )  a x(xb )  a x i x i x 
 x 
 b 
  a x i x 
 x 

 b  b   b   
   a . i  (a .i )    i a .   a . i b
 x  x   x   x 

 b 
a x curl b   i  a .   (a .)b ….(1)
 x 
 a 
Similarly , b x curl b   i  a .   (b .)a ….(2)
 x 
(1)+(2) gives
 b   a 
a x curl b  b xcurl a   i  a .   (a .)b   i  b .   (b .)a
 x   x 

 b a 
a x curl b  b xcurl a  (a .)b  (b .)a   i  a .  b . 
 x x 

i (a .b )
x

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= ( a . b )=grad ( a . b )
Theorem 4: Prove that div ( a x b )= b . curl a  a . curl b

  a b 
Proof: div ( a x b )   i (a xb )   i . xb  a x 
x  x x 

 a   b   a   b 
  i . xb    i. ax     i x .b    i x .a
 x   x   x   x 
= (xa ).b  (xb ).a = b . curl a  a . curl b

Theorem 5 : curl (a xb )  a div b  b div a  (b .)a  (a .)b

  a b 
Pr oof : curl (a xb )   i x (a xb )   i x  xb  a x 
x  x x 

 a   b 
 i x x xb    i x a x x 
 

 a  a    b  b 
  (i .b )   i . b     i . a  (i .a )  +
 x  x    x  x 

a  a   b   
  (b .i )    i . b   i . a   .a  i . b
x  x   x   x 

 (b .)a  (a .)b  (.b )a  (a .)b

 (.b )a  (.a )b  (b .)a  (a .)b

 a div b  b div a  (b .)a  (a .)b

Theorem 6: Prove that curl grad  = 0.

Proof: Let  be any scalar point function. Then
  
.grad   i  j k
x y z

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  2  2    2  2    2  2 
i     j    k     0
 yz zy   xz zx   xy yx 

note: Since crul (grad )= 0, we have grad  is always Irrotational.

Theorem 7: Prove that div crul f=0

Pr oof : Let f  f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k

i j k
  
 curl f xf 
x y z
f1 f2 f3

 f f   f f   f f 
  3  2 i   3  2  j   2  1 k
 y z   x z   x y 

  f 3 f 2    f 3 f 2    f 2 f1 
 div curl f  .(xf )          
x  y z  y  x z  z  x y 

 2 f 3  2 f 2  2 f 3  2 f1  2 f 2  2 f1
      0
xy xz yx yz zx zy
Theorem 8: If f and g are two scalar point functions, prove that div(fg)= f2g+f. g
Sol: Let f and g are two scalar point functions. Then
g g g
g  i  j k
x y z
g g g
Now fg  i f  jf  kf
x y z

  g    g    g 
.(fg)  f   f   f 
x  x  y  y  z  z 

  2 g  2 g  2 g   f g f g f g 
= f  2  2  2    .  .  . 
 x y x   x x y y z z 

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 f f f   g g g 
=f2g+  i  j  k .  i j k .
 x y z   x y z 

= f2g+f. g

Theorem 9: Prove that x(x a )= (. a )-2 a .


Proof: x(x a ) =  i x (xa )
   a a a 
Now i x (xa )  i x  i x  jx  k x 
x x  x y z 

 2a 2a  2a 
 i x i x 2  jx 2  k x 2 
 x y z 

 2a   2a    2a 
 i x i x 2   i x jx   i x k x 
 x   xy   xz 
  2a   2a   2a   2a 
  i . 2 i  2   i .  j   i . k [ i.i  1, i. j  i.k  0]
 x  x  xy   xz 
  a    a    a   2 a  a   a
2
=i  i .   j  i .   k  i .   2   i .   2
x  x  y  y  z  z  x  x  x

 a  2a  2a  2a  2a 
= i x (xa )   i .  2  (.a )   2  2  2 
x x x  x y z 

=x(x a )= (. a )-2 a

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UNIT-V
VECTOR INTEGRATION
  
1. Line integral:- (i)  F .d r is called Line integral of F along c
c
  
Note : Work done by F along a curve c is  F .d r
c

    
Example : If F (x2-27) i -6yz j +8xz2 k , evaluate d r from the point (0,0,0) to the point (1,1,1)
along the Straight line from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0), (1,0,0) to (1,1,0) and (1,1,0) to (1,1,1).
   
Solution : Given F = (x2-27) i -6yz j +8xz2 k

Now r = x i + y j + z k  d r dxi + dy j + dz k

 F . d r = (x2-27)dx – (6yz)dy +8xz2dz

(i) Along the straight line from O = (0,0,0) to A = (1,0,0)

Here y =0 =z and dy=dz=0. Also x changes from 0 to 1.
 1
 x3 1 1  80
OA
 F . dr = 
o
(x -27)dx =   27 x =  27 
2

3 0 3 3

(ii) Along the straight line from A = (1,0,0) to B = (1,1,0)

Here x =1, z=0  dx=0, dz=0. y changes from 0 to 1.
 1

AB
 F . dr =  (6 yz)dy  0
y 0

(iii) Along the straight line from B = (1,1,0) to C = (1,1,1)

x =1 =y 
dx=dy=0 and z changes from 0 to 1.
 1
 8z 3  1 8
1

 F . d r =  8 xz dz   8 xz dz    
2 2

BC z 0 z 0  3 0 3

88
(i)  (ii )  (iii )   F . d r =
C
3

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   
Example : If F (5xy-6x2) i (2y-4x) j , evaluate  F . d r along the curve C in xy plane y=x3 from (1,1) to
C

(2,8).
  
Solution : Given F (5xy-6x2) i (2y-4x) j ,
Along the curve y=x2, dy =3x2 dx
  
 F (5x4-6x2) i +(2x3-4x) j , [Putting y=x3 in (1)]

d r = dxi + dy j + dxi +3x2dx

  
 F . d r = [(5x4-6x2) i +(2x3-4x) j ]. dxi +3x2dx j
= (5x4 – 6x2) dx+(2x3 – 4x)3x3dx
= (6x5+5x4-12x3 -6x2)dx
 2
Hence  F . d r =  (6 x5  5 x 4  12 x3  6 x 2 )dx
y  x3 1

 x6 x3 
x3 x4
=  6.  5.  12.  6.   x 6  x 3  3x 4  2 x3 1
2
 
 6 5 4 4
= 16(4+2-31) – (1+1-3-2) = 32+3 = 35

Example : Find the work done by the force F = zi + x j + y k , when it moves a particle along the arc of
 
the curve r = cost i + sint j -t k from t = 0 to t = 2
  
Solution : Given force F = zi = xj +yk and the arc is r = cost i + sin t j -t
i.e., x = cost, y= sin t, z = -t

d r = (-sin t i +cost j - k )dt
  
F . d r = (-t i +cost j +sin t k ). (-sin t i + cost j - k )dt = (t sin t + cos2 t – sin t)dt
2 2

Hence work done = 
0
F.dr =  (t sin t + cos2 t – sin t ) dt
0

2 2 2
1  cos 2t
= t ( cos t )    sin t )dt     dt   sin t dt
2
0
0 0
2 0

2
1  sin 2t 
  cos t 0
2
=  2  (cos t ) 02   t 
2 2 0
1
=  2  (1  1)  (2 )  (1  1)  2    
2

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 
Surface integral:  F . n ds is called surface integral
c

 F.ndS where F = zi + xj  3y zk and S is the surface x

2 2
Problem 1 : Evaluate + y2 = 16 included in
the first octant between z = 0 and z = 5.
Sol. The surface S is x2 + y2 = 16 included in the first octant between z = 0 and z = 5.
Let = x2 + y2 = 16
  
Then  = i  j  k  2xi  2yj
x x x
 xi  yj
unit normal n   ( x 2 + y 2 = 16)
 4
Let R be the projection of S on yz plane
dydz
Then  F.ndS =  F.n n . i
S R
……………. *

Given F = zi + xj  3y2zk
1
F . n  (xz  xy)
4
x
and n .i
4
In yz plane, x = 0, y = 4
In first octant, y varies from 0 to 4 and z varies from 0 to 5.
4 5 xz  xy  dydz
 F.ndS
S
= 
y 0
 
z 0  4  x

4

  (y  dz)dz  dy
4 5
= 
y 0 z 0

= 90.

Problem 2 : If F = zi + xj  3y2zk, evaluate  F.ndS where S is the surface of the cube bounded by x
S

= 0, x = a, y = 0, y= a, z = 0, z = a.

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Sol. Given that S is the surface of the x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = a, z = 0, z = a, and F = zi + xj  3y2zk

we need to evaluate  F.ndS .

S y

(i) For OABC C

B
Eqn is z = 0 and dS = dxdy

n  k Q
a a P

S
 F.ndS = 
x 0
  (yz) dxdy = 0
y 0 O A X
1

(ii) For PQRS R

S

Eqn is z = a and dS = dxdy

n k

  y(a)dy  dx 
a4
a a

 F.ndS =
S2 x 0
 y 0 2
(iii) For OCQR

Eqn is x = 0, and n  i , dS = dydz

a a

 F.ndS =
S3

y 0

z 0
4xzdydz  0

(iv) For ABPS

Eqn is x = a, and n  i , dS = dydz

  4azdz dy  2a 4
a a

 F.ndS =
S3

y 0 z 0

(v) For OASR

Eqn is y = 0, and n   j , dS = dxdz

a a

 F.ndS =
S5

y 0

z 0
y 2dzdx  0

(vi) For PBCQ

Eqn is y = a, and n   j , dS = dxdz

a
 
a

 F.ndS =
S6 y 0 z 0
 y 2dzdx  0

From (i) – (vi) we get

a4 3a 4
 F.ndS = 0 + + 0 + 2a 4 + 0  a4 =
S6 2 2

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3._VOLUME INTEGRALS
   
Let V be the volume bounded by a surface r  f (u,v). Let F ( r ) be a vector point function define over V.
Divide V into m sub-regions of volumes V1 , V2 ,....V p ....Vm
 m 
Let Pi ( r i ) be a point in Vr then form the sum Im =  F (r1)V . Let m   in such a way that V1
i 1
1

 
shrinks to a point,. The limit of Im if it exists, is called the volume integral of F ( r ) in the region V is
  
denoted by  F (r ) dv or  F dv.
V V

   
Cartesian form : Let F  r i  F1 i  F2 i  F3 k where F1, F2, F3 are functions of x,y,z. We know that
dv = dx dy dz. The volume integral given by
      

 Fdv     F
v
1 ( F1 i  F2 i  F3 k ) dx dy dz = i     F1 dxdydz + j     F2 dxdydz + k     F3

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2. Vector Integral Theorems

Introduction
In this chapter we discuss three important vector integral theorems: (i) Gauss divergence theorem,
(ii) Green’s theorem in plane and (iii) Stokes theorem. These theorems deal with conversion of
 
(i) 
S
F . n ds into a volume integral where S is a closed surface.

 
(ii) 
C
F .d r into a double integral over a region in a plane when C is a closed curve in the

plane and.
 
(iii) 
S
(x A) . n ds into a line integral around the boundary of an open two sided surface.

In solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, quantum mechanics, electrical engineering and various other
fields, these theorems will be of great use. Evaluation of an integral of one type may be difficult and using
one of the appropriate theorems we may be able to evaluate to the equivalent integral easily. Hence
readers are advised to grasp the significance in each case.

I. GAUSS’S DIVERGENCE THEOREM

(Transformation between surface integral and volume integral)

Let S be a closed surface enclosing a volume v. if F is a continuously differentiable vector point
function, then

 

V
 div Fdv   F . n dS
s

When n is the outward drawn normal vector at any point of S.

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Example : Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for taken over the

surface of the cube bounded by the planes x = y = z = a and coordinate planes.
Sol: By Gauss Divergence theorem we have

(i) For S1 = PQAS; unit outward drawn normal

x=a; ds=dy dz; 0≤y≤a, 0≤z≤a

(ii) For S2 = OCRB; unit outward drawn normal

x=a; ds=dy dz; 0≤y≤a, y≤z≤a

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(iii) For S3 = RBQP; Z = a; ds = dxdy;

0≤x≤a, 0≤y≤a

(iv) For S4 = OASC; z = 0; , ds = dxdy;

0≤x≤a, 0≤y≤a

(v) For S5 = PSCR; y = a; , ds = dzdx;

0≤x≤a, 0≤z≤a

(vi) For S6 = OBQA; y = 0; , ds = dzdx;

0≤x≤a, 0≤y≤a

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Example : Compute over the surface of the sphere x2+y2+z2 = 1

Sol: By divergence theorem

Hence by Gauss Divergence theorem,

Example : By transforming into triple integral, evaluate

where S is the closed surface consisting of the cylinder x2+y2 = a2 and the circular discs z= 0 , z= b.
Sol: Here

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By Gauss Divergence theorem,

Example : Show that where S is the surface of the

sphere x2+y2+z2 =1.

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Sol: Take

By Gauss divergence theorem,

Example : Apply divergence theorem to evaluate

S is the surface of the sphere x2+y2+z2=4

Sol: Given
Here F1 = x+z, F2 = y+z, F3= x+y

By Gauss Divrgence theorem,

Example : Evaluate over the tetrahedron bounded by x=0, y=0,

z=0 and the plane x+y+z=1.
Sol: Given F = , then div. F = y+2y = 3y

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Example : Use divergence theorem to evaluate x3i+y3j+z3k and S is the

surface of the sphere x2 +y2+z2 = r2
Sol: We have

By divergence theorem,
=

Example : Use Gauss Divergence theorem to evaluate S is the

closed surface bounded by the xy plane and the upper half of te sphere x2+y2+z2=a2
Sol: Divergence theorem states that

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II. GREEN’S THEOREM IN A PLANE

(Transformation Between Line Integral and Surface Integral ) [JNTU 2001S].
If S is Closed region in xy plane bounded by a simple closed curve C and if M and N are continuous
functions of x and y having continuous derivatives in R, then

Where C is traversed in the positive(anti clock-wise) direction

1.Verify Green’s theorem in plane for where C is the region bounded

by y= and y= .

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Solution: Let M=3 - and N=4y-6xy. Then

We have by Green’s theorem,

Now

=10

=5 ….(1)

Verification:
We can write the line integral along c
=[line integral along y= (from O to A) + [line integral along =x(from A to O)]
= + (say)

Now =

And

From(1) and (2), we have

Hence the verification of the Green’s theorem.

2.Evaluate by Green’s theorem where C is the triangle enclosed by the lines

y=0, x= , [JNTU 1993, 1995 S, 2003 S, 2007, (H) June 2010(Set No.2)]

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Solution : Let M=y- Then

=1 and =-

By Green’s theorem

=-

Example 3: Evaluate by Green’s theorem for where C is the

rectangle with vertices ,

Solution: Let M=

By Green’s theorem,

Example 4: A Vector field is given by

Evaluate the line integral over the circular path + , z=0

(i) Directly (ii) By using Green’s theorem

Solution : (i) Using the line integral [JNTU 96, (A) June 2011 (Set
No.4)

Given Circle is + . Take x=a and y=a so that dx=-a and

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dy=a and

=
=0+

(ii)Using Green’s theorem

Let M= and N=x Then

= and =-

By Green’s theorem,

=
We observe that the values obtained in (i) and (ii) are same to that Green’s theorem is verified.

Example 4: Show that area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by and hence find

the area of

(i)The ellipse x=

(II )The Circle x=

Solution: We have by Green’s theorem

Here M=-y and N=x so that

where A is the area of the surface.

(i)For the ellipse x= and y= and

=

(ii)Put a=b to get area of the circle A=

Example 5: Verify Green’s theorem for where c is the region

bounded by x=0, y=0 and x+y=1. [JNTU 2003S, 2007S(Set No.3)
Solution : By Green’s theorem, we have

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Here M=3 and N=4y-6xy

Now ….(1)

Along OA, y=0

Along AB, x+y=1 and x=1-y and varies from 0 to 1.

Along BO, x=0 and limits of y are from 1 to 0

from (1), we have

Now

=10

=5

=- =

From (2) and (3), we have

Hence the verification of the Green’s Theorem.

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Example 11: Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for

Where C is square with vertices (0,0), (2,0), (2,2), (0,2).
[JNTU Aug, 2008S, (H)June2009,(K) May2010(Set No.2)]
Solution: The Cartesian form of Green’s theorem in the plane is

Here M= and N=

3 and

Evaluation of
To Evaluate , we shall take C in four different segments viz (i) along
OA(y=0) (ii) along AB(x=2) (iii) along BC(y=2) (iv) along CO(x=0).
(i)Along OA(y=0)

…..(1)

(ii)Along AB(x=2)
[

= ….(2)

(iii)Along BC(y=2)
[

= …(3)

(iv)Along CO(x=0)

[ …..(4)

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Adding(1),(2),(3) and (4), we get

…(5)

Evaluation of

Here x ranges from 0 to 2 and y ranges from 0 to 2.

=
=-8+16=8 …(6)
From (5) and (6), we have

Hence the Green’s theorem is verified.

II. STOKE’S THEOREM

(Transformation between Line Integral and Surface Integral) [JNTU 2000]
Let S be a open surface bounded by a closed, non intersecting curve G. if is any differentieable
vector point function then = direction and

1. Verify Stokes theorem for , Where S is the circular disc

[JNTU 99,2007,2008S(Set No.4)]
Solution: Given that . The boundary of C of S is a circle in xy plane.
We use the parametric co-ordinates x=cos
dx=-sin and dy =cos

= =

=2 =2

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Now

We have
.

Put x=r cos

R is varying from 0 to 1 and 0
. .rdr d

L.H.S=R.H.S.Hence the theorem is verified.

Example2: If . Sis the surface of sphere

Solution: Given
By Stokes Theorem,
. =

Above the xy plane the sphere is

Put x=a cos ,y=asin

Example 3: Verify Stokes theorem for over the upper half surface of the
sphere bounded by the projection of the xy-plane.
[JNTU2006,2007,2007S,2008,JNTU(A) June2009(Set No.2)]
Solution: The boundary C of S is a circle in xy plane i.e =1, z=0
The parametric equations are x=

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Again =

. =

Where R is the projection of S on xy plane and

Now

= 2 =

Stokes theorem is verified.

Example 4: Verify Stokes theorem for the function integrated round the square in the
plan z=0 whose sides are along the lines x=0, y=0, x=a, y=a.
Solution: Given

By Stokes Theorem, . =

Now = y

L.H.S. , . =

and R is the region bounded for the square.

R.H.S. =
But

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(i)Along OA: y=0, z=0, dy=0, dx=0

(ii)Along AB:x=a, z=0,dx=0,dz=0

(iii)Along BC: y=a,z=0,dy=0,dz=0

(iv)Along CO: x=0, z=0, dx=0, dz=0

Adding

Hence the verification.

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

UNIT-I ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

SET – I
1. Solve (x2 - 2xy + 3y2)dx + (y2+6xy- x2)dy = 0.
2. Solve (3y+2x+4)dx –(4x + 6y + 5) dy = 0.

SET – II

1. Solve (x+y) (dx-dy) = dx+dy.

2. Solve (2x – 4y + 5)y1 + (x-2y+3) = 0.

SET – III

1. The number N of bacteria in a culture grew at a rate proportional to N. The value of N was initially
100 and increased to 332 in one hour what was the value of N after 1½ hours.
2. Uranium disintegrates at a rate proportional to the amount present at any instant. If m1 and m2 are
grams of uranium that are present at times T 1 and T2 respectively, find the half – life of uranium.

SET – IV
1. Solve (x2 - 2xy + 3y2)dx + (y2+6xy- x2)dy = 0.
2. Solve (2x – 4y + 5)y1 + (x-2y+3) = 0.

SET – V
1. Solve (x+y) (dx-dy) = dx+dy.
2. Uranium disintegrates at a rate proportional to the amount present at any instant. If m1 and m2 are
grams of uranium that are present at times T 1 and T2 respectively, find the half – life of uranium.

SET - VI
1. The number N of bacteria in a culture grew at a rate proportional to N. The value of N was initially
100 and increased to 332 in one hour what was the value of N after 1½ hours.

2. Solve (3y+2x+4)dx –(4x + 6y + 5) dy = 0.

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UNIT-II ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

SET – I

1. Solve y11+ y1-2y = 0 y(0) y(0) = 4, y1(0)-1.

2. Solve (D3 +1)y = cos (2x-1).

SET – II

1. Solve by method of variation of parameters. (D2 +4)y = tan2x.

2. Solve (D3 +1)y = 3+5ex.

SET – III
 
D3  2D 2  D y  e 2 x  x 2  x  sin 2 x
1.
d2y dy
2
 4  5y  0
2. dx dx

SET – IV
1. Solve y11+ y1-2y = 0 y(0) y(0) = 4, y1(0)-1.
2. Solve by method of variation of parameters. (D2 +4)y = tan2x.

SET – V
3
 2 2x 2

1. D  2D  D y  e  x  x  sin 2 x

2. Solve (D3 +1)y = 3+5ex.

SET - VI

1. Solve (D3 +1)y = cos (2x-1).

2. Solve y11+ y1-2y = 0 y(0) y(0) = 4, y1(0)-1.

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UNIT-III ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

SET-I

1. Evaluate + )dx dy

2. Evaluate dx dy.

3. Evaluate dr dѲ

SET-II
1. Evaluate in posit ive quadrant for which x+y< 1

2. Evaluate

3. ..Evaluate

SET-III
1. Find over the area bounded by the ellipse x 2 /a 2 +y 2 /b 2 =1
2. Evaluate over the area included between the circles r=2 sinө and r=4
sinө.(Dec 2010)

3. Find the area of the loop of the curve r=a(1+cosө)

SET-IV
1. Find over the area bounded by the ellipse x 2 /a 2 +y 2 /b 2 =1
2. Evaluate over the area included between the circles r=2 sinө and r=4
sinө.(Dec 2010)
3. Find the area of the loop of the curve r=a(1+cosө)

SET-V
1. Find the volume common to the cylinder x 2 +y2 =a 2 and x 2 +z 2 =a 2
2. Find volume bounded by the cylinder x 2 +y 2 =4,y+z=4 and z=0
3. Evaluate where R is the region bounded by the parabolas = 4x and = 4y

SET-VI

1. Evaluate

2.

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UNIT-IV ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

SET-I
1. Find a unit normal vector to the given surface x2 y+2xz = 4 at the point (2,-2,3).
2. Evaluate the angle between the normals to the surface xy= z2 at the points (4,1,2) and (3,3,-3).
3. If a=x+y+z, b= x2+y2+z2 , c = xy+yz+zx, prove that [grad a, grad b, grad c] = 0.

SET-II
1. find div f = grad(x3+y3+z3-3xyz)
2. Find constants a,b and c if the vector f = (2 x  3 y  az )i  (bx  2 y  3z ) j  (2 x  cy  3z ) k is
Irrotational
3. prove that curl ( a )= (grad )x a + curl a

SET-III
f i (r )
1. Show that [f(r)] = r where r = xi  yj  zk .
r
2. Find the directional derivative of the function f = x 2-y2+2z2 at the point P =(1,2,3) in the
direction of the line PQ where Q = (5,0,4
3. Find the directional derivative of  = x2 yz+4xz2 at (1,-2,-1) in the direction 2i-j-2k.

SET-IV
1. Find curl f where f = grad(x3+y3+z3-3xyz)
2. Find constants a,b,c so that the vector A = ( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z ) k is
Irrotational
3. Prove that div.(grad rm)= m(m+1)r m-2

SET-V
1. Prove that div ( a x b )= b . curl a  a . curl b

d 2 f 2 df 2
2
  f 11 (r )  f 1 (r )
2. Show that  [f(r)]= dr
2 r dr r

3. Find div r . where r . = xi  yj  zk

SET-VI
1. Prove that div( a )= (grad ). a + div a or .( a )= () a +(. a )
2. Find a unit normal vector to the surface z= x2+y2 at (-1,-2,5)
3. Prove that (rn)= nrn-2 r .

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UNIT-V ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS

SET-I
   
1. If F (5xy-6x2) i (2y-4x) j , evaluate  F . d r along the curve C in xy plane y=x3 from (1,1) to (2,8).
C


2. If   x 2 yz 3 , evaluate d r along with curve x= t, y =2t, z=3t from t = 0 to t=1.
c

3.Compute over the surface of the sphere x2+y2+z2 = 1

1. .

SET-II
1. Show that where S is the surface of the sphere
2 2 2
x +y +z =1
2. Evaluate over the tetrahedron bounded by x=0, y=0, z=0 and
the plane x+y+z=1.
3. Evaluate and S is the closed surface of the region
in the octant bounded by the cylinder y2+z2 = 9 and the planes x=0, x=2, y=0, z=0

SET-III
1. Evaluate over + + =1

2. Compute over the ellipsoid =1

3. Find Where S Is the region bounded by + =4, z=0 and z=3.

SET-IV
1. Evaluate by Green’s theorem where C is the triangle enclosed by the
lines y=0, x= ,
2. Evaluate by Green’s theorem for where C is the rectangle

with vertices ,
3. A Vector field is given by Evaluate the line integral over the

circular path + , z=0

SET-V
1. Evaluate where c is the circle

2. Find the area bounded by one arc of the cycloid x=a

3. Find the area bounded by the hypocycloid

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SET-VI
1. Evaluate , where =( +y-4) + 3xy +(2xz+ and S is the surface of, The

hemisphere =16 above the xy-plane ,

   
2. Find 
c
F . d r where F = x2 y2 i +y i and the curve y2=4x in the xy-plane from (0,0) to (4,4).

  
3. If F =y i +z j +x k , find the circulation of F round the curve c where c is the circule
x2 +y2 =1, z=0

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TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

UNIT-I TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

1. Solve y-x dy/dx = a(y2 + dy/dx).

2. Solve x dy/dx +coty = 0 if y = π/4 when x = √2.
3. The rate at which bacteria multiply is proportional to the instantaneous number present. If the
original number doubles in 2 hours, in how many hours will it be triple?
4. A body is originally at 80oC and cools down to 60oC in 20 minutes. If the temperature of the air is
40oC, find the temperature of the body after 40 minutes
5. Solve (x2 + y2)dx = 2xy dy.
6. Solve xdy – ydx = √(x2 + y2 ) dx given that y = 1 when x = √3.

UNIT-II TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

1. Solve y11-4 y1+3y = 4e3x, y(0) = 1, y1(0) = 3.

2. Solve y11+4 y1+4y = 4cosx+3sinx, y(0) = 3.
3. Solve (D3 + 2D2 + D)y = e2x+ x2 + x + sin2x.
4. (D2 +1)y = 1/ex-1.
5. (D2 + n2)y = Sec nx.
6. (D2 + 3D+2)y = e2x+x2
7. Solve 4 y111 + 4 y11 + y1 = 0.
8. Solve (D4 + 18D2 + 81)y = 0.
9. Without using variation of parameters solve (D2+a2)y = tan ax.

UNIT-III TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

1.Evaluate + )dx dy.

2.Evaluate dx dy.

3.Evaluate

4.Evaluate dx dy.
5.Evaluate dx dy dz where V is the domain bounded by the coordinate planes
and the plane x+y+z=1(Dec 2000)
6.Evaluate dx dy dz,where the domain V is bounded by the plane x+y+z=a and
the Coordinate planes.(sep 2006)
7. Evaluate where R is the region bounded by the parabolas = 4x and = 4y

8. Evaluate where R is the region bounded by the parabolas = 4x and = 4y

9. Evaluate dx dy in positive quadrant for which x+y≤1.

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10.Show by double integration, the area between the parabolas = 4ax and = 4ay is

UNIT-IV TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

1.If the temperature at any point in space is given by t = xy+yz+zx, find the direction in which
temperature changes most rapidly with distance from the point (1,1,1) and determine the maximum rate of
change
2. Evaluate the angle between the normals to the surface xy= z2 at the points (4,1,2) and (3,3,-3).
3. Find the values of a and b so that the surfaces ax2-byz = (a+2)x and 4x2 y+z3= 4 may intersect
orthogonally at the point (1, -1,2).
4. Find the constants a and b so that surface ax2-byz=(a+2)x will orthogonal to 4x2 y+z3=4 at the point (1,-
1,2).
5. Find the angle of intersection of the spheres x2+y2+z2 =29 and x2+y2+z2 +4x-6y-8z-47 =0 at the point
(4,-3,2).
6. Find the angle between the surfaces x2+y2+z2 =9, and z = x2+y2- 3 at point (2,-1,2).
7. Prove that if r is the position vector of an point in space, then rn r is Irrotational. (or) Show that

f i (r )
8. Show that [f(r)] = r where r = xi  yj  zk .
r
9. Find the directional derivative of f = xy+yz+zx in the direction of vector i  2 j  2k at the point
(1,2,0).
10. Find the directional derivative of xyz2+xz at (1, 1 ,1) in a directional of the normal to the surface
3xy2+y= z at (0,1,1).

UNIT-V TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

   
1. Find c
F . d r where F = x2 y2 i +y i and the curve y2=4x in the xy-plane from (0,0) to (4,4).

   
2. If F =3xy i -5z j +10x k evaluate 
C
F .d r along the curve x=t2+1,y=2 t2, z = t3 from t = 1 to t= 2.
  
3. If F =y i +z j +x k , find the circulation of F round the curve c where c is the circule x2 +y2 =1,
z=0.
4. 1.Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for taken over the surface of
the cube bounded by the planes x = y = z = a and coordinate planes
5. 2. Compute over the surface of the sphere x2+y2+z2 = 1
6. Apply divergence theorem to evaluate
S is the surface of the sphere
x2+y2+z2=4

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7. Evaluate over the tetrahedron bounded by x=0, y=0, z=0

and the plane x+y+z=1.
8. Use divergence theorem to evaluate x3 i+y3 j+z3k and S is the surface of
the sphere x2+y2+z2 = r2.
9. Evaluate by Green’s theorem where C is the triangle enclosed by
the lines y=0, x= ,
10. Evaluate by Green’s theorem for where C is the rectangle

with vertices ,

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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

UNIT- I DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Exact Differential Equations
( y cos x  sin y  y ) dy
1. (hx  by  f )dy  (ax  hy  g )dx  0 2.  0
(sin x  x cos y  x) dx
3. (2 y  x  1)dy  (2 x  y  1)dx  0 4. e y  1cos xdx  e y sin xdy  0
x x
x
5. (2 y sin x  cos y )dx  ( x sin y  2 cos x  tan y )dy  0 6. (e  1)dx  (1  )e y dy  0
y

y
Integrating factors
axdy  ydx 
(1  xy) ydx  (1  xy) xdy  0 2. ( y  x 2 )dx  ( x 2 cot y  x)dy  0 3. xdx  ydy 
x2  y2
y ( xy  e x )dx  e x dy xdy  ydx
 0 5. ydx  xdy  3x 2 y 2 e x dx  0 6. xdx  ydy  2
3
4.
y 2
x  y2
7. ydx  xdy  3x 2 y 2 e x dx  0
3

Homogeneous exact equation

1. ( x 2 y)dx  ( x 3  y 3 )dy 2. ( x 2  xy  y 2 )dy  x 2 dx 3. ( y 2  2 x 2 ) ydx  x(2 y 2  x 2 )dy
Non Homogeneous exact equation
1. ( x 2 y 2  2) ydx  (2  2 x 2 y 2 ) xdy  0 2. ( xy sin xy  cos xy) ydx  ( xy sin xy  cos xy) xdy  0
3. (1  xy) ydx  (1  xy) xdy  0
Integrating factors e  pdx

1. ( x 2  y 2  1)dx  2 xydy 2. (2 x 2  xy  1) ydx  ( x  y)dy  0 3. (4 xy  3 y 2  x)dx  x( x  2 y)dy  0

Integrating factors e  qdy

1. y 4  2 y dx  xy3  2 y 4  4 x  dy  0 xy3  y dx  2x 2 y 2  x  y 4 dy  0

3. 2 xy  e x  ydx  e x dy dy  0

Newton’S Cooling Laws

1. a body is originality at 80and cools down to 60 in 20 minutes if the temperature of the air is 40 find the
of the body after 40 minutes
2. If the air is maintained at 150c and the temperature of the body cools from 700C to 400c in 12 minutes
,find the temperature of the body after 30 minutes
3.A copper ball is heated to a temperature of 80  c and time t=0, then it is placed in water which is
maintained at 30  c .if at t=3 minutes the temperature of the ball is reduced to 50  c . Find the time at
which the temperature of the ball is 40 c
4.The temperature of a body dropped from 200to 100 for the first hour. Determine how many degrees the
body cooled in one hour more if the environment temperature is 0

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Natural Growth And Decay

1. .The number N of bacteria in a culture grew at a rate a proportional to N. The value of N was
1
initially 100 and increased to 332 in 1 hour , what was the value of N after 1 hour
2
2. .The rate at which the bacteria multiply is preoperational to the instantaneous number present. if
the original number doubles in 2 hours , when it will be triple.
3. .In chemical reaction a given substance is converted in to another at a rate proportional to the
amount of the substance unconverted . If 1/5 th of the original amount has been transformed in 4
minutes , how much time will be required to transform ½
4.The number of bacteria in a liquid culture is observed to grow at a rate proportional to the
number of cells present. At the beginning of the experiment there are 10,000 cells and after three
hours there are 500,000. How many will there be after one day of growth if this unlimited growth
continues? What is the doubling time of the bacteria?
5.Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope of carbon that has a half life of 5600 years. It is used
extensively in dating organic material that is tens of thousands of years old. What fraction of the
original amount of Carbon-14 in a sample would be present after 10,000 years?
6.A certain type of bacteria, given a favorable growth medium, doubles in population every 6.5 hours.
Given that there were approximately 100 bacteria to start with, how many bacteria will there be in a day
and a half?

UNIT-II

HIGHER ORDER LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

I solve the following Differential equation
d3y
dx
d2y
dx
dy
1) 3  9 2  23 15 y  0
dx

2) D  2D  3D  4D  4 y  0
4 3 2 d 2 y dy
3) 2 
dx dx
y0 
d2y dy d2y dy
4) 2  4  5 y  0 5) 2  (a  b)  aby  0 6)
dx dx dx dx
D 4  18D 2  81 y  0 
II solve the following Differential equation( e ax )
 
1) D 2  3D  2 y  cosh x  
2) 4D 2  4D  1 y  100
d2y
dx 2
dy
 4  3 y  e2 x
dx
3)

4) D 3

 6D 2  11D  6 y  e2 x  e3 x 5) D  5D  7 D  3y  e cosh x
3 2 2x

2
d y dy d2y dy
6) 4 2  4  3 y  e 2 x 7) ( D  1) ( D  2) y  e
3 x
8) 2  4  5 y  2 cosh x
dx dx dx dx
9) D  4D  4y  18Coshx
2
10) y11  4 y1  3 y  4e3 x

III solve the following Differential equation ( sin bx & cos bx )

    
1) D 2  3D  2 y  sin 3x 2) D 2  4D  3 y  cos 3x 3) D 2  4 y  2 cos 2 x 
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 
4) D 2  4 y  e x  sin 2 x  cos 2 x  
5) D 2  4D  3 y  cos 5x cos 3x

 4  sin 2 x 8) D 2  D  1y  (1  sin x) 2

2 3
d y dy d y dy
6) 2
 4  4 y  3 sin 2 x  4 cos 2 x 7) 3
dx dx dx dx
9) D 4  5D 2  4y  10Cosx
IV solve the following Differential equation ( x k )
d 2 y dy
1) 2 
dx dx
 x2  2x  4 
2) D 2  D  1 y  x3   
3) D3  2D 2  D y  e 2 x  x 2  x  sin 2 x

d3y d 2 y dy

4) 3  2 2   2 y  1  4 x 3 5) D 2  5D  4 y  x 2
dx dx dx

V solve the following Differential equation ( e axv )
d2y x d2y
1) 2  y  e  x  e sin x
3 x
2) 2  y  sin x sin 2 x  e x x 2 3) ( D 4  1) y  e x cos x
dx dx
3 2
d y d y dy d2y dy
4) 3  4 2   4 y  e3 x cos 2 x 5) 2  6  13 y  8e3 x sin 3x
dx dx dx dx dx
2 2
d y dy d y dy
6) 2  4  4 y  e 2 x  cos 2 x  e x sin 2 x 7) 2  4  3 y  e 2 cos x  cos 3x  e x cos x
dx dx dx dx
 
2
d y dy
8) 2  4  4 y  e  x sin 2 x 9) D 2  3D  2 y  xe2 x  sin 2 x 10)
dx dx
 
D  7 D  14 D  8 y  e xCos2 x
3 2

VI solve the following Differential equation ( xv )

d2y dy d2y dy d2y dy
1) 2  2  y  x cos x 2) 2  3  2 y  xex cos x 3) 2  4  4 y  x 2 sin 2 x  e 2 x  3
dx dx dx dx dx dx
   
2
d y dy
4) 2  4  4 y  8 x 2 e 2 x sin 2 x 5) D3  1 y  e x  Sin 3 x  2 6) D 2  2D  1 y  xCosx 7)
dx dx
 
D  2 D  1 y  xex Sinx
2

d2y
VII) Method Of Variation Of Parameter 1. solve 2
 a 2 y  sec ax 2. solve
dx
2 2
d y d y d2y
 a 2
y  cos ecax 3. solve  a 2
y  tan ax 4. solve  a 2 y  cot ax 5. solve
dx 2 dx 2 dx 2
d2y
2
 y  x cos x 6. 7. solve ( D 2  2D  2) y  e x tan x
dx

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UNIT - III

1. Evaluate .

2. Evaluate + )dx dy.

3. Evaluate dx dy.
4. Evaluate
5. Evaluate dx dy.
6. Evaluate ∫∫( + ) dx dy in the positive quarant for which x+y≤1.

7. Evaluate dr dѲ.
8. Find over the area bounded by the ellipse x 2 /a 2 +y 2 /b 2 =1.(sept 2006)

9. Evaluate in posit ive quadrant for which x+y< 1.(may 2006)

10. Evaluate ove the area bounded by the ellipse

x 2 /a 2 +y 2 /b 2 =1.(.(Dec 2010)

11. Evaluate over the area included between the circles r=2 sinө and r=4
sinө.(Dec 2010)

12. Evaluate the triple integral z dx dy dz taken through the posit ive octant of
the sphere x 2 +y 2 +z 2 =a 2 . (Dec 2010)

13. Evaluate dx dy dz taken over the volume bounded by the surfaces

x 2 +y 2 =a 2 ,x 2 +y2 =z and Z=0.(may 1999)
14. Evaluate dx dy dz where V is the domain bounded by the coordinate planes
and the plane x+y+z=1(Dec 2000)
15 .Evaluate dx dy dz,where the domain V is bounded by the plane x+y+z=a
and the Coordinate planes.(sep 2006)
16. Find the area of the loop of the curve r=a(1+cosө).(sep 2007)
17. Find the volume common to the cylinder x 2 +y2 =a 2 and x 2 +z 2 =a 2 .(Dec 2000)
18. Find volume bounded by the cylinder x 2 +y2 =4,y+z=4 and z=0.(sep 2000)
19. Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolut ion of the cardioid r=a(1 -
cosө).(may 2006)

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20 .Find the volume of the region bounded by z=x 2 +a 2 ,z=0,x=-a,x=a,y=-a,y=a.(sep

2008)
21. Find the volume of the solid generated by the revolut ion of the cardioid r=a(1 -
cosө) about its axis.(may 2007)
22. Find by double integral ,the volume of the solid bounded by z=0,x 2 +y2 =1and
x+y+z=3.(may 2010)
23 Evaluate where R is the region bounded by the parabolas = 4x and = 4y

24Evaluate where R is the region bounded by the parabolas = 4x and = 4y

25 Evaluate dx dy in positive quadrant for which x+y≤1.
26. Evaluate the following integrals by changing the order of integration

27. Evaluate the following integrals by changing the order of integration dy dx

28. Evaluate the following integrals by changing the order of integration

29. Evaluate the following integrals by changing to polar co-ordinates. dxdy

30. Show by double integration, the area between the parabolas = 4ax and = 4ay is

UNIT - IV
2 2 2
1. If a=x+y+z, b= x +y +z , c = xy+yz+zx, prove that [grad a, grad b, grad c] = 0.
f i (r )
2. Show that [f(r)] = r where r = xi  yj  zk .
r
3. Prove that (rn)= nrn-2 r .
4. Find the directional derivative of f = xy+yz+zx in the direction of vector i  2 j  2k at the
point (1,2,0).
5. Find the directional derivative of the function xy2+yz2+zx2 along the tangent to the curve x =t,
y = t2, z = t3 at the point (1,1,1).
6. Find the directional derivative of the function f = x 2-y2+2z2 at the point P =(1,2,3) in the
direction of the line PQ where Q = (5,0,4).
7. Find the greatest value of the directional derivative of the function f = x2 yz3 at (2,1,-1).
8. Find the directional derivative of xyz2+xz at (1, 1 ,1) in a directional of the normal to the
surface 3xy2+y= z at (0,1,1).
9. Find the directional derivative of 2xy+z2 at (1,-1,3) in the direction of i  2 j  3k .
10. Find the directional derivative of  = x2 yz+4xz2 at (1,-2,-1) in the direction 2i-j-2k.

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11. If the temperature at any point in space is given by t = xy+yz+zx, find the direction in which
temperature changes most rapidly with distance from the point (1,1,1) and determine the
maximum rate of change.
12. Find the directional derivative of (x,y,z) = x2yz+4xz2 at the point (1,-2,-1) in the direction of
the normal to the surface f(x,y,z) = x log z-y2 at (-1,2,1).
13. Find a unit normal vector to the given surface x2 y+2xz = 4 at the point (2,-2,3).
14. Evaluate the angle between the normals to the surface xy= z2 at the points (4,1,2) and (3,3,-3).
15. Find a unit normal vector to the surface x2+y2+2z2 = 26 at the point (2, 2 ,3).
16. Find the values of a and b so that the surfaces ax2-byz = (a+2)x and 4x2 y+z3= 4 may intersect
orthogonally at the point (1, -1,2).
17. (or) Find the constants a and b so that surface ax2-byz=(a+2)x will orthogonal to 4x2 y+z3=4 at
the point (1,-1,2).
18. Find a unit normal vector to the surface z= x2+y2 at (-1,-2,5)
19. Find the angle of intersection of the spheres x2+y2 +z2 =29 and x2+y2+z2 +4x-6y-8z-47 =0 at the
point (4,-3,2).
20. Find the angle between the surfaces x2+y2+z2 =9, and z = x2+y2- 3 at point (2,-1,2).
21. If f = xy i  2 x yzj  3 yz k find div f at(1, -1, 1).
2 2 2

22. find div f = grad(x3+y3+z3-3xyz)

23. : If f = ( x  3 y)i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  pz )k is solenoidal, find P.

n
24. Find div f = r r . Find n if it is solenoidal?
r 
 3
25. Evaluate.  r  where r  xi  yj  zk and r  r .

26. Find div r . where r . = xi  yj  zk

27. if f = xy i  2 x yz j  3 yz k find curl f at the point (1,-1,1).
2 2 2

28. Find curl f where f = grad(x3+y3+z3-3xyz)

29. Prove that if r is the position vector of an point in space, then rn r is Irrotational. (or) Show that

 a xr  a 3r
30. If a is a constant vector, prove that curl  3    3  5 (a .r ).
 r  r r
31. Show that the vector ( x 2  yz )i  ( y 2  zx) j  ( z 2  xy) k is irrotational and find its scalar
potential
32. Find constants a,b and c if the vector f = (2 x  3 y  az )i  (bx  2 y  3z ) j  (2 x  cy  3z ) k is
Irrotational

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33. Find constants a,b,c so that the vector A = ( x  2 y  az )i  (bx  3 y  z ) j  (4 x  cy  2 z ) k is

Irrotational. Also find  such that A = .
34. Prove that div.(grad rm)= m(m+1)r m-2
d 2 f 2 df 2
2
  f 11 (r )  f 1 (r )
35. Show that  [f(r)]= dr
2 r dr r
36. If a is a differentiable function and  is a differentiable scalar function. Then prove that div( 
a )= (grad ). a + div a or .( a )= () a +(. a )
37. prove that curl ( a )= (grad )x a + curl a
38. Prove that grad ( a . b )= (b .)a  (a .)b  b x curl a  a x curl b
Prove that div ( a x b )= b . curl a  a . curl b
39.

UNIT – V

Line integral:
    
3. If F (x2-27) i -6yz j +8xz2 k , evaluate d r from the point (0,0,0) to the point (1,1,1)
along the Straight line from (0,0,0) to (1,0,0), (1,0,0) to (1,1,0) and (1,1,0) to (1,1,1).
   
4. If F (5xy-6x2) i (2y-4x) j , evaluate  F . d r along the curve C in xy plane y=x3 from (1,1) to
C

(2,8).

5. Find the work done by the force F = zi + x j + y k , when it moves a particle along the arc of
 
the curve r = cost i + sint j -t k from t = 0 to t = 2
   
6. Find 
c
F . d r where F = x2 y2 i +y i and the curve y2=4x in the xy-plane from (0,0) to (4,4).

   
7. If F =3xy i -5z j +10x k evaluate 
C
F .d r along the curve x=t2+1,y=2 t2, z = t3 from t = 1 to

t= 2.
  
8. If F =y i +z j +x k , find the circulation of F round the curve c where c is the circule x2 +y2
=1, z=0.

9. If   x 2 yz 3 , evaluate d r along with curve x= t, y =2t, z=3t from t = 0 to t=1.
c

10. If   2 xy2 z  x 2 y, evaluate d r where c is the curve x=t, y=t 2, z= t3 from t=0 to t=1.
c

11. Find the work done by the force F  x 2  yz i  ( y  zx) j  ( z 2  xy) k in taking particle
   
2

from (1,1,1) to 3,-5,7).

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
12.
Find the work done by the force F  2 y  3i  ( zx ) j  ( yz  x) k when it moves a particle
from the point (0,0,0) to (2,1,1) along the curve x = 2t 2, y = t, z=t3
Surface integral
4. Evaluate  F.ndS where F = zi + xj  3y2zk and S is the surface x2 + y2 = 16 included in the
first octant between z = 0 and z = 5.
5. If F = zi + xj  3y2zk, evaluate  F.ndS where S is the surface of the cube bounded by x =
S

0, x = a, y = 0, y= a, z = 0, z = a.

Gauss Divergence theorem.

1.Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for taken over the surface

of the cube bounded by the planes x = y = z = a and coordinate planes
2. Compute over the surface of the sphere x2+y2+z2 = 1
6. By transforming into triple integral, evaluate where
S is the closed surface consisting of the cylinder x2 +y2 = a2 and the circular discs z= 0 , z= b.
7. Applying Gauss divergence theorem, Prove that
8. Show that where S is the surface of the
2 2 2
sphere x +y +z =1
9. Using Divergence theorem, evaluate
x2+y2+z2=a2
10. Apply divergence theorem to evaluate
S is the surface of the sphere
x2+y2+z2=4
11. Evaluate over the tetrahedron bounded by x=0, y=0,
z=0 and the plane x+y+z=1.
12. Use divergence theorem to evaluate x3 i+y3 j+z3k and S is the surface
of the sphere x2+y2+z2 = r2
13. Use divergence theorem to evaluate where and S is the
surface bounded by the region x2+y2=4, z=0 and z=3.
14. Verify divergence theorem for over the surface S of the solid cut off
by the plane x+y+z=a in the first octant.

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15. Verify divergence theorem for 2x2yi-y2 j+4xz2k ove the region of first octant of the cylinder
y2+z2=9 and x=2.
16. Evaluate and S is the closed surface of the
region in the octant bounded by the cylinder y2+z2 = 9 and the planes x=0, x=2, y=0, z=0
17. Use Divergence theorem to evaluate S is the surface
bounded by the cone x2+y2=z2 in the plane z = 4
18. Use Gauss Divergence theorem to evaluate S is the
closed surface bounded by the xy plane and the upper half of te sphere x2+y2+z2=a2
19. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for taken over the cuve bounded by
x = 0, x = a, y= 0, y = a, z = 0, z = a.
20. Evaluate over + + =1

21. Compute over the ellipsoid =1

22. Find . where =2 + 4xz and S is the region in the first octant bounded

by + =9 and x=0,x=2.
23. Find Where S Is the region bounded by + =4, z=0 and
z=3.
24. Verity divergence theorem for F=6z + (2x+y) -x , taken over the region bounded by the
surface of the cylinder + =9 included in z=0, z=8, x=0 and y=0. [JNTU 2007 S(Set
No.2)]

Green’s theorem
1. Verify Green’s theorem in plane for where C is the

region bounded by y= and y= .

2. Evaluate by Green’s theorem where C is the triangle enclosed
by the lines y=0, x= ,
3. Evaluate by Green’s theorem for where C is the

rectangle with vertices ,

4. A Vector field is given by

5. Evaluate the line integral over the circular path + , z=0

Directly (ii) By using Green’s theorem

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6. Show that area bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by and hence

find the area of

(i)The ellipse x=

(II )The Circle x=

7. Verify Green’s theorem for where C is bounded by y=x and y=

8. Using Green’s theorem evaluate Where “C” is the closed

curve of the region bounded by y= and
9. Verify Green’s theorem for where c is the region
bounded by x=0, y=0 and x+y=1.
10. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate

11. The boundary of the area enclosed by the x-axis and upper half of the circle
12. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for
13. Evaluate where c is the circle

14. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for where c is the

square with vertices (0,0), (2,0), (2,2) and (0,2). [JNTU Sep 2008, 2008S,
JNTU(H) 2009(Set No.1)]
15. Use Green’s theorem to evaluate where c is the square

bounded by y=
16. Find the area bounded by one arc of the cycloid x=a

17. Find the area bounded by the hypocycloid

18. Find where c is the circle in xy plane.

Stokes theorem
1. Verify Stokes theorem for , Where S is the circular disc

2. If . Sis the surface of sphere

3. Verify Stokes theorem for over the upper half surface of the
sphere bounded by the projection of the xy-plane

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4. Verify Stokes theorem for the function integrated round the square in the
plan z=0 whose sides are along the lines x=0, y=0, x=a, y=a.
5. Apply Stokes theorem, to evaluate where c is the curve of
intersection of the sphere and x+z=a.
6. Apply the Stoke’s theorem and show that is any vector and
S=
7. Use Stoke’s theorem to evaluate over the surface if the paraboloid z+

where
8. Verify Stoke’s theorem for taken round the rectangle bounded by
the lines x=
9. Verify Stoke’s theorem for where S is the surface of
the cube x =0, y=0, z=0, x=2, y=2,z=2 above the xy plane.
10. Verify the Stoke’s theorem for and surface is the part of the sphere

11. Verify Stoke’s theorem for over the box bounded by the planes
x=0,x=a,y=0,y=b.
12. Verify Stoke’s theorem for = + 2xy over the box bounded by the planes
x=0,x=a,y=0,y=b,z=c
13. Using Stroke’s theorem evaluate the integral where =2 +3 -(2x+z and C
is the boundary of the triangle whose vertices are (0,0,0),(2,0,0),(2,2,0).

14.Evaluate , where =( +y-4) + 3xy +(2xz+ and S is the surface of,

(i). The hemisphere =16 above the xy-plane , (ii) The paraboloid Z=4 - (
above the xy-plane

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OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

UNIT-I
dy y y 2
1. For the differential equation   ,which of the following is not applicable
dx x x 2
a) It is Bernoulli equation b) It is Homogeneous c) It is not exact d) Solution is
y  2 x 2 /(1  x 2 )

2. The particular solution of the equation y ' sin x  yIny satisfying the initial condition
y ( / 2)  e is
a) e tan(x / 2 ) b) e cot(x / 2 ) c) In tan( x / 2) d) In cot(x / 2)
dy
3. The initial value problem x  y, y (0)  0, x  0 has
dx
a) No solution b)A unique solution c) Exactly two solutions d) Unaccountably
many solutions
4. For the differential equation xy '  y  0 which of the following is not an integrating factor?
i. a) 1 / x 2 b) 1 / y 2 c) 1 / xy d) 1 /( x  y )
5. An integrating factor for ydx  xdy  0 is
2. a)x/y b)y/x c)1/x2 y2 d)1/(x2 +y2 ).
d2y
6. The particular integral of  y  cos x is
dx 2
1 1 1 1
sin x cos x x cos x x cos x
a. a) 2 b) 2 c) 2 d) 2
7. The general solution of dy/dx=e x+y is
a) ex +ey =c b)ex +e-y =c c)e-x +ey =c d)e-x +e-y =c

8. Find the differential equation corresponding to y=aex +be2x +ce3x

a) y111 -6y11+11y1-6y=0 b) y111+y11-3y1 =0 c) y11+2y1+y=0 d) y111-2y11+3y1+y=0

9. Find the differential equation of the family of curves y=e x (Acosx+Bsinx)

a) y11-2y1+3y=0 b) y11-3y1+y=0 c) y11-2y1+3y=0 d) none

10. Form the differential equation by eliminating the arbitrary constant y2=(x-c)2
a) (y1)2=1 b) y11+2y1=2 c) (y1)2=0 d) none

UNIT-II OBJECTIVEQUESTIONS

1. The P.I of (D2-5D+6)y=e2x is

a)-x e 2 x b) x e 2 x c) e 2 x d) 0

2. P.I of (D+1)2y=x is
a) x b) x-2 c) (x+1) 2 d) (x+2) 2

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3. P.I of 1/D2+D+1(sinx)=
a) sinx b) -cosx c) 1/3 sinx d)1-cosx

4. P.I of (D-1)4y=ex is

a) x 4 /4!(e x ) b) x 4 e x c) e x d) e x /4

5. The value of 1/D-2(sinx) is

a) -1/5(cosx+sinx) b) 1/5(cosx) c) 1/5(sinx) d) 1/5(cosx -2sinx)

6. The value of 1/D2+4(sin2x) is

a) 1/5 (sin2x) b) -1/5 sin 2 x c) 1/5(cos2x) d) -1/4 cos2x

7.1/D2-1(ex)=
a) 1/2(xe x ) b)-1/2(xe x ) c) x 2 /2(e x ) d) none

8. 1/D+2(x+ex)=

a)-x/4-1/16+e x /3 b) x/4+1/16-e x /3 c) x/4-1/16+e x d) none

9. P.I of (D4-1)y=excosx (b)

a) -excosy/6 b) -excosx/5 c) -excosx/3 d) excosx/5
10 .C.F of (D-1)2y=sin2x is

a) (c 1 +c 2 x)e x b)(c 1 +c 2 x)e -2 x c)c 1 x+c 2 e x d) none

11. P.I of (D2+1)y=x2e3x is

a) e3x/250 (25x2+30x+30) b) e3x/250 (25x2-30x-30) c) e3x/250 (25x2-30x+30) ( d)

e3x/25 (25x2-30x+30)

12. P.I of (D2-2D+1)y=coshx is

a) x 2 /4(e x )+e -x /8 b) x 2 /4(e -x )+e x /8 c)x 2 /4(e x ) d) c 1 e x +c 2 e -x

13. If 30% of the ratio active substance disappears in 10days ,how long will it take for 90% of
it to disappear
a) 34.5days b) 64.5days c)100.0days d)55.5days

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 MATHEMATICS-II Department of Humanities & Sciences

UNIT - III

1. Over the region bounded by X – Axis , ordinate x=2a and the parabola is

a) b) c) d)

2. Where V is the Volume of v The cube bounded by the co-originate planes

a) b) c) d)

3. is

a) b) c) d)

4. is

a) b) c)0 d)

5. over the region bounded by the parabolas

a) b) c)0 d)

6.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

7. + ) dx dy

(a) ( + ) (b) ( + ) (c) ( + ) (d) ( + )

8.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

9. dxdy

(a) (b) (c) (d)

10

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 MATHEMATICS-II Department of Humanities & Sciences

(a) (b) (c) (d)

11.

(A)5/2

(B)4/3

(C)3/2

(D)2/3

12. after changing to polar co-ordinates is

(a) sin (b) sin

(c ) sin (d) None

13 =

(a) (b)

(c ) (d)

14.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

15. The area enclosed by the parabolas = y and =x is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

16. The area of the region bounded by = 4ax and = 4ay is

(a) (b) (c) (d)

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 MATHEMATICS-II Department of Humanities & Sciences

UNIT – IV
1. A unit vector normal to the surface xy3 z 2  4 at the point (-1,-1,2) is ( )
1    1   
a)  (i  3 j  k ) b) (i  3 j  k )
11 11
1    1   
c)  (i  3 j  k ) d) (i  3 j  k )
11 11
2.The greatest rate of increase of u  x  yz at the point (1,-1,3) is ( )
2 2

a) 79 b)11 c) 89 d) 4 7
3. Directional derivative is maximum along ()

a) Tangent to the surface b) Normal to the surface

c) any unit vector d) Coordinate axis
  
4 If for a vector function F , divF  0 then F is called ()

a)Irrotational b)Conservative c)Solenoidal d)Rotational


5. For a vector function F ,there exists a scalar potential only when ( )
 
a) divF  0 b) grad (divF )  0
  
c) curlF  0 d) FcurlF  0 .
      
6. If a is a constant vector and r  xi  yj  z k ,then X ( a Xr ) is equal to ( )
  
a)0 b) a c) 2 a d)-2 a

7.Using the following integral,work done by a force F can be calculated: ( )

a) Line Integral b)Surface Integral

c)Volume Integral d) None of these
8. The gradient of a differentiable scalar field is ( )
a) Irrotational b) Solenoidal
c)Both Irrotional and Solenoidal d) None
9. Gauss Divergence theorem is a relation between ( )
a) A line integral and b) a surface integral and
a surface integral a volume integral
c) A line integral and d) two volume integrals
a volume integral
10. Green’s theorem in the plane is applicable to ( )
a)xy-plane b)yz-plane c)zx-plane d)all of these

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 MATHEMATICS-II Department of Humanities & Sciences

UNIT – V

(1) For any closed surface S, =

(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) (d)

(2) If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and +3z then =

(a) V (b)3V (c)6V (d)None

(3) If +z then =

(a) 0 (b) (c) x (d) None

(4) x =
(a) 0 (b) r (c) 1 (d) None
(5) . =

(a) V (b) 3V (c) 4V (d) None

(6) If is the unit outward drawn normal to any closed surface then =

(a) S (b)2S (c) 3S (d) None

(7) =
(a) f (b)2f (c) 0 (d) None
(8) The value of the line integral from (0, 1,-1) to (1 , 2, 0) is
(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3
(9) A necessary and sufficient condition that the line integral =0 for every closed curve c is

that
(a) div A=0 (b)div A 0 (c) curl A=0 (d) curl A 0

(10) If =axi + byj+ czk where a, b, c are constants then where S is the surface of
the unit sphere is
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) none

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 MATHEMATICS-II Department of Humanities & Sciences

EXTERNAL QUESTION PAPERS

Code No : 1800BS02
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
(Autonomous Institution – UGC Govt. of India)
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE
Accredited by NBA and NAAC with A grade– ISO 9001-2015Certified
B.TECH I YEAR II Semester Regular Examinations, April 2019
MATHEMATICS-II
Time: 3 hours (Common to all Branches)
Max Marks: 70
Note: This question paper Consists of 5 Sections. Answer FIVE Questions, Choosing ONE Question
from each SECTION and each Question carries 14 marks.

SECTION-I

1. (a) Solve the exact differential equation ( x y  2 xy )dx  ( x  3x y)dy.

2 2 3 2
(6M)
(b) Find the general and singular solution of the equation y  px  1  p 2 . (8M)
OR
dy
2. (a) Solve the Bernoulli’s equation xy (1  xy 2 )  1. (8M)
dx
(b) Solve y  xp 2  p . (6M)

SECTION-II
d2y
3. (a) Using the method of variation of parameter, solve  4 y  tan 2 x . (8M)
dx 2
(b) Solve ( D 2  5D  6) y  e x . (6M)
OR
2
d y dy
4. (a) Solve x 2 2
 3x  4 y  x 2  cos(log x) . (8M)
dx dx
(b) Solve ( D  3D  2) y  x 2 .
2
(6M)

SECTION-III

a a x
5. (a) Change the order of integration of 
0 y x  y2
2
dxdy and then evaluate. (6M)

(b) By changing into Polar coordinates, evaluate   e ( x  y2 )
2
dxdy . (8M)
0 0
OR
6. (a) Using double integral find the area bounded by y  x and y  x 2 . (6M)
x y z
(b) Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane    1 and the coordinate
a b c
plane x  0, y  0, z  0 . (8M)

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 MATHEMATICS-II Department of Humanities & Sciences

SECTION-IV
7. (a) Find the directional derivative of   2 xy  z 2 at the point (1, -1, 3) in the direction of
   
r  i  2 j 2 k . (6M)
  
(b) Find the value of ' a' if the vector (ax 2 y  yz ) i  ( xy 2  xz 2 y) j  (2 xyz  2 x 2 y 2 ) k has zero
divergence. Find the curl of the above vector which zero divergence. (8M)

OR

      
8. (a) If r  x i  y j  z k and r | r | , prove that div (r n r )  (n  3)r n and curl (r n r )  0 .
(6M)
  
(b) Show that F  (6 xy  z 3 ) i  (3x 2  z ) j  (3xz 2  y ) k is irrotational and find the scalar

potential function  such that F   . (8M)

SECTION-V
    
9. (a) Find  F .d r where F  (2 y  3) i  xz j  ( yz  x) k along the line joining the points
C
(0, 0, 0) to (2, 1, 1). (6M)
(b) Evaluate  [( 2 xy  x )dx  ( x  y )dy] using Green’s theorem, where C is the closed curve
2 2

formed by y 2  x , y  x 2 . (8M)

OR
   
10. State Stoke’s theorem. Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F  4 xz i  y 2 j  yz k taken over the
cube bounded by x  0, x  1, y  0, y  1, z  0, z  1. (14M)

*****

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 MATHEMATICS-II Department of Humanities & Sciences

Code No : 1800BS02
MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
(Autonomous Institution – UGC Govt. of India)
Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE
Accredited by NBA and NAAC with A grade– ISO 9001-2015Certified
B.TECH I YEAR II Semester Advanced Supplementary Examinations,
August 2019
MATHEMATICS-II
Time: 3 hours (Common to all Branches)
Max Marks: 70
Note: This question paper Consists of 5 Sections. Answer FIVE Questions, Choosing ONE Question
from each SECTION and each Question carries 14 marks.

SECTION-I
1. (a) Solve the Differential equation y( y  2 x 2 )dx  x(2 y 2  x 2 )dy  0
2
(7M)
0 0
(b) If the temperature of a body is changing from 100 C to 70 C in 15 minutes, find when the
0 0
temperature will be 40 C , if the temperature of air is 30 C . (7M)

OR
2
 dy  dy
2. (a) Solve x 2    xy  6 y 2  0 (7M)
 dx  dx
(b) Solve Siny Cos x  Cos 2 y p 2  Sinx . Cosx . Cosy . p
2
(7M)

SECTION-II
3. (a) Find the general solution of the differential equation y   6 y   7 y  0 (5M)
(b) Solve y   6 y   8 y  130 Cos3t (9M)

OR

4. (a) Write a note on “Method of variation of parameters” and evaluate ( D 2  2D) y  e x Sinx
(7M)
 1
3 2
d y d y
(b) Solve x 3  2 x 2 2  2 y  10 x   (7M)
 x
3
dx dx

SECTION-III

1 2 x
5. (a) Change the order of integration in   xy dx
0 2
and hence evaluate the double integral
x
(7M)
x2 y2
(b) Find the area of a plate in the form of a quadrant of the ellipse 2  2  1 (7M)
a b

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 MATHEMATICS-II Department of Humanities & Sciences

OR

6. Find the volume of the greatest rectangular parallelopiped that can be inscribed in an ellipsoid
x2 y2 z 2
  1 (14M)
a2 b2 c2

SECTION-IV
7. (a) Find 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝐹̅ where 𝐹̅ = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑( 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧) (7M)
(b) In what direction from (3, 1,  2) is the directional derivative of f ( x, y, z )  x 2 y 2 z 4 is
maximum and what is its magnitude (7M)

OR

8. (a) Prove that   (  a )  (. a )   2 a (7M)

(b) Find div f , where f  r n r . find n if it is Solenoidal (7M)

SECTION-V

 ( xy  y 
)dx  x 2 dy , where C is bounded by the curves
2
9. Verify Green’s theorem for
C

y  x and y  x 2 (14M)
OR

10. If F  ( x 2  27)i  6 yzj  8xz 2 k , evaluate  F. dr

C
from the point (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) along the

straight line from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 0, 0) , (1, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 0) and (1, 1, 0) to (1, 1, 1)
(14M)

*****

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