CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER ONE
Two-Dimensional Shapes

CHAPTER TWO
Three-Dimensional Shapes

CHAPTER THREE
Platonic Solids

CHAPTER FOUR
Semi-Regular Polyhedra
CHAPTER FIVE
Spirals
CHAPTER SIX
Numbers in Sacred Geometry
CHAPTER SEVEN
Symbolic and Geometric Letters
CHAPTER EIGHT
Place Where Sacred Geometry Is Found

CHAPTER NINE
Sacred Geometry in Religious Symbolism
CHAPTER TEN
How You Can Use Sacred Geometry

CONCLUSION
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

INDEX

IMAGE CREDITS
 INTRODUCTION

W hat is sacred geometry? Geometry at its basic level is the design of

shapes based on mathematics; geometry literally means “earth measure,” as
geo refers to the earth and metry to measurements. Geometric shapes are so
much a part of our everyday life that we may not even notice just how
frequently they can be found. Hopefully, after reading this book, you will
start to see many examples that you never noticed before.
Mathematicians have studied geometry for thousands of years. The
early mathematicians marveled at the perfection of their calculations, and
they attributed this perfection to the Creator—this is how geometry came to
be sacred.
Geometry began to be used in a symbolic way, especially in religion,
due to the fact that the general population were not able to read and write,
but they were able to recognize shapes. Some shapes were also used
symbolically in secret societies, where only the members of the society
would understand their meaning.
The History of Sacred Geometry
People have searched for the meaning behind mathematical patterns for
thousands of years. The Egyptian Rhind Papyrus from ca. 2000–1800 BCE is
one of the earliest known writings on geometry, along with the Moscow
Papyrus from ca. 1890 BCE and the Babylonian clay tablets of ca. 2000–
1800 BCE.
Some of the most notable published discoveries are works from:
• Thales of Miletus (ca. 624–ca. 546 BCE), a Greek mathematician,
discovered that geometry could be used to calculate the height of
pyramids and also a ship’s distance from the shore.
• Pythagoras (ca. 570–ca. 495 BCE), a Greek philosopher, set up a school
to study geometry in ca. 530 BCE. His students were referred to as
Pythagoreans.
• Plato (ca. 427–347 BCE), a Greek philosopher, was the founder of the
Academy in Athens and discovered the Platonic solids.
• Euclid (ca. 330–275 BCE), a Greek mathematician, had his findings
published in a 1570 book called Elements that was a collection of
geometric studies from several mathematicians.
• Archimedes (ca. 287–212 BCE), a Greek mathematician, created the
Archimedean solids and the Archimedean spiral.
• Leonardo Pisano (ca. 1170–after 1240), better known as Fibonacci, was
an Italian mathematician who wrote Liber Abaci (Book of the Abacus) in
which he introduced the number series today referred to as the Fibonacci
sequence.
• Luca Pacioli (ca. 1447–1517) was an Italian mathematician who wrote
Divina Proportione (Divine Proportion), a book about mathematical
proportions in architecture, polygons, art, and which was illustrated by
Leonardo da Vinci.
• Johannes Kepler (1571–1630 BCE) was a German mathematician and
astronomer. Although most commonly known for his observations on the
paths of the planets, he also made some important discoveries with
geometry.

There have been many other mathematicians that have advanced our
appreciation for and understanding of the patterns and symbolism of sacred
geometry, but those above are referred to later in the book.
 Another very important name is Drunvalo Melchizedek. He introduced
sacred geometry to the world in a series of workshops from 1985 to 1994. If
you would like to find out more about sacred geometry, I would highly
recommend reading some of his work.
Throughout this book you will discover many different shapes and their
meanings as you learn about the shapes themselves as well as how sacred
geometry appears in letters, numbers, art, architecture, and religious
symbols. You will even find out about the math behind it all. After all,
sacred geometry appeals to us on many levels, as the shapes formed are
often symmetrical and balanced; we are always subconsciously seeking
balance in mind, body, and spirit, and so people use these shapes just about
everywhere in the world.
Sacred geometry can be incorporated into your own everyday life and
spiritual practices in a number of ways: through artwork, room and garden
design, meditations, and visualizations, to name just a few. As you learn
more about the shapes and the many places they can be found, you will find
suggestions for different ways of working with sacred geometry.

Enclosed Sacred Geometry Wall Chart Included in this book is a

wall chart that serves as a quick and handy reference guide
containing a summary of the essentials of sacred geometry from the
following pages.
S hapes with two dimensions have height and length/width, and are
essentially flat. If the shape has straight sides, it is called a polygon.
This word is Greek in origin, poly meaning “many” and gon being short for
gonia, which means “angle.” The polygons described in this chapter are all
regular, meaning they all have the same interior angles. In an irregular
shape, some of the angles will be different. Although this chapter is about
two-dimensional shapes, we cannot begin without first talking about the
line.

The Line
Lines are one-dimensional, which means they have length but no width or
height. A line can be a boundary or a partition. Lines can be connections, so
a line can travel from point a to point b. Lines can be used to emphasize, as
in an underline, or they can express dissatisfaction by striking through
words. We have linear graphs and starting lines, we are used to “standing in
line,” and there are many sayings that revolve around the word line, such
as:
Hold the line
Lifeline
Toe the line
A fine line
Between the lines
Over the years, many symbolic meanings have been attributed to lines,
from ancient cave art to sacred religious symbols. Generally speaking,
straight lines are considered masculine, and curves, arcs, and circles are
considered feminine. When it comes to geometry, however, numbers play a
large part, because even numbers are considered feminine, while odd
numbers are masculine, except for the number one. One was historically
held in great esteem, and it was seen as the basis of everything, much like
the line. The line is the starting point of this book, just as it is the starting
point of all geometry.
The Circle
Just as life starts with a single cell, the first shape of sacred geometry is the
circle. Circles have been regarded as important since ancient times. The sun
and the moon were worshipped as a god and a goddess, while the discovery
of the wheel had a huge impact on how our ancestors lived. The circle was
referred to as monad, meaning “one,” by the Pythagoreans, and it
represented the origin of all things. This is the shape that was attributed to
the Creator, embodying perfection and wholeness. With this connection to
the divine, the circle came to represent the same characteristics of the
Creator, which are wisdom, unity, and perfection. It can also depict
nothingness because a circle can be equated to zero and the absence of
something. In astrology, a circle with a dot in the center represents the sun,
and like the sun, this symbol is considered masculine. In Norse mythology
and some religions, the sun is represented by a circle with a cross inside.

The circle also epitomizes eternity, as there is no beginning and no end,

giving rise to the tradition of exchanging rings during a wedding ceremony.
For this reason, it is also a common shape in many icons and logos that are
linked with gods and goddesses. In Jewish funerals, it is common for bagels
to be served, because their circular shape represents the cycle of birth,
death, regeneration of the soil, and, possibly to some people, also
reincarnation.
The serpent known as ouroboros is drawn in a circular shape, biting its
tail, and this image represents eternity and wholeness. Snakes and serpents
are connected with knowledge and wisdom, but also with rebirth, due to the
fact that snakes shed their skin.
 Tip

While the sun is considered masculine in most mythologies, in the

German language, the sun is feminine (die Sonne) and the moon
masculine (der Mond), so things aren’t necessarily as fixed as we
think they are.

A circle is often drawn encompassing another shape or pattern to

indicate protection from outside influence. This could hark back to ancient
times when a boundary wall would be built around a settlement to afford
protection from invaders, therefore separating the inside from the outside. A
circle in three-dimensional form is known as a sphere, globe, or orb.
Vesica Pisces
Vesica pisces is formed by two overlapping circles. Vesica pisces is Latin
for “bladder of a fish,” describing the likeness of this image to the swim
bladder. With vesica pisces we have the beginning of duality. Growth
occurs with one single cell splitting into two, giving the illusion of
separation, yet it is still part of the one. This shape can also demonstrate the
nature of opposites, so while we have hot and cold, in the middle there is
warm. If black and white are merged, the result is gray. Vesica pisces
illustrates that even in polarity there is a connecting factor. This can also be
seen in comparisons such as “this one or that one” or “one or the other.”

Twos are representative of both separation and connection. On one hand

there are partnerships and duets, but on the other, there are enemies and
differing points of view. The number two can also suggest balance, like two
people on a seesaw or two pillars in a doorway. Ancient cultures
worshipped both the sun and the moon, seeing them as the dual deities of
god and goddess. However, Plato suggested that the number two had no
meaning, as it suggested a relationship, and relationships always bring in a
third element. Vesica pisces may also represent something that is a mirror
image, or even a clone of the original. In the center of vesica pisces where
the circles overlap is the mandorla, which is an Italian word for “almond,”
which is taken from its shape.
The mandorla is often used in religious art, surrounding holy characters
such as saints. If heaven is one of the circles of vesica pisces, and the earth
is the other, the mandorla represents the union of both. In contrast, it can
also represent a doorway to a different dimension. The mandorla also
symbolizes female genitalia and the cosmic womb, and in Christianity it is
referred to as the “womb of Mary.” The mandorla can be found on the
sheela-na-gig, which is a figure that is often found carved into church walls;
it is said to be a metaphor for either fertility or chastity. The rhombus
(sometimes called a lozenge), a similar shape to the mandorla, also
represents the vulva and, as such, the creation of life. The mandorla also
typifies creation, the result of the union of male and female, and thus a
separate entity but a combination of both. The mandorla may also be found
with a circle in the center, creating an eye-like appearance, and this
symbolizes the all-seeing eye of the Creator.
Tripod of Life
From vesica pisces, a third circle is drawn underneath to intersect with both
existing circles, and this shape is known as the tripod of life. This type of
circle arrangement is also known as Borromean rings. When taking a closer
look at Borromean rings, we can see that the arrangement needs all three
rings to remain interlocked. If one of the rings were removed, the other two
would not be connected. The Borromean rings are a metaphor for group
energy, depicting situations that require cooperation, similar to the Olympic
rings that symbolize the union of five continents.

The tripod of life is often used to form a Venn diagram, which uses the
intersecting areas to illustrate the relationship between three ideas/subjects,
such as the three primary colors. The number three is attributed to the mind,
body and spirit, and the tripod of life illustrates how each of these aspects
affects, or is affected by, the others.
Trefoil
The trefoil can be formed by drawing around the outline of the tripod of
life. This shape gets its name from the Latin trifolium meaning “three-
leaved plant.” It was often used in window architecture, especially in
churches, where it represented the Holy Trinity. Sometimes the trefoil
outline includes the shape of a triangle, which is called a “barbed trefoil.”
As circles are considered feminine and straight lines masculine, this shape
could be considered a balance of both energies.
Triskelion
By turning the three circles into spirals that meet at a central point, a
triskelion is created. The triskelion represents cycles, movement, and
progression. In Celtic symbolism, it is used to represent spiritual
development.
The spirals represent mind, body, and spirit and show how these aspects
are all interconnected: any positive change that is made to one part affects
the whole.
A Triskelion Meditation
• Sit quietly with your eyes closed and visualize yourself standing at the
center of a triskelion.
• Choose one of the spirals to walk along (either mind, body, or spirit—it
doesn’t matter which spiral you attribute to each), and think about the
positive changes you may like to make for each one. For example:
walking along the mind spiral path, you may want to start talking to
yourself in a more positive way, learn a new skill, or try to be more
patient. If you walk along the body spiral path, you may want to, for
example, start exercising, begin a yoga class, or eat more healthily. For
the spirit path, you may want to start meditating more frequently, make
more time for yourself to relax, or release an issue from the past.
• As you walk along your chosen spiral, hold this question in your mind:
What do I want to change with my … (body/mind/spirit)? You may get
many answers, or just one. (If you do not receive an answer to your
question, try returning to the center of the triskelion and choosing a
different path to walk along.)
• When you reach the center of your chosen spiral, visualize yourself
turning around and walking back outward along the spiral, looking at
each change you would like to make. This time, however, decide whether
it is a commitment you are able to implement at this time and what action
you are going to take for that commitment. It often helps to form your
intention with an affirmation. For example: if you were walking along the
body spiral and thought you want to eat more healthily, as you come back
along the spiral, affirm to yourself “I eat healthily” and think of some
ideas how this may be achieved, such as starting with one more piece of
fruit a day or choosing a healthy alternative to a sugary drink. If you want
to meditate more often, affirm to yourself something along the lines of “I
meditate regularly” and then write on your calendar or diary a definite
appointment when you intend to meditate. If your intention is to be kind
to yourself, you might like to choose an affirmation along the lines of “I
am doing the best I can” and commit to writing a list of all your positive
qualities that you can add to and look at when you are being critical of
yourself.
• Come back to the center of the triskelion, open your eyes when you are
ready, and write down all you experienced, along with your affirmation
and ideas for change.
As mentioned, the triskelion represents the relationship of mind, body,
and spirit but also shows that we have to work on all three aspects to keep a
healthy balance. This does not mean that we should be working on
everything at once, however. It is recommended that you choose only one
path to walk along during this meditation, otherwise you may feel
overwhelmed with all the changes you wish to make.
Reuleaux Triangle
Within the center of the tripod of life is a convex triangle. This shape was
discovered by German engineer Franz Reuleaux in the nineteenth century.
This shape has been used in the design of furniture and buildings, and it is
often seen in church windows, as either a sole Reuleaux triangle or with
other geometry inside, such as a triquetra. As with other triangles and three-
sided shapes, the Reuleaux triangle represents the Holy Trinity. A three-
dimensional form of this shape is called a Reuleaux tetrahedron.
Triquetra
Tracing the lines of the three overlapping circles in the tripod of life gives
us the triquetra. This is similar to the mandorla in the vesica pisces, as it is
used to represent the joining of heaven and earth. The triquetra can be said
to symbolize the Christian trinity of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. In
pagan terms, it is known as the triple goddess: maiden, mother, and crone.
The triquetra is often used in Celtic artwork with the lines interlinked, along
with a circle, and is referred to as the “triple knot.” Knots are used to
symbolize a strong bond or link. The triple knot has the same meaning as
the triquetra, but with the added meaning of eternity portrayed by the circle.
Quatrefoil
The word quatrefoil is derived from the Latin quattro folium, or “four
leaves.” The quatrefoil is a common shape in decoration, and it can be
formed by overlapping four circles. Sometimes the quatrefoil outline will
include a square, referred to as a barbed quatrefoil. As with the trefoil and
triangle, this is essentially the combination of feminine circles and
masculine straight lines. In Christianity, the number four corresponds to the
four Gospels, and the quatrefoil is often used as decoration in stained-glass
windows. Not all quatrefoils have round arms; sometimes a pointed
quatrefoil is used in decoration. This is formed by outlining the overlapping
centers of four circles, and the resulting shape closely resembles the flower
in the seed of life. There are also examples of repeating patterns using
quatrefoils with mixed round and pointed arms.
Seed of Life
The seed of life is sometimes referred to as the Genesis pattern. It is made
up of six overlapping circles, creating a flower with six petals in the center,
and it has a seventh circle around the perimeter. The concept is somewhat
difficult to grasp, but the pattern has a definite center, something like a
period, which is considered to be the seed from which flows everything
else. As with all seeds, this shape represents beginnings. Other shapes, such
as the hexagon and hexagram, can be found in the seed of life, and it is also
the beginning of the flower of life.

Sometimes the seed of life has been used to represent the seven days of
creation: each circle representing one day, with the seventh circle
completing the cycle. Some illustrations, however, start with vesica pisces
being the first day due to the fact that God is represented by one circle.
Duality, and therefore the beginning of creation, would begin with two
circles. This means that the seventh circle would be placed on day six,
leaving the seventh day as a day of rest.
The central flower of six petals, with or without the surrounding circle,
has sometimes been used by itself in artwork, but the form is also used for
some amulets of protection, although this could stem from Slavic
mythology, which had a similar icon representing the god of thunder. The
number six is also attributed to moving on and learning from experience.
We consider that the “sixth sense” refers to hunches, premonitions, or
acting upon instinct.
Flower of Life
The flower of life consists of nineteen overlapping circles with a circle (or
double lined circle) around the perimeter. This shape is considered to
represent manifestation and creation. Many sacred geometry shapes are
found within the flower of life, making it one of the most frequently used
illustrations. The flower of life is regarded as an image of balance and
harmony. It has been adopted as decoration in religious buildings, and the
proportions are found in fine art.

There are examples of the flower of life being used throughout history
for decoration. In the Forbidden City in Beijing, China, a fu dog (guardian
lion) holds a globe carved in a flower of life pattern under its paw. At the
Golden Temple in Amritsar, India, the flower of life is used as a pattern in
the floor tiles, and it is also used as a floor mosaic in Pompeii, Italy, to
name just a few.
The flower of life pattern has been studied by many people at length
throughout the centuries, including Leonardo da Vinci, who drew many
sketches of it in his notebooks. The flower of life leads us to the fruit of life.
Fruit of Life
This shape is found inside the flower of life, and it consists of a central
circle surrounded by six circles touching boundaries. Another six circles are
touching the surrounding circles, making thirteen in total. In nature, life
begins with the seed, and then comes the flower, and finally the fruit, which
is the promise of new life to come. Fruit represents fertility, abundance, and
good health. Examples of fruit appear in religion and mythology, such as
Adam and Eve’s knowledge, which began with the eating of the apple.
Grapes correspond to Bacchus, the Roman god of wine, while
pomegranates are connected with the story of Persephone and Demeter, the
mother and daughter who are associated with growth, the harvest, and
Hades, the god of the underworld.
The number thirteen is seen as unlucky in some cultures, so much so
that there is a word for it, triskaidekaphobia, in Greek, which breaks down
as tris = three, kai = and, deka = ten, and phobia = fear. It is unknown
where this fear originates, but there are plenty of examples that compound
the belief. For instance, there were thirteen people at the table during the
Last Supper, the Knights of Malta were destroyed on Friday the thirteenth,
the Apollo 13 mission had to be abandoned due to a malfunction, and
thirteen witches were found guilty and executed in the Salem witch trials. In
tarot, the thirteenth Major Arcana card is Death, although this does not
literally mean dying, as it refers to the end of one matter and the beginning
of another. This closely echoes the theme of beginnings in the fruit of life.

There are occasionally thirteen full moons in a year. The full moon is
also associated with completion, as after this it begins to wane. The moon
moves thirteen degrees during the course of a day, and the planet Neptune
has thirteen moons. The fruit of life represents the basis of all that is,
because it is the first step in creating Metatron’s cube, within which many
shapes are found, including all the Platonic solids (see chapter 3).
Metatron’s Cube
From the fruit of life, a line is drawn from the center of each circle to the
center of all the other circles. There are thirteen circles and seventy-eight
lines in this shape. The equation 78 ÷ 13 = 6 gives us the number of outer
circles, and 13 ÷ 78 = 0.166…. This is close to the number phi, which is
described in chapter 6.
As circles are seen as feminine and lines as masculine, so Metatron’s
cube is a representation of balance of both these energies. The five Platonic
solids are found within the image of Metatron’s cube.
Archangel Metatron is associated with the Akashic Records, which are
accounts of all events in the universe: past, present, and future. As such, he
represents knowledge and wisdom and is seen as a spiritual guide.
Consequently, Metatron’s cube is symbolic of our journey through life, and
the fact that it embodies all other forms of geometry shows us how
everything in the universe is connected. Due to its significance, Metatron’s
cube is often used as decoration and as a focus for meditation.
A Metatron’s Cube Meditation
You will need twelve crystals (preferably clear quartz).
Sit in the center of a large space (on the floor or on a chair) and
surround yourself with a circle of six crystals, evenly spaced.
Then place another six crystals in line with the first crystals; these
represent the center of each of the circles in Metatron’s cube.
Ask Archangel Metatron to join you and visualize yourself
surrounded by a beautiful pink sphere, representing the central
circle. Pink is the color of self-love.
The six crystals surrounding are encompassed by green light, and the
outermost crystals are surrounded by indigo light. Green is the color
for expansion and growth, and indigo is connected with knowledge
and wisdom.
Visualize yourself connecting with each crystal in turn.
• Next, visualize each of the crystals connecting with all the other
crystals in Metatron’s cube, creating a net of energy with you at the
center. This may be done as quickly or as slowly as you like.
Now either sit and enjoy the energy of connection, or perhaps ask
Metatron a question concerning your spiritual path.
At the end of the meditation, thank Archangel Metatron for joining
you and open your eyes when ready.
Torus
A two-dimensional torus is created by drawing many circles around a
central point. This is then surrounded by a large circle. This shape is seen as
a representation of flow with many lines moving in different directions.
This torus also contains an optical illusion because staring at the whole
image gives the illusion of concentric white circles, but attempting to stare
directly at the intersections where a white dot should be causes the white
dot to disappear!
Triangle
The triangle is a three-sided polygon, although the sides may be different
lengths. A triangle with all three sides the same length and all internal
angles the same is called an equilateral triangle. This is the type of triangle
most used in symbolism, as it represents balance. Triangles are used as
symbols to represent occurrences of threes, including anything that has a
beginning, middle, and end, such as the past, present, future, or birth, life,
death, or flower, fruit, seed, and so on.
In the pagan and Wiccan faiths, triangles facing in different directions
and double triangles are used to represent earth, air, fire, and water. In
Christianity, a triangle symbolizes the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. An
equilateral triangle is also used pointing upward to represent male energy,
and downward to represent female energy.
The Sierpinski triangle is a type of fractal (never-ending) pattern that
starts with an equilateral triangle. An equilateral triangle that is a third of
the size and at 180° to the original is then removed from the center. This
sequence is consequently repeated for every triangle still remaining.
The Karpman drama triangle is an interesting example of how a triangle
can portray relationships. Created by Stephen Karpman, the drama triangle
has one corner named “persecutor,” the second is “victim,” and the third is
“rescuer.” The triangle can be used to assess interactions that are unhealthy,
like arguments, showing how people can slide from one corner to another,
such as the persecutor showing traits of the victim and vice versa. This can
help people to remove themselves from the triangle and end the drama.
A three-dimensional form shaped like a pyramid with a triangular base,
is called a tetrahedron. Triangles are also present in two more three-
dimensional shapes, an octahedron and an icosahedron.
Tetractys
Triangular numbers are integers that have a dot for each digit that can be
arranged in the shape of a triangle. The tetractys, meaning “the holy
fourfoldness,” is a triangle of ten dots. At the top is one dot (monad), the
next level is two dots (duad), then three dots (triad), and at the bottom are
four dots (tetrad). The number ten (decad) was considered by the
Pythagoreans to be the perfect number, so the tetractys was seen as an
important symbol. Other triangular numbers include 1, 3, 6, 15, 21, and so
on.

Tip

An integer is a whole number rather than a fraction.

Square
A square is a four-sided polygon. Four-sided shapes are also referred to as a
quadrilateral, quadrangle, or tetragon, but squares have interior angles of
90° and four sides of equal length. Squares can be divided once diagonally
to form two right-angled triangles (one angle of 90°), or divided by both
diagonals to create four isosceles triangles (triangles with two sides the
same length).

As the square has four corners, it is often used to symbolize patterns in

nature that occur with the number four, such as the four seasons (spring,
summer, fall, winter), the cardinal directions (north, south, east, west), and
the four elements of the zodiac (earth, air, fire, water). Squares are also used
to symbolize the earth element, stability, and the material world, as opposed
to the spiritual world. Sometimes the word square is used to describe
someone who is unbending, plays it safe, or doesn’t “go with the flow.”
“Squaring the circle” was a phrase given to the attempts in ancient times
to draw a square with the same area as a circle, using only a straightedge
and a compass. Because no one has ever been able to achieve this, the
phrase is now sometimes used to mean “attempting the impossible.”
The Sierpinski carpet is a fractal pattern similar to the Sierpinski
triangle: a square is divided equally into nine smaller squares (3 × 3) and
the central square is then removed, leaving eight squares. Each of these
squares is then divided into nine, and the central square is again removed,
leaving sixty-four squares (8 × 8). This process can be continued
indefinitely. The three-dimensional cube is created from six squares.
Pentagon
A pentagon is a five-sided polygon with all the sides being the same length.
A pentagon can be split into five equilateral triangles. This shape represents
the marriage of male and female, two being a female number and three a
male number: 3 + 2 = 5. For this reason, the number five can represent
change and the potential of new beginnings. Fives may also suggest being
at a halfway point. Many flowers have five petals, and flowers could be
viewed as the halfway point from seed to fruit.
In certain belief systems, there are five elements to life, such as earth,
air, fire, and water, with the fifth element being spirit or ether—or, in the
Chinese system, wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. For this reason, five
can represent manifestation and creation.
Pentagons are used to form the dodecahedron, a three-dimensional
shape. Adding a golden triangle (described in chapter 6) to each edge of a
pentagon forms a pentagram.
Pentagram/Pentacle
The pentagram is an arrangement of triangles surrounding a pentagon, often
placed inside a circle. The triangles in the shape are isosceles, meaning that
two of the sides are the same length and two of the angles are of equal size.
Pentagrams have often been used to represent the stars in the night sky. This
shape is a common symbol for many applications today, such as the
following:

• The human body can form a pentagram, by standing with legs apart and
arms straight out at the sides, the head being the upward-pointing
triangle. This pentagram is also used to represent the hand, with each
point corresponding to a finger or thumb.
• This symbol is used to represent paganism and Wicca, and it is also used
on tarot cards to represent security and wealth.
• It can be used spiritually to represent earth, air, fire, water, and spirit.
• Pentagrams can also be found in the image known as the lute of
Pythagoras. This is a sequence in which each successive pentagram is
partially formed by the previous one.
Cinquefoil
Although this word looks French, it may be a combination of Italian and
ancient French that comes from the Latin root, which is quinque foliis,
meaning “five leaves.” This refers to the five overlapping circles
resembling the leaves of some plants, in the same way as trefoil (three
leaves) and quatrefoil (four leaves).
This shape is frequently found in church window decorations, as either
a whole or just the top three circles. The ancient Romans called the
cinquefoil “Rose of Venus,” and it was said to symbolize womanhood.
Hexagon
A hexagon is a six-sided polygon with all sides being the same length. Six
is considered a mathematically perfect number, due to the fact that all the
numbers with which it can be divided can be added together to make six, as
in 3 + 2 + 1 = 6. Other perfect numbers discovered by the Pythagoreans are
28, 496, and 8,128, but in recent times, other perfect numbers have been
identified. Six is associated with time because minutes and hours are
multiples of six. It is also regarded as the number of union and marriage,
and hexagons thus represent harmony and balance. This polygon can be
effectively tiled, as found in nature and architecture: the flower of life is a
hexagonal pattern and could be added to indefinitely.
Hexagram
The hexagram is sometimes known as the Star of David or the Seal of
Solomon. This is the name for two interlaced triangles, with one pointing
upward and the other pointing downward. In the center is found a hexagon.
The upward-pointing triangle represents male energy, while the
downward-pointing triangle is female energy. In the hexagram, there is the
combination of the two, symbolizing balance of the masculine and feminine
aspects. The hexagram is also present in the heart chakra symbol, because
this is the energy point at the center of the body. When this chakra is in
balance, there is equality between giving and receiving and a balance
between earthly, practical matters and things that can’t be touched, tasted,
or seen, such as knowledge, ideas, and spiritual matters. It is also said to
represent two triangles, one pointing to heaven and the other to earth, and
thus the saying “as above, so below.”
A six-pointed star can also be formed with six rhombi, which is
equivalent to twelve equilateral triangles. Another form of hexagram is the
Koch snowflake. It begins with an equilateral triangle, and each edge is
divided into three, with a triangle drawn in the middle third. This pattern is
repeated until the resulting shape resembles a snowflake. A never-ending
pattern such as this is known as a fractal or self-similar. A hexagram in
three-dimensional form, with two triangular pyramids (tetrahedrons), is
called a star tetrahedron.
Heptagon
This is a seven-sided polygon with all sides being the same length. This
shape is sometimes known as the septagon, but because sept (meaning
“seven”) is Latin, while hept (also meaning “seven”) and gon (“angles”) are
both Greek, heptagon is the more widely accepted name.
Seven is seen as a sacred number in many religions and spiritual beliefs.
The number seven symbolizes the combination of number three,
representing heaven or spirit or soul, and number four, symbolizing earth or
body. There are also many other applications of the number seven, such as
the seven days in a week, seven colors in the rainbow, seven years of bad
luck after breaking a mirror, and seven notes on a diatonic scale.
This number can also represent pause and consideration, a time to focus,
to take stock, or to work on problem solving. In tarot, the Chariot card is the
seventh in the Major Arcana, and in a lot of decks this card has two
sphinxes pictured on it—sphinxes represent riddles and perception. As
such, a heptagon can be used to symbolize knowledge and wisdom that is
gained.
Heptagram
There are two stars that can be formed from a heptagon: the obtuse
heptagram and the acute heptagram. The obtuse heptagram can easily be
formed by placing a triangle on each edge of the heptagon, whereas the
acute heptagram is created from extending the edges of the heptagram’s
triangles until the lines meet. The heptagram is used as a symbol for many
different subjects and ideas, often covering religious beliefs, but as with the
heptagon, it can also be used to represent any seven objects or ideas.
Octagon
An octagon is an eight-sided polygon with all sides being the same length.
The octagon can symbolize eternity, with the number eight bearing
similarity to the symbol for infinity. Eights are also seen as a prosperous
number, and an octagon is used in the Taoist system of feng shui, which is
the practice of arranging furniture in a building to create optimum energetic
stability.
Octagram
An eight-pointed star is known as an octagram. The octagram is often
shown in two different ways: The first can be formed by drawing a square,
then drawing another square at a 45° angle. The second is created by
drawing a continuous line from one of the inside angles of an octagon to the
third angle along, creating a star shape. Both of these octagrams have an
octagon in the center. As with the octagon, octagrams are used to symbolize
infinity, as well as certain religious ideas.
Octagrams are also seen on the face of a compass, denoting not just the
cardinal points, but the intercardinal points as well. The cardinal points are
north, south, east, and west, while the intercardinals are northeast,
southeast, and so on.
Hypercube
A hypercube is created with eight squares that have a corner touching both
the next square and the previous one. In a two-dimensional hypercube, this
forms a large octagon with an octagram in the middle and another octagon
in the very center. A three-dimensional hypercube appears to consist of
three rectangular prisms. The hypercube is said to symbolize four
dimensions: length, width, height, and time.
Nonagon
A nonagon is a nine-sided polygon with all sides the same length,
sometimes known as an enneagon. It would be more correct to use the term
enneagon to describe this shape, as ennead “nine”) and gon (“angle” or
“edge”) are both Greek, whereas non (from the word nonus, which means
“ninth”) is Latin, but nonagon seems to be the more commonly used word.
The number nine is seen as either good or bad, depending on the
culture. The Pythagoreans associated this number with failure, due to the
fact that nine is just short of the perfect ten. On the other hand, nine is
significant in a few different religions, and the system of numerology is
based on the numbers one to nine. In some beliefs, nine is seen as the
number of completion, with a new beginning starting with the number ten.
This is echoed in the nine-month gestation period in humans. The nonagon
is sometimes used to represent self-reflection and learning from lessons
before moving on.
Nonagram
A star consisting of nine points is known as a nonagram. A nonagram of
three interlinking equilateral triangles is known as the star of the muses
after the nine muses in Greek mythology. This arrangement of triangles is a
type of Brunnian link, which is similar to Borromean rings, but it can be
created with any interlinking shapes. In the center of these three triangles
there is a nonagon.
There is another nine-pointed star with a nonagon in the center, which is
called the Ninefold Goddess in the pagan and Wiccan faiths. This star is
created by a continuous line starting at one inside angle of a nonagon and
connecting to the fourth angle along each time, until the beginning point is
reached. Each point represents an aspect of the Ninefold Goddess.
Enneagram
An enneagram is a nine-pointed shape with an open base, surrounded by a
circle. The enneagram is most commonly used in the Enneagram of
Personality system, which attributes a type of personality to each point as
follows:
1. The reformer
2. The helper
3. The achiever
4. The individualist
5. The investigator
6. The loyalist
7. The enthusiast
8. The challenger
9. The peacemaker
 THE ENNEAGRAM OF PERSONALITY SYSTEM

The lines traveling from one point to the next show the connection and
relationship between different aspects of personality, showing how we react
when we are stressed or when we feel secure. For example, a personality
type 3, the achiever, if stressed is likely to try to avoid a situation or to
procrastinate (negative qualities of a personality type 9), whereas if they are
feeling secure they may exhibit faith or courage (positive qualities of a
personality type 6).
The Enneagram of Personality system can aid us with self-development
by helping us to assess our own behavior and recognize behaviors in others;
it is sometimes used as a reference for managers in businesses for this
purpose.

No. 1

Role Reformer

Ego Fixation Resentment

Holy Idea Perfection

Fear Corruptness

Desire Integrity

Temptation Hypercriticism

Vice Anger

Virtue Serenity

Stress 4

Security 7
No. 2

Role Helper

Ego Fixation Flattery

Holy Idea Freedom

Fear Being unloved

Desire To feel love

Temptation Manipulation

Vice Pride

Virtue Humility

Stress 8

Security 4

No. 3

Role Achiever

Ego Fixation Vanity

Holy Idea Hope

Fear Worthlessness

Desire To feel valued

Temptation Overworking

Vice Deceit

Virtue Truthfulness

Stress 9

Security 6
No. 4

Role Individualist

Ego Fixation Melancholy

Holy Idea Origin

Fear Insignificance

Desire Identity

Temptation Overthinking
Vice Envy

Virtue Emotional balance

Stress 2

Security 1

No. 5

Role Investigator

Ego Fixation Stinginess

Holy Idea Transparency

Fear Helplessness

Desire Mastery

Temptation Replacing direct experience with concepts

Vice Avarice
Virtue Non-attachment

Stress 7

Security 8
No. 6

Role Loyalist

Ego Fixation Cowardice

Holy Idea Faith

Fear No support

Desire Support & guidance

Temptation Indecision

Vice Fat

Virtue Humility

Stress 8

Security 4

No. 7

Role Enthusiast

Ego Fixation Planning

Holy Idea Wisdom

Fear Deprivation

Desire Satisfaction

Temptation Thinking fulfillment is somwhere else

Vice Gluttony

Virtue Sobriety

Stress 1

Security 5
No. 8

Role Challenger

Ego Fixation Vengeance

Holy Idea Truth

Fear Being Controlled

Desire Self-protection

Temptation Thinking they are completely self-sufficient

Vice Lust

Virtue Innocence

Stress 5
Security 2

No. 9

Role Peacemaker

Ego Fixation Indolence

Holy Idea Love

Fear Loss

Desire Peace of mind

Temptation Avoiding conflicts

Vice Sloth

Virtue Action

Stress 6

Security 3
Decagon
A decagon is a ten-sided polygon, all sides being the same length. Each
internal angle is 144°. Ten was considered the perfect number by the
Pythagoreans, because if both digits are added together, the result is one,
which was believed to be the number of the Creator. The number ten is seen
as the completion of a cycle, and it can represent determination and hard
work paying off. The decagon can symbolize a deeper understanding of a
situation or an achievement.
Decagram
A ten-pointed star, known as a decagram, can be created with either a
double pentagram with one pointing up and one pointing down, or by
drawing a continuous line starting from one inside angle of a decagon and
going to the third angle along each time until reaching the starting point.
Dodecagon
A twelve-sided polygon with all sides the same length is called a
dodecagon. Each internal angle is 150°. This shape is used to represent
ether or the universe. Twelve is considered to be the number of perfection
and cosmic order. Twelve appears many times in religions and mythology.
It is also an interesting number mathematically: 12 × 12 = 144, which
happens to be the internal angle of the dodecahedron. The number 144 is
also twelfth in the Fibonacci sequence.
Time is measured in two twelve-hour periods, with twelve numbers on a
clock. The number twelve appears in the number of months in a year and
thus the number of zodiac signs. There are also usually twelve full moons in
a year. In the Chinese zodiac, there are twelve animals, with a different
animal year coming into play at each Chinese New Year. This is linked to
the orbit of Jupiter, which takes twelve years to circle the sun. As such,
twelve can be associated with completion, endings, and cycles.
Dodecagram
The dodecagram can be created in two ways: the first is with four overlaid
equilateral triangles, and the second is by drawing a continuous line starting
at one inside angle of a dodecagon and going to the fifth angle along each
time until returning to the starting point.
The dodecagram sometimes appears in illustrations of the zodiac signs.
This polygram is found in the center of a circle with twelve spokes. The
zodiac signs correspond to the positions of the sun from our point of view
during the course of the earth’s annual orbit around the sun.
A Summary of Two-Dimensional Shapes
Vertices/ Number Associated Shapes Keywords
of Shapes

1 Circle Eternity, Creator, one

2 Vesica pisces Duality, union

3 Tripod of life, triquetra, trefoil, triskelion, Trinity, balance

triangle, Reuleaux triangle

4 Square, quatrefoil Seasons, cardinal

directions

5 Pentagon, pentagram, cinquefoil Elements, nature,

combination

6 Hexagon, hexagram Balance, time, harmony

7 Heptagon, heptagram, seed of life Turning point, change

8 Octagon, octagram Infinity, prosperity,

growth

9 Nonagon, nonagram, enneagram Cycle ending, wisdom

10 Decagon, tetractys (ten dots), decagram Perfect number,

completion

12 Dodecagon, dodecagram Ether, Universe, Creator,

cosmic order

13 Fruit of life Origin, starting point

19 Fiower of life Progress,

enlightenment,
awakening
 SACRED GEOMETRY ACTIVITIES

Two-dimensional shapes are perfect for illustrations, artwork, and

grids. It is easy to introduce this type of geometry into our homes as
pictures, or to concentrate on a two-dimensional form for meditation.
Two-dimensional shapes could also be incorporated into a
mindfulness activity; look around the area you are in now and see how
many of the sacred geometry polygons you can spot. Another
mindfulness task would be to draw some of the two-dimensional forms
and be aware of feeling the paper and pencil, how the pencil sounds as
it moves across the paper, and how the polygon slowly takes shape.
S hapes with three dimensions have height, width/length, and depth.
Whereas two-dimensional shapes are flat images, three-dimensional shapes
can be created as solid objects, meaning that this type of sacred geometry
can be touched and observed from more than one angle.
If you are able to obtain one of the three-dimensional objects listed in
this chapter, this can be a good way of meditating if sitting with your eyes
closed does not work for you: simply examine the object from every angle,
using your fingers to trace the shape, observing how the light plays over the
surface and feeling the weight of it in your hands. The idea is to clear your
mind of any thoughts and just focus on the object. You may also like to
think about the object’s properties listed in this chapter and what these
properties mean to you.

Sphere
A sphere is completely round like a ball and is sometimes referred to as an
orb or a globe. Spheres represent wholeness and completeness. All areas of
a sphere’s surface are the same distance from the center, thus symbolizing
perfection.
Spherical shapes are often found in nature, including some fruits and
vegetables, a dandelion seed head, rocks that have been worn by the
weather, and even bubbles. The stars and planets are also spheres, and the
sky was once seen to resemble a half sphere, or a dome. Domes have been
used to decorate religious buildings and shrines, due to the idea that this
particular shape focuses energy. Examples of buildings in the shape of a
sphere include:

La Seine Musicale in Paris, France

La Géode Cinéma in Paris, France
Ericsson Globe Arena in Stockholm, Sweden
Amazon Spheres in Seattle, USA
Nagoya City Science Museum in Nagoya, Japan
 During coronations of a king or queen, an orb known as globus cruciger
(Latin for “globe and cross”) is held by the incoming monarch. The cross is
a symbol of God and the globe represents the world. Spheres are also used
for energetic protection, so visualizing oneself in a gold or silver sphere can
deflect toxic energy and intent from other people or situations.
A Meditation for Gold Sphere of Protection
Visualize a golden ray of light coming down from the Universe (or
God/ Goddess/Creator, whichever term resonates most with you).
As this ray of golden light reaches a point above your head, the light
spreads outward and downward to surround you in a beautiful
golden sphere.
Visualize the golden light coming to a point underneath your feet
and continuing to the center of the earth.
You are now connected with heaven and earth and shielded from
other people’s negative intentions.
The sphere should remain in place throughout the day, but if you have
experienced a particularly trying situation, you may like to renew your
intention; this visualization can be done as often as you feel you need to.
Cone
Cones usually have a circular base and come up to a point. This shape can
be found as ice cream cones, party hats, and traffic cones. Hollow cones are
an ideal shape for stacking, as they do not need to be placed in a particular
way to fit together. In nature the pinecone has a large base and tapers up to
a point, and the mountainous sides of a volcano are known as a cone. The
pinecone is actually considered a symbol of enlightenment, due to its
similarity in appearance to the pineal gland, which sits behind the third eye
chakra in the center of the forehead.

The human eye has light receptors at the back of the eye that are called
cones, owing to their shape. Early human settlers built roundhouses, which
had conical thatched roofs. Today, some notable examples of conical
architecture include:
Cathedral of Maringá in Brazil
Wheelock Place Shopping Mall in Singapore
Ehime Prefectural Science Museum in Shikoku, Japan
Conical tower at the University of Southern Indiana, USA
There are also some remarkable buildings that resemble upside-down
cones, including the Grand Central Water Tower in Johannesburg, South
Africa, and a water tower in the port of Marseille, France. Cones can
symbolize a focal point when illustrated with the point downward, like a
funnel channeling a liquid to the smallest point. Cones can also portray
illumination when the point is at the top, like the light from a spotlight that
broadens as it shines down.
Egg of life
The egg of life consists of eight circles or spheres (although only seven are
visible). It can be found in the flower of life when all the intersecting lines
are removed, starting with the center circle.
Eggs symbolize birth, beginnings, and the early stages of growth. The
egg of life can be seen reflected in nature when a single cell splits into two,
each of these two splits to create four cells, then each of the four cells splits
into two to become eight cells. For this reason, the egg of life also
symbolizes fertility. As mentioned earlier, eights are associated with
infinity, and the egg of life is a representation of the continuous change and
renewal that happens throughout life. Eggs can also portray upheaval that
has to occur in order for new life to begin. Eggs have to be broken for a
baby animal to emerge, so beginnings can happen only after the end of
something else.
Torus
The three-dimensional version of the torus is formed by a two-dimensional
circle (i.e., two directional: up and across) being rotated around a single
point along the third dimension. This creates a tube that eventually comes
back to where it started and results in a shape that resembles a donut.
The torus is considered important in many spiritual practices. This
shape is the way in which the human energy field (also known as the aura)
interacts with the physical body and also the way the magnetic field
surrounds the earth. As such, the torus represents the natural flow of energy
and life.
A form of torus appears in religious artwork as a halo above the heads
of the saints and angels. Here the torus embodies the symbolism of a three-
dimensional circle to represent eternal life. The Phoenix International
Media Center in Beijing, China, is a horizontal torus-shaped building that
rests completely on the ground, whereas the Sheraton Huzhou Hot Spring
Resort in Beijing features a vertical torus-shaped building that is partially
submerged in Lake Tai.

A torus knot is formed when the torus loops through itself, usually
forming three hoops (called a trefoil knot), but in some artwork there may
be more. The torus knot epitomizes perpetual motion.
A Torus Meditation
This meditation focuses on the body’s energy field and the breath.
Sit comfortably and close your eyes.
As you breathe in, visualize energy moving up the center of your
body and coming out of the top of your head like a fountain.
As you breathe out, visualize this energy smoothly moving
downward and surrounding you, going to a point underneath your
feet where it starts to move upward on the next breath in.
Continue this until you can easily visualize the energy moving in a
torus formation: upward through the center of your body on the in
breath, and downward around the outside of your body on the out
breath.
Next, take your attention to your breath.
Slow your breathing and, at the end of your next inhalation as the
energy is coming out of the top of your head, exhale with no pause.
At the end of your exhalation, when the energy has just passed under
your feet and is moving toward the center, inhale with no pause.
The idea is that just as your body’s energy flows continuously without
stopping, so your breathing will follow the same pattern. It may take some
practice before you are able to fully relax and find a breathing pattern that
works for you.
Möbius Strip
Closely related to the torus knot is the Möbius strip, which was created in
1858 by German mathematician August Möbius (1790–1868). He took a
strip of paper and gave it one twist before joining the ends together,
resulting in a shape where the outside seems to swap to the inside. Although
it is a three-dimensional shape, it has only one edge and one side. The
Möbius transformation, as it is also known, symbolizes the flow of life and
its cycles. As with the circle and the torus, this shape also portrays eternity.
The Möbius strip is also a good representation of the saying “as within,
so without.” Whatever we think, feel, and believe on the inside will
ultimately affect how we behave outwardly. And how we treat our body—
the way we sit and stand, and whether we get enough rest or exercise, etc.—
has a big effect on how we feel inside.
T
he Platonic solids are named for the philosopher and mathematician Plato,
after he wrote about five three-dimensional shapes, the faces of which
are created from identically sized and shaped polygons. A three-dimensional
solid shape with flat faces, straight edges, and vertices (corners) is known as a
polyhedron. The word polyhedron comes from the Greek poly meaning
“many” and hedron meaning “face.” All the Platonic solids are regular
polyhedrons.
Each of the Platonic solid polyhedrons fits perfectly within a sphere, with
all the corners touching the outside edge of the sphere, and they have the same
sized faces with edges of identical length. Each of the Platonic solids can be
found in the flower of life and Metatron’s cube. The seventy-eight lines that
connect the thirteen circles of Metatron’s cube (one central circle, six
surrounding circles, and six circles in line with each of the surrounding
circles) form the sides of three-dimensional illustrations of the Platonic solids.
Mathematicians have also discovered that there are duals of the Platonic
solids—a dual being a polyhedron whose vertices are at the center of all the
faces of another polyhedron. If the vertices of the dual are extended outside
the original polyhedron, the vertices of both shapes are visible, and this is
called a compound dual.

Cube
The cube (also known as a hexahedron) has six square faces, eight vertices
(corners), and twelve edges. Like the square, the cube represents the earth
element and the base chakra. The cube symbolizes foundations and stability,
owing to its rigid structure. An unfolded cube forms the shape of a cross,
which is an important symbol in Christianity.
The base chakra is connected with survival and instinct. For us to feel safe
and secure, there are certain things we need in life, such as enough food and
water for survival. Having a home enables us to have a feeling of stability, and
if all our survival needs are met, this provides the base chakra with a good
foundation for balanced energy.
The Sierpinski sponge, which is also known as the Menger sponge, is a
fractal pattern of the same format as the Sierpinski carpet (described under
Square in chapter 1), but in three-dimensional form: A cube is divided into
twenty-seven smaller cubes (3 × 3 × 3) and the central cube is removed along
with the center cube from each face, leaving twenty small solid cubes and
seven hollow spaces. Each of these solid cubes is then also divided into
twenty-seven smaller cubes, and again the seven center cubes are removed
from each. The original cube has now been divided into 729 (9 × 9 × 9) parts
containing 400 small solid cubes. As with the Sierpinski carpet, this process
can be continued indefinitely. The dual of the cube is the octahedron.
Icosahedron
A regular icosahedron has twenty faces of equilateral triangles, twelve
vertices, and thirty edges. This polyhedron represents the element of water.
The water element is also linked with emotions and the ability to be mentally
flexible. For this reason, the icosahedron is also used to represent the sacral
chakra.
The sacral chakra is associated with emotions and creativity. Like water,
emotions should be allowed to flow to enable us to be emotionally balanced:
holding emotions in can create stagnation, and being too emotional can leave
us depleted. Creativity can also go through phases of flowing and being
blocked. Sometimes an inability to create can indicate emotions that need to
be released.
You may find this shape being used as dice in board games. Traditionally
cubes have always been utilized to produce a random number from one to six,
but using the icosahedron with its twenty faces provides the opportunity for
either more integers, or a different ratio of numbers, as twenty is not divisible
by six. The dual of the icosahedron is the dodecahedron.
Octahedron
The octahedron has eight triangular faces, six vertices, and twelve edges. It
looks like two square-based pyramids connected by their bases. The
octahedron represents the element of air. It is also said to represent the heart
chakra, although some sources attribute the octahedron to the throat chakra.
The heart chakra is the center of all the chakras, having three chakras
above it and three below. A balanced heart chakra allows us to happily give
love to others and to receive love in return. It also enables us to self-love—to
treat ourselves with care and compassion. Love is just as vital to us as the air
that we breathe.

This polyhedron is sometimes used for meditation or reflection, and for

considering things from different angles. Fluorite crystals can often be found
in the shape of an octahedron, as this mineral cleaves easily into this form.
The dual of the octahedron is the cube.

Octahedron Meditation for Blessings and Guidance

Visualize yourself facing north, inside an octahedron: the top point
above your head, the bottom point below your feet, and the four points
at the middle positioned at the four compass points.
Concentrate on the top point above your head and call on the Universe
(or God/Goddess/Creator, whichever term resonates most with you) to
join you in this meditation.
 Concentrate on the bottom point below your feet and call on Mother/
Planet Earth (whichever term you prefer) to join you in this meditation.
Concentrate on the north point in front of you, and ask Archangel Uriel
to join you in this meditation.
Concentrate on the east point to your right, and ask Archangel Raphael
to join you in this meditation.
Concentrate on the south point behind you, and ask Archangel Michael
to join you in this meditation.
Concentrate on the west point to your left, and ask Archangel Gabriel
to join you in this meditation.
Ask for blessings and guidance on your spiritual path.
Be sure to thank everyone you called in to join you before you finish.
This meditation could be done at the beginning of the day, to receive
guidance on situations that occur throughout your daily life, or perhaps before
you go to sleep to receive guidance in the form of dreams.
Tetrahedron
The tetrahedron is a pyramid with a triangle-shaped base. It has four faces,
four vertices, and six edges. The tetrahedron represents the element of fire,
which is also connected with the solar plexus chakra.
The solar plexus chakra is associated with will, action, and determination.
Just as the fire transforms fuel into heat, the solar plexus is the center where
ideas (fuel) become action (heat).
In Bottrop, Germany, there is a structure with viewing platforms in the
shape of a tetrahedron. Standing on top of a hill, on columns that are 29 feet (9
m) high, this structure has sides that are 197 feet (60 m) in length. While in
Minnesota, USA, there is a three-dimensional metal artwork of the Sierpinski
triangle. As the tetrahedron has three sides, it is the only Platonic solid that is
self-dual. The compound dual forms the shape known as a stellated
octahedron (see Kepler-Poinsot solids in chapter 4).
Dodecahedron
The dodecahedron has twelve faces of pentagons, twenty vertices, and thirty
edges. This polyhedron represents the element of ether and also the universe.
The dodecahedron is also associated with the brow and crown chakras,
symbolizing our connection with the universe and the Creator. It has
sometimes also been linked with the throat chakra.
The brow chakra is the center of wisdom and knowledge, whereas the
crown chakra expands on this knowledge and helps us to realize our
connection with everything else in the universe.
Unlike the other Platonic solids, the dodecahedron does not touch the
outer edge of Metatron’s cube. The dual of the dodecahedron is the
icosahedron.
Summary
Platonic solids and the three-dimensional forms in the last chapter are pleasing
to look at due to the symmetry and balance of such shapes. However, a three-
dimensional object does not have to be symmetrical to be used in a mind,
body, and spirit context: mindfulness can be utilized in any situation.
Mindfulness is the activity of clearing your mind of all thoughts and being
more observant of your actions. Try touching a range of three-dimensional
objects and noticing the difference in texture, whether the object is warm or
cold, and so on.

Number of Faces/Shapes Associated Shapes Keywords

1 Sphere Eternity, Creator, One
1 Torus Flow, movement

1 Cone Focus or illumination

4 Tetrahedron Fire, will, determination

6 Cube Earth, stability

8 Egg of life Beginnings, early growth
8 Octahedron Air, infinity, abundance

8 Star tetrahedron Masculine/feminine balance

12 Dodecahedron Ether, connection
20 Icosahedron Water, emotions
S emi-regular polyhedra, although they contain geometric polygons, are not
generally considered as sacred geometry (with the exception of the
stellated octahedron), but they are seen frequently in art, both two-
dimensionally and three-dimensionally.

Kepler-Poinsot Solids
Stellation means to take a two- or three- dimensional shape and extend its
edges until they meet again and create a new shape. Johannes Kepler, a
German astrologer, astronomer, and mathematician, studied the Platonic
solids in the seventeenth century and discovered that he could create two
stellated versions of the dodecahedron by extending the edges of the faces
until they met. Kepler’s work was rediscovered by Louis Poinsot in the
nineteenth century, and Poinsot discovered two more stellated polyhedrons:
another dodecahedron and the icosahedron. Although there would be more
people after this who contributed to the complete list, the shapes are still
known as Kepler-Poinsot solids. In total, three of the Platonic solids can be
stellated.
Icosahedron
There are fifty-nine stellations of the icosahedron, ranging from fairly simple
examples to the final stellation, which has sixty visible points.
Octahedron
There is only one stellation of the octahedron. A stellated octahedron is also
known as a star tetrahedron, a stella octangula, and a Merkaba. This
polyhedron is created by placing three triangles on each triangle face (along
each edge) of the octahedron so that they meet at the top points. Visually this
resembles two intersecting tetrahedrons: one pointing upward and the other
pointing downward, essentially at 180° to each other. The Merkaba is
considered a sacred shape and means “light, spirit, and body.” It is used as a
form of meditation by visualizing the Merkaba surrounding the physical
body.

A Merkaba Meditation
Sit comfortably and close your eyes.
Visualize the upward-pointing tetrahedron with the tip above your head and
the base at your hips.
Then visualize the downward-pointing tetrahedron with the tip beneath you
and the base at your shoulders.
You are now inside the Merkaba.
Visualize the top and bottom tetrahedrons starting to spin slowly in
different directions. (It does not matter which way each one spins, just
whatever feels comfortable for you.)
When you have finished meditating, slow the Merkaba down to a stop.
Take some time to become aware of your body; wriggle your toes and feet,
and make sure you feel still and secure before opening your eyes.
Dodecahedron
From the dodecahedron, three more shapes were created: the small stellated
dodecahedron (shown here), the great dodecahedron, and the great stellated
dodecahedron. There is a small stellated dodecahedron as part of the floor
decoration in the Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of St. Mark in Venice, Italy,
which was designed by Paulo Uccello in the fifteenth century.
Archimedean Solids
Archimedes created thirteen solids, some of which were illustrated in Luca
Pacioli’s book Divina Proportione, but it was not until Kepler rediscovered
them in 1620 that these shapes became better known. Although these shapes
are created from a mixture of polygons and do not have any particular
symbolism attributed to them, they can be viewed as a mixture of one or
more Platonic solids. The Archimedean solids follow the same rules as the
Platonic solids, because each face of the same shape is identically sized, and
each solid must be able to fit inside a sphere. The thirteen Archimedean
solids are listed in the following chart.
 Name Faces Vertices Edges

Cuboctahedron 6 squares 12 24
8 triangles
Great rhombicosidodecahedron 12 decagons 120 180
20 hexagons
30 squares

Great rhombicuboctahedron 6 octagons 48 72

8 hexagons
12 squares
Icosidodecahedron 12 pentagons 30 60
20 triangles
Small rhombicosidodecahedron 12 pentagons 60 120
20 triangles
30 squares

Small rhombicuboctahedron 8 triangles 24 48

18 squares
Snub cube 6 squares 24 60
32 triangles
Snub dodecahedron 12 pentagons 60 150
80 triangles

Truncated cube 6 octagons 24 36

8 triangles
Truncated dodecahedron 12 decagons 60 90
20 triangles
Truncated icosahedron 12 pentagons 60 90
20 hexagons
Truncated octahedron 6 squares 24 36
8 hexagons

Truncated tetrahedron 4 triangles 12 18

4 hexagons

The truncated polyhedrons are able to fit inside the Platonic solids that
they originate from, as well as the dual shape of that solid.
Examples of some of these polyhedrons can be found in various places
around the world:
 Cuboctahedrons line the bridge to the Chinese Cultural Center in San
Francisco, USA.
The snub cube appears in a fountain at the California Institute of
Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena, USA.
A truncated icosahedron is sometimes seen as the black-and-white ball
in the game of soccer, containing black pentagons and white
hexagons.
The National Library in Minsk, Belarus, is in the shape of a small
rhombicuboctahedron.
A duo of artists named Hybycozo have created a series of sculptures of
geometric shapes, which have been exhibited around the globe. Created from
iron and containing laser-cut Islamic artwork, these sculptures are over 6 feet
(1.8 m) tall and include a small rhombicosidodecahedron and truncated
octahedron, as well as the Platonic solids: cube, icosahedron, and
dodecahedron.
Vector Equilibrium
The cuboctahedron is a remarkable polyhedron, as it is the only three-
dimensional form that has vectors of equal lengths. This means that not only
are all the edges the same length, but also the center point to each vertex is
the same length. This was discovered by Buckminster Fuller in 1917, but it
was not until 1940 that the cuboctahedron was given the name “vector
equilibrium.” Fuller described the shape as being the “zero starting point for
happenings or non-happenings.”
Another way to achieve this polyhedron shape is by placing twelve
spheres equally around a central sphere (making thirteen in total) and
drawing a line from the center of each sphere to the center of the middle
sphere. A line is then drawn from the center of each sphere to the center of all
spheres immediately adjacent.
There are many more semi-regular shapes, but the more complicated the
shape becomes, the less symmetrical it is and the more unlikely the shape is
to be found in nature. The Catalan solids, for example, are based on the
Archimedean solids but the faces are not formed of regular polygons.
 Tip

It is possible to find printable patterns on the internet of the Platonic

solids and Archimedean solids. You can simply print them out, fold
them according to the instructions, glue the tabs in place, and then
you’ll have your very own example of a regular or semi-regular
polyhedron.
S
pirals are often used for religious and general decorative purposes. They are
also used to represent the journey of life and the process of working on our
repeating life lessons. A spiral with the outer end on the left spirals inward and
represents working on our inner life, silence, contraction, and stillness. A spiral
with the outer end on the right spirals outward and shows movement,
expansion, cycles, and spiritual growth.
The spiral dance is a ritual dance that is usually performed at the pagan
festival of Samhain (pronounced sah-wain), which is celebrated on October 31.
Dancers link hands and, to the beat of a drum, face to the right (called deosil)
and are then led by a dancer at the front in a clockwise direction.

Golden Spiral
To form the golden spiral, we take the numbers of the Fibonacci sequence (see
page 59), starting from the beginning, and use them to form a square. So first, a
square of 1 × 1, then another square of 1 × 1 (you can see these two squares at
the center of the spiral in the diagram below), so now we have a length of 2.
Next a square of 2 × 2 is placed beside the first two squares, giving a length of
3 (2 + 1). A square of 3 × 3 is placed alongside making a length now of 5 (3 +
2), and so on.

Starting with the first two 1 × 1 squares, a curve is then drawn from the
corner that touches the previously placed square to the opposite corner. As more
squares are placed, the curve becomes a spiral. The distance between each
spiral and the previous one is increased by the value of phi (described in
chapter 6) for every quarter turn made, meaning the spiral progressively gets
wider. The name given to this type of spiral is “logarithmic spiral,” and this is
often seen in nature in, for example, in snail shells, nautilus shells, ammonites,
and goat horns.
Archimedean Spiral
An Archimedean spiral is different from a logarithmic spiral because successive
rotations remain at a constant distance from each other as the spiral is drawn.
Archimedean spirals can be seen in many places from a coiled spring in a watch
to a roll of wallpaper. They were very frequently used in wood carving
decoration and can be found in many old buildings such as churches and
manors. Spinning an Archimedean spiral appears to make the lines move either
in toward the center or outward, depending on which direction the spiral is
spun. The equation to plot an Archimedean spiral is r = a + bθ.
Helix
A helix could be described as a three-dimensional corkscrew. Helices can be
conical, meaning they come to a point like a screw or corkscrew, or they can be
circular, meaning the helix follows the same curvature like a spring or a spiral
staircase. A DNA helix contains two circular helices, while a conic helix can be
seen in the tendrils that a creeping plant grows. Helices can be right-handed or
left-handed. This shape is said to be a symbol of resilience.
The Tao Zhu Yin Yuan tower is a beautiful example of a double helix. Set in
Taipei, China, the tower has twenty-one levels and it incorporates trees and
other vegetation into the design, aimed at absorbing up to 130 tons of CO2
emissions each year.
I n this chapter we will briefly cover some of the calculations behind a lot of
the sacred geometry shapes. We are only scratching the surface of a huge
subject, because the numbers and equations in this chapter are the basis of
geometry. The ratios below are considered sacred due to the considerable
number of places that they are found in nature and ancient civilizations.

Fibonacci Sequence
Fibonacci was an Italian mathematician in the thirteenth century. In his book,
Liber Abaci (The Book of Calculation), he introduced the rabbit problem. A
pair of newborn rabbits (one male, one female) is placed in a field and after
one month, they are able to breed. At the end of the second month, a second
pair of rabbits (one male, one female) is born. In the third month, the original
breeding pair will produce another pair of rabbits, and the second pair of
rabbits is now a month old and able to breed. So, at the beginning of the
fourth month, there are now three pairs of rabbits. At the end of the fourth
month, the original pair of rabbits produces a pair, their first offspring also
produce a pair, and the pair born the previous month is now able to breed—
this brings the total number of rabbits in the field to five pairs. Fibonacci
made certain assumptions with his rabbit problem:
A mating pair always produces a new breeding pair (one male, one
female) every month from the second month onward.
Rabbits never die. Using these assumptions, the number sequence is
infinite and follows this pattern:
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, etc.
When we study this sequence, we can see that the next number in the
sequence is the sum of the two numbers before it: one plus one is two, then
two plus one equals three, then three plus two is five, and so on. The
numbers in the Fibonacci sequence lead us to the phi ratio.
Phi/Golden Ratio
Phi, also referred to as the golden ratio, is an irrational number, meaning that
it cannot be written as a fraction (phi cannot be formed by dividing a whole
number by another whole number). Irrational numbers are also infinite.
Phi is calculated by the formula (1 + √5) ÷ 2. This gives us the answer
1.618033988749895 … We can also take a number from the Fibonacci
sequence and divide it by the previous number in the sequence to approach
phi; the greater the value of the numbers used the closer to phi we can get.
For example, 89 ÷ 55 = 1.6181818181818 (four correct digits), whereas 610
÷ 377 = 1.6180371352785 (six correct digits). The reason that phi is known
as the golden ratio can be seen in the golden rectangle below.

The ratio of the length of the larger rectangle to the length of the smaller
rectangle can be written as a:b. The answer to this formula is equal to the
ratio of the length of both rectangles added together to the length of the
larger rectangle, which can be written as (a + b):a. For example, if we again
take the numbers eighty-nine and fifty-five from the Fibonacci sequence,
where a = 89 and b = 55:
 a:b is 89 ÷ 55 = 1.6181818181818
(a + b):a is (89 ÷ 55) ÷ 89 = 1.6179775280898
Again, the greater the value of the number used, the closer the answer
will be to phi.
The golden ratio is used to form the golden triangle and the golden spiral,
as well as the lute of Pythagoras (see Pentagram in chapter1), where two
consecutive pentagrams display the ratio of phi.
The golden ratio is also known as the Divine Proportion due to the belief
that the Creator must be responsible for this calculation, not just because of
the amount of times the ratio can be found in nature, but also due to the
multiple occurrences that the irrational number (or something very close to
it) appears in geometric calculations. All religions attribute creation with a
Divine Creator or Creators, and the golden ratio epitomized the perfection of
this creation: phi is apparent in body measurements in humans (facial
proportions), birds (body and wings), snails (logarithmic shells), planets and
space, and plant growth, to name a few. The mathematicians who studied phi
discovered various geometric shapes: the golden rectangle, the golden
triangle, the golden spiral, the lute of Pythagoras, the golden rhombus, and
other shapes.
The golden ratio was also used in sculptures, as some human proportions
are based on phi, and in other art, because the ratio produced results that
were pleasing to look at. This further strengthened the belief that such a
harmonious number could not exist by chance.
Pi
Pi, like phi, is also an irrational number: 3.1415926535897 … It is used to
calculate the circumference (outside) of a circle by multiplying the diameter
(one side of the circle to the other) by pi, or vice versa, by measuring the
circumference and dividing it by pi to find the diameter. The more digits of
pi that are used in the calculation, the more accurate the answer.
Golden Triangle
This polygon is an isosceles triangle (having two sides of equal length) and
is called the golden triangle, as the ratio of its edges is: a ÷ b = ϕ. The
interior angles are 72°, 72°, and 36°. Examples of this type of triangle can be
found in a pentagram, both on the individual triangles around the pentagram,
and from the bottom two points to the top point. The golden triangle can also
be used to form a logarithmic spiral.
Pythagorean Triangle
A Pythagorean triangle, sometimes called an Egyptian triangle, is a right-
angled triangle with the ratio of a2 + b2 = C2. It is also sometimes known as a
3:4:5 triangle due to the fact that the formula works if a = 3, b = 4, and c = 5
(3 × 3 = 9, 4 × 4 = 16, and 5 × 5 = 25; therefore, 9 + 16 = 25).
Pythagorean Tree Fractal
The Pythagorean triangle, including the squares, can be used to create a
lovely treelike picture: the largest square is placed at the bottom to resemble
the trunk, and additional Pythagorean triangles are drawn on the two upper
triangles. This pattern is continued for as long as desired. Using an
equilateral triangle surrounded by squares gives a more symmetrical tree
pattern. Both methods are examples of the nature of plant and tree growth.
Kepler Triangle
Kepler discovered that a right-angled triangle can be formed with Phi ratios:
if the base is 1, and the height is the square root of phi, then the slope is
equal to phi. So the golden triangle’s equation of 1:√ϕ:ϕ gives us the
approximate measurements of 1:1.272:1.618.
Golden Pyramid
The Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt is one of the Seven Wonders of the
World, and it has been studied extensively. This pyramid was originally 280
Egyptian royal cubits high (480.91 ft/146.58 m) with a base average length
of 440 Egyptian royal cubits (755.71 ft/230.34 m), and a slope of 51°. By
taking the height of 280 cubits and dividing that by the length of 440 cubits,
we get the answer 0.63636. If we go back to the Kepler triangle and place
another triangle beside it to create a two-dimensional pyramid, divide the
height of 1.272 by the base length of 2 and we again get the result of 0.636,
showing that the Great Pyramid has the same ratio of height to base as
Kepler’s triangle.

Create Your Own Golden Pyramid

To experience the energy of the golden pyramid, you can create a meditation
pyramid that you can sit or lie within. This can be done with some bamboo
garden canes and some reusable adhesive putty (the blue stuff you can use to
hang pictures on the wall).
Create a square on the ground with four equal-size canes.
To calculate the length of the four upright slant edge canes that join at
the top central point, we use the dimensions of the Kepler triangle.
To get the Kepler triangle, we first have to work out the diagonal
length of the pyramid base square by taking the length of the side and
multiplying this figure by the square root of 2 (the square root of 2 is
1.414). For example: a base square side length of 2 yards multiplied
 by 1.414 = a diagonal length of 2.828 yards. (Meters can be
substituted for yards throughout these instructions.)
This figure is then halved to give us the measurement from the corner
to the center of the base square, which is the base of the Kepler
triangle.
We know that the hypotenuse (slant) of the Kepler triangle is a ratio
of 1.618 to the base length. So we take the halved diagonal number
and multiply by 1.618 to arrive at the slant edge length. For example:
the diagonal length of 2.828 yards is halved to arrive at the figure of
1.414, which is then multiplied by 1.618 to get the length of the slant
edge of 2.288 yards for a pyramid with base cane lengths of 2 yards.
Create four equal canes of the required length and place one end at
each corner of the base square and connect these four canes at the top
to form the point of the golden pyramid.

Length of Base Canes Length of Diagonal (Halved) Length of Slant Edge Canes

1 yard (meter) 1.414 (0.707) 1.144 yards (meters)

1.5 yards (meters) 2.121 (1.061) 1.717 yard (meters)

2 yard (meters) 2.828 (1.414) 2.288 yards (meters)

You can also create a small version of the golden pyramid to place over
items, like crystals or food, using the same calculations:

Length of base side × 1.414 (square root of 2) = base diagonal

Base diagonal — 2 = base of Kepler triangle
Base of Kepler triangle × 1.618 = length of slant edge
 Many pyramid-shaped buildings have square bases, including ancient
Mayan and Aztec temples, and modern-day examples such as the Louvre in
Paris, France; the Walter Pyramid monument in Long Beach, California; and
the Nima Sand Museum in Oda, Japan.
There are other pyramids in Egypt, but the Great Pyramid with its golden
ratio is considered to have interesting properties and has been used as a
template to create small pyramids for meditating with. Pyramids, like domes,
are said to focus energy upward toward the point. It has even been said that
any food stored under a golden pyramid will keep fresh for longer than
normally expected.
T he letters of the alphabet form the basis of all written words. The word
alphabet stems from the first two Greek letters, alpha and beta, but
not all alphabets follow the same format; although many alphabets are made
up of letters, some are a list of sounds or syllables.
At first glance, letters—especially those in the Latin alphabet that
English-speaking countries use today—may not appear to be geometric, but
they have changed a lot from early times. Historically, there were many
regional differences in lettering, and some of these went on to evolve into
other forms, resulting in the alphabets we see today. Lettering started with
simple lines, and a meaning was attributed to each line. Some meanings
were basic, such as an object or a sound, whereas some letters had great
symbolic meaning. This chapter looks at some alphabets that are more
geometric, and some that are more symbolic.
Greek Alphabet
The Greek alphabet is said to have become standard around 400 BCE, and
before this time there were variations in the alphabet from region to region.
Throughout ancient times, Greek mathematicians and physicists were
involved in a lot of the mathematical discoveries. Even now, Greek letters
are frequently used in physics and mathematical equations as well as in
many other fields of study. Most of the letters, however, have a symbolic
meaning as well. Some sources suggest that Greek letters are used in
divination, but this appears to be a modern use for the symbols.
Symbol Name Practical Use Symbolic Use
Aα Alpha Alpha decay, angular First or most significant. God is
acceleration described in the New Testament as
“the alpha and omega,” meaning first
and last.

Bβ Beta Beta radiation Duality

Γγ Gamma Gamma radiation, gamma Birth
motor neuron

Δδ Delta Changeable quantity in God, ten, trajectory

math equation

Eε Epsilon Tilt of a planet’s axis Justice

Zζ Zeta Nuclear charge on an Life. the god Zeus

electron

Hη Eta Seventh brightest star in a The goddess Hera

constellation

Θθ Theta A plane angle in geometry, Death

an unknown variable in
trigonometry

Iι Iota Not used in equations due A jot (miniscule amount), divine

to its similarity to the power
number one.
Kκ Kappa The curvature of a curve Core

Λλ Lambda Subatomic particle Loosen, liberate

Mμ Mu The Möbius function in Meta, the middle

number theory

Nν Nu A neutrino in particle Prevailing point, converging

physics

ΞÇ Xi Cascade particles in Detached, apart from

particle physics

Oo Omicron Not used in equations due Heaven, circle, entity

to its similarity to the
number 0

Ππ Pi Irrational number 3.14159-. Fire. the god Mars

used to calculate a circle’s
 circumference from its
diameter
Pρ Rho Density in physics Chi and rho together form chi rho,
which represents Jesus Christ

Σ ς/σ Sigma Summation operator in Synchronized

mathematics

Tτ Tau A circle constant equal to Life or resurrection, Saint Anthony’s

2π (6.28318…) cross

Yυ Upsilon Upsilon particle Pythagoras used upsilon to represent

a path of virtue or vice.

Φφ Phi Golden ratio 1.618 … Known as God’s fingerprint or the

signature of God due to the ratio
frequently being found in nature and
mathematics
Xχ Chi Mathematics equations In Plato’s book Timaes, chi was
described as the two bands of the
world’s soul crossing over each other.

Ψψ Psi Wave function in quantum An abbreviation for the book of

mechanics Psalms, also connected with Holy
Spirit

Ωω Omega Ohm—unit of electrical The end of all things. In the New

resistance Testament, God is described as “the
first and the last.”

One suggested way of meditating with the Greek alphabet is to sit

comfortably and close your eyes. Mentally name each letter of the alphabet
while visualizing the symbol glowing in front of you. Don’t worry if you
lose your place or get distracted, just relax and start again from the
beginning. The idea is to clear your mind of all chatter and just concentrate
on naming and forming the letters.
Elder Futhark Runes
The Elder Futhark runic system is believed to have been in use from around
the second century to the eighth century CE. The meanings were deciphered
at a later date, so the deeper symbolism behind certain runes has been lost.
The shapes of all these sigils (symbols believed to have magical powers)
can be formed in the flower of life.
Sigil Name Meaning Symbolism

ᚠ Fehu Cattle, the god Power and wealth

Frey

ᚢ Uruz Aurochs (wild Strength of will, untamed potential

oxen)
ᚦ Purisaz/ Thurisaz Giant, the god Danger or protection
Thor

ᚨ Ansuz The god Odin Prosperity, vitality, stability

ᚱ Raidho Ride, wheel Focus, movement, work, growth

ᚲ Kenaz Torch Understanding, learning, inspiration

ᚷ Gebo Gift Generosity, giving and receiving

ᚹ Wunjo Joy Joy, well-being, good news

ᚺ Hagalaz Hail Destruction, chaos

ᚾ Naudhiz Need Need, unfulfilled desire

ᛁ Isaz/Isa Ice Waiting

ᛃ Jera Year Harvest, reward

ᛇ Eihwaz Yew Strength, stability, endings and

beginnings

ᛈ Perhdro/ Pertho Dice cup Chance, problem solving

ᛉ Elhaz/ Algiz Elk or shield Restraint, protection from enemies

ᛊ Sowilo/ Sowulo Sun Success, solace

ᛏ Tiwaz The god Tyr Victory, honor, success

ᛒ Berkanan/ Birch Fertility, growth, sustenance, beginnings
Berkana

ᛖ Ehwaz Horse Trust, faith, companionship

ᛗ Mannaz Man (human) Potential, support

ᛚ Laguz Water, lake Formlessness, potentiality, the unknown

ᛜ Ingwaz/ Inguz The god Yngvi Fertility, beginnings, potential

ᛟ Othalan/ Othala Inheritance, home Inheritance, heritage, tradition, nobility

ᛞ Dagaz Day Hope, happiness

 These runes are used today, carved on wood or painted onto stones, for
the purpose of divination. While thinking of a question, the reader picks a
rune from a bag, and this rune gives guidance on the outcome of the
question. Or there is another method: the reader takes nine runes from the
bag while thinking of the question and then casts them into a circle. The
runes at the center are immediately relevant, while the ones toward the
outside of the circle may be relevant to future events.
You can easily create your own rune set for meditating with by drawing
each rune on a small piece of paper or card.
Close your eyes and pick one of the runes.
Open your eyes and spend some time examining the rune while
mentally repeating the keywords symbolized by the rune.
Close your eyes while holding the rune between your hands.
Ask permission to connect with the rune.
Ask the rune how it can help you at this moment in time.
Remain open to receiving an answer—it may come as words, a
picture, or a feeling.
When you have finished meditating, thank the rune and open your
eyes when ready.
If you don’t get anything during the meditation, don’t feel disappointed;
you may receive guidance or inspiration at a later time or date, through
synchronicity or dreams.
Ogham
The Ogham originated in Ireland, between the third century and the sixth
century. Each letter is known as ogham, while the whole alphabet is called
Beith-luis-nin, after the first three letters. These symbols were often drawn
on stone as a memorial or monument. Oghams were drawn from the base
upward, starting with an upside-down V, and the end of the inscription was
denoted with an upright V.

Lines to the right of the vertical line:

Symbol Letter Name Meaning

ᚁ B Beith Birch

ᚂ L Luis Rowan

ᚃ V/F Fer Fern

ᚄ S Sail Willow

ᚅ N Níon Ash

Lines to the left of the vertical line:

Symbol Letter Name Meaning

ᚆ H Uath Whitethorn

ᚇ D Dair Oak

ᚈ T Tinne Holly, elder

ᚉ C Coll Hazel

ᚊ K Ceirt Apple tree

Lines that diagonally cross the vertical line:

 Symbol Letter Name Meaning

ᚋ M Muin Vine

ᚌ G Gort Ivy
ᚍ Ng Getal Broom

ᚎ Z Straif Blackthorn

ᚏ R Ruis Elder

Lines that horizontally cross the vertical line:

Symbol Letter Name Meaning

〸 A Ailm Pine tree

〹 O Onn Furze
⧻ U Lr Heath

ᚓ E Eadhadh Aspen

ᚔ I Iodhadh Yew

At a later date, more symbols were added to create more letters:

Symbol Letter Name Meaning

ᚕ X/ea Éabhadh Aspen

ᚖ Oi Óir Spindie tree

ᚗ Ui Uilleann Honeysuckle

ᚘ Ia Iphin Gooseberry

ᚙ Ae Eamhancholl Twin of hazel

ᚚ P Peith Birch

The Ogham letters have also been written from left to right in certain
manuscripts. Examples of Ogham stones can be found at many sites in
Ireland, and there are Ogham transliterations online for anyone who fancies
seeing what their name looks like written in this alphabet.

An Ogham Meditation
Collect fallen sticks from some of the trees listed in the Ogham alphabet.
You may want to look after a storm or strong winds, as there will be more
choice. (Please be respectful and do not cut branches from the trees.) Use a
marker or pen to write the Ogham directly onto the stick so that you can
identify it when you get home.
For the meditation:
Sit with a notepad and pen somewhere quiet, where you won’t be
disturbed.
Pick up your first stick and note which one you have.
Close your eyes and ask permission to connect with the Ogham.
Either write notes as they come to you or continue to meditate for
five minutes before thanking the Ogham and placing it to one side.
Do the same for each of the sticks that you collected.
If you plan on working with the Ogham again, make sure the sticks
are completely dry before storing, or they may go moldy.
Hebrew Alphabet
The Hebrew language is found in the Bible and words are written from right
to left. The Hebrew alphabet, called “alefbeit” after the first two letters, has
a lot of religious symbolism.
Letter Name Symbolism
‫א‬ Aleph/Alef The Creator. The diagonal line, called Vav, both separates and
connects the higher world and the lower world.
‫ב‬ Beth/Beit The story of creation, the beginning of duality. Also represents
opposites.

‫ג‬ Gimel Balancing and linking the energies of Aleph and Beth. Represents
giving and receiving.

‫ד‬ Dalled Meaning door or gate. Connected with selflessness and humility.

‫ה‬ Hey Represents the divine energy present in all of creation. Also, the
breath of God.

‫ו‬ Vav Symbolizes unity. Vav is the connection between heaven and earth,
equating to the harmony of number six. Also corresponds to the six
days of creation.

‫ז‬ Zayn Corresponds to the day of rest, as with the seventh day of creation.
Symbolizes spirit and sustenance. Also depicts the struggle for
sustenance.

‫ח‬ Heth Heth epitomizes the soul and spiritual enlightenment. Just as the
number eight represents new beginnings, this letter symbolizes
raising consciousness.

‫ט‬ Teth The ninth letter of the alphabet is connected with femininity and
fertility, reflected in the nine-month gestation period. Kindness and
mercy.

‫י‬ Yod Just as the number ten was seen as the perfect number and was
connected with the Creator, so the tenth letter of the alphabet
represents God. It also represents foundations.

‫כ‬ Kaf This letter represents a cupped hand. Kaf is connected with
receiving and manifesting. It also embodies humility.

‫ל‬ Lammed Learning, both spiritually and from life events. Also represents
movement and change.

‫מ‬ Mem Waters of wisdom and knowledge. Water is connected with

emotions and Mem teaches balance. Although Mem is the
thirteenth letter of the alphabet, it is connected with the number
forty and exemplifies a period of waiting for fruition.

‫נ‬ Nun Nun is equated with the soul and is a symbol of faithfulness and
emergence. The shape of this letter teaches humility, as it is bent
 above and below.

‫ס‬ Samek This letter covers giving and receiving support and protection. It
also teaches selflessness and thinking for the good of the whole.

‫ע‬ Ayin Vision, with regard to both future planning and moving beyond
limitations.

‫פ‬ Peh Speech and the power of words. Peh serves as guidance to choose
our words carefully.

‫צ‬ Tsadde Tsadde is a reminder to be righteous, just, and fair.

‫ק‬ Kof Kof symbolizes being one’s true self, and not putting on a mask.
This letter is connected with evolution and growth through change.

‫ר‬ Resh This letter symbolizes growth and expansion, and also leadership.

‫ש‬ Shin/Sin Shin represents the three pillars of the tree of life and the balance
of these pillars.

‫ת‬ Tav The twenty-second and last latter of the alphabet, Tav symbolizes
truth, perfection, and completion.

The Tree of Life

The tree of life, known as the Kabbalah, is a lifetime’s study that
supposedly leads to an understanding of God’s purpose for humanity and
for the world. It is amazingly complex, with ten sephirot on the tree to
consider, along with the many pathways between the sephirot. In ancient
Hebrew, sephirot is the plural of sephira, which means “sphere,” but also
“emanation.”
If you decide to do a Kabbalistic meditation, I suggest you take just one
sephira from the tree of life and meditate on that for the time being. Binah
is typical and it is a nice one to work with.
BINAH—UNDERSTANDING
After the infinite flash of creation, ignorance was brought into
understanding to give humanity a grasp of its breadth and depth. Binah is a
feminine energy that gives birth to emotions, reason, and understanding,
and it brings a return to God.
MEDITATION ONE
Sit comfortably somewhere peaceful and close your eyes.
Breathe in and out in a regular manner and focus on your breath for a
while until you relax.
 Consider the creation of the vastness of the universe and all that is in it.
Imagine the galaxies of stars and all the potential planets that surround
them.
After you have done this for a while, come back, open your eyes, and go
about your daily life.

Tip

You can record the meditations on your smartphone and play them
back to them when you want to do the meditations.

MEDITATION TWO
Sit comfortably somewhere peaceful and close your eyes.
Breathe in and out in a regular manner and focus on your breath for
a while until you relax.
Now imagine the gentleness of femininity and the way it might
influence the people around you and the way this energy might
improve your life.
Imagine yourself getting your own emotions under control and
thinking more clearly.
Now visualize the angels taking you in their arms and helping you to
understand your spiritual purpose
After you have done this for a while, come back, open your eyes,
and go about your daily life.
Glagolitic Alphabet
The Glagolitic alphabet is believed to have been created by Saint Cyril and
Saint Methodius, two Byzantine monks who lived in the ninth century. This
alphabet was based upon Slavic dialects. Although this alphabet fell out of
use in some areas after Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius died, it still
continued to be used in the Orthodox Church and was referred to as Church
Slavonic.
Symbol Name Meaning

Ⰰ Az I

Ⰱ Buky Letters

Ⰲ Vedi To know
Ⰳ Glagoli To do/to speak

Ⰴ Dobro Kindness/good

Ⰵ Jest Is/exists

Ⰶ Zhivete Life/live

Ⰷ Dzelo Very

Ⰸ Zemlija Earth/ground/soil

Ⰹ or Ⰺ I And

Ⰻ Izhe Which is/the

Ⰼ Djervb Tree/wood

Ⰽ Kako How/as

Ⰾ Ljudi People

Ⰿ Mislete Thought/think

Ⱀ Nash Ours
Ⱁ On He

Ⱂ Pokoj Calmness/peace

Ⱃ Rtsi Speak/pronounce

Ⱄ Slovo Word/speech

Ⱅ Tverdo Solid/hard/surely

Ⱆ Uk Knowledgeable/enlightened

Ⱇ Fert  

Ⱈ Kher  

Ⱉ Oht/Omega From

Ⱋ Shcha  

Ⱌ Tsi  
 Ⱍ Cherv Worm

Ⱎ Sha Silence/quiet

Ⱏ Yer  

Ⱐ Yer’  

Ⱑ Yat  

Ⱖ Unknown  

Ⱓ Yu  

Ⱔ Small yus  
Ⱗ Small iotated yus  

Ⱘ Big yus  

Ⱙ Big iotated yus  

Ⱚ Fita  

Ⱛ Izhitsa  

A Meditation
Christian meditations are usually based around reflecting on passages from
the Bible. This can be done with any piece of spiritual writing or even an
inspirational quote. Sit quietly with no other distractions and think about
what the text means to you—for example, how you are embodying this in
your daily life, or what beliefs and ideas you need to release in order to
align with the meaning of the writing. It may be that you do not agree with
the words and you may like to ponder why you feel that way, rather than
simply dismissing it, or even think about why the person who wrote the text
may feel that way.
There are still ancient writing systems that have not yet been
deciphered. Linear A and Linear B are two examples. In the year 1900, the
archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans discovered some clay tablets with symbols
on them. After much work, the tablets were believed to express two
languages: Linear B, dating from around 1500–1200 BCE, which was very
similar to the Cypriot script; and Linear A, which is thought to have been in
use between 1800 and 1450 BCE. Although progress has been made in
interpreting the syllables and meanings behind a lot of the sigils in Linear
B, the meaning or purpose of Linear A is still elusive.
C
ertain shapes and calculations have been named for, or by, the people who
published their studies on geometry and mathematics, but there is
evidence that this information has been known for thousands of years. Sacred
geometry can be found carved into ancient buildings and used in decoration,
with its mathematical ratios apparent in construction and art.

Ancient Civilizations
As mentioned in chapter 6, the pyramids in Egypt were constructed to the ratio
of phi, and this was achieved without the use of the sophisticated technology
that we have today. The ancient Greeks incorporated perspective into their
temples, calculating proportions to achieve the result whereby the building
looked perfect no matter at what distance it was viewed. This is similar to the
way that advertisements are created on sports fields, so that when you’re
viewing the game on a TV screen, the image will be the correct proportion.
Geometric patterns have been found in many cave paintings. These include
circles, spirals, quadrangles, and triangles, as well as various lined patterns,
although the meanings attributed to these symbols can only be guessed at.
Stone circles appear in many sites across Europe and a few other places
around the world. The exact reason for these circles is not known, but
researchers suggest that the stone circles would have been places for
ceremonies and worship to take place. Most of these sites appear to have been
constructed during the Neolithic period (ca. 5000 BCE) through to the Bronze
Age (ca. 3000 BCE).
 The front of the Phaistos disc

The Phaistos disc, discovered in 1908, is a circular disc from the Bronze
Age consisting of many carvings of hieroglyphs, and recent researchers now
believe that the purpose of this disc is a form of prayer. However, there is
some conjecture that drawing a line between the matching symbols on one or
both sides of the Phaistos disc produces various triangles and other geometric
shapes. Also discovered from the Bronze Age are hats/bowls of gold with
intricate geometric designs, and it is speculated that these objects would be
used for ceremonies.
During the Iron Age it became popular to decorate items with swirls and
spirals, and there are many examples of jewelry covered in this kind of
decoration. In County Galway, Ireland, there is a ritual stone with curves and
spirals carved on it called the Turoe stone. Originally from an Iron Age fort,
this stone contains a triskelion among the carvings. There is also the
Castlestrange stone in County Roscommon, Ireland, which is carved in a
similar fashion.
Native American Symbolism
Native Americans historically used images to depict daily life. Symbolism is
an important part of the Native American culture, and many examples of
artwork include geometric shapes. Symbols varied between tribes, much like
regional accents, so the meanings described here do not apply to every tribe.
The only symbols described here are the ones that are geometrically shaped;
there are many more covering such subjects as animals and their tracks,
people, and layout of the land.
 Symbol Meaning

The Great Spirit is a Native American deity symbolized by a circle surrounded

by another circle inside a rhombus.
Similarly, the eye of the medicine man is a point within a rhombus, surrounded
by a rhombus.

Days are drawn as circles and nights are illustrated as filled half circles. The
number of days and nights is conveyed by the number of circles.

Housing is represented by a tepee symbol of an upward-pointing triangle with

the side edges extended slightly. A camp is depicted with more than one tepee.

Rain is illustrated by a half circle with lines coming down from the underside.

Butterflies are believed to be the bringer of dreams, and they are represented by
an irregular hexagon (shape with six sides) in a bow tie shape.
The sun can be portrayed in a few ways, so the center could be a circle or spiral
with lines extending outward, sometimes in the form of a cross, or they can be
spaced equally around the center.

The elements are also represented by circles. Air is a point in a circle, fire is an
empty circle, water is a horizontal line through a circle, and earth is a cross in a
circle.

Hope is symbolized by an eight-pointed star inside a circle. This can also stand
for guidance or protection.

Two zigzag lines show mountains.

A triskelion is connected with the homecoming and the welcoming of warriors

home after a battle.

Stars are generally represented by a four-pointed star shape. Paintings exist

from four different tribes showing the Leonid meteor shower in 1833, which is
depicted as many stars. The morning star is symbolized with an eight-pointed
star in the shape of a cross.

A Meditation to Meet Your Spirit Animal

Sit quietly in a place where you won’t be disturbed. You might want to
play some Native American music while you meditate.
When you are ready, close your eyes and picture yourself standing at
the edge of a wood.
Take a moment to honor and connect with Mother Earth, feeling your
feet firmly upon the earth and breathing in the scents of nature.
 When you are ready, walk into the wood and continue walking until
you come to a clearing.
Seat yourself in the clearing and ask your spirit animal to join you.
Patiently wait for whatever animal appears.
If you get the urge to walk somewhere else, listen to your intuition; it
may be that you need to meet your spirit animal in a different setting.
When you meet your spirit animal, greet him/her respectfully and
spend some time sitting together.
When you have finished your meditation, thank your spirit animal and
retrace your steps to where you started.
Take a moment to come back to your body before opening your eyes.
Some spirit animals stay with us throughout our lives, whereas others
come to help us at certain times when we need them. You may like to do some
research on the symbolism of your spirit animal to discover what it means to
you at this particular time.
Egyptian Hieroglyphs
The Eye of Ra and the Eye of Horus
Egyptian hieroglyphs are probably among the most well known in the world.
There is a wide array of sigils with some representing meanings or ideas and
other symbols assigned to sounds or syllables. The symbol of the ankh (a cross
with a loop at the top) originated in Egypt, and it is believed to represent
eternal life. The ankh is also sometimes used in the Christian faith.
The symbol the Eye of Horus corresponds to the sky god who lost his left
eye in a battle with another god called Set. The Eye of Horus is sometimes
known as Wadjet, which means “whole” or “healthy,” due to the fact that the
missing eye was restored by the god Thoth.
The Eye of Ra symbol is a depiction of the female counterpart of the sun
god, Ra. This counterpart is also represented by a cobra or lioness, illustrating
her willingness to use violence to avenge Ra. The Eye of Ra (his right eye) is
often colored red, while the Eye of Horus (his left eye) is sometimes blue.
Both eyes were drawn and worn as amulets for protection.
Plants, Animals, and Nature
Sacred geometry is found in many places in nature, from the shape of plant
leaves and petals, to the ratio of growth in creatures. Many flowers have petals
in a pentacle or hexagram formation, such as cinquefoil, a yellow-flowered
plant named for the shape that its petals form. The trefoil plant, which is also
known as clover, has leaves in the trefoil shape. Some leaves, especially on
trees, are in the shape of a mandorla. When viewed from below, pinecones
have the appearance of a two-dimensional torus.
Hexagons are common polygons seen in nature, and snowflakes naturally
form in this shape. The honeycomb in a beehive contains many hexagonal
chambers. The Giant’s Causeway in Ireland is a natural formation of basalt
columns, most of the columns being hexagonal, and there is also a hexagonal
shape on one of the poles of the planet Neptune.
Circles and spheres are also common shapes in nature and can be seen in
the shape of tree trunks, the caps of fungi, ripples on a pond from a raindrop,
fruits, and many other areas. Circles and spheres show movement outward
from a single point.
The shape of a nautilus shell follows a logarithmic spiral: each successive
chamber that is added to the spiral increases in surface area. This is also true
for some snail species. The logarithmic spiral can also be seen in the growth of
the species of aloe vera known as polyphylla.
A Meditation on a Spiral Shell
If you have a cross section of a spiral shell or an ammonite in your possession,
you might like to hold it during the meditation. If not, you can meditate with a
picture.
Focus on the appearance of the shell.
Visualize yourself at the very center and picture your consciousness
moving into the next chamber. Keep moving your consciousness into
bigger and bigger chambers until you reach a place that you would like
to stop.
Ask the shell/picture what it can teach you at this time. You may
receive words, pictures, or just a feeling.
When you have finished, thank the shell/picture and write down what
you experienced.
Biology, Chemistry, and Physics
Biologically, new life begins with one circular egg cell dividing into two, as
with vesica pisces. The two cells then both divide into two (making four cells),
and each of those cells divides into two with the resulting formation of eight
cells resembling the egg of life.
Spherical bacteria (known as cocci, which is Greek for “berry”) reproduce
in a similar way as an egg cell. A single cell by itself is called a coccus, two
cells are known as diplococci, four cells are a tetrad, and eight cells are named
sarcina.
The shape of a DNA helix can be found in the flower of life by tracing the
curve of the intersections from one side to the other. Images of cross sections
of DNA have been presented by Dr. Robert Langridge, and the pictures reveal
beautiful symmetrical patterns.
Chemical molecular structures are sometimes arranged in geometric forms.
Trigonal planar refers to a triangle formation (three vertices), tetrahedral, in
the shape of a tetrahedron (four vertices); trigonal bipyramidal is a shape
similar to two joined tetrahedrons (five vertices); and octahedral has the
structure of an octahedron (six vertices).
Physics and mathematics go hand in hand, so in order to calculate cause
and effect in physics, ratios and equations are needed. Geometry is often used
to arrive at the answer to a question. Triangles, for example, are utilized in
calculating distance, and they are also sometimes useful as “formula
triangles,” where there are three aspects of an equation.
Crystals
Crystals have been considered sacred for hundreds of years. They have been
used in religious ceremonies and even crushed and used as remedies to cure
illness. There are seven geometric shapes that form the structure of a crystal:
Cubic: all axes are at right angles and the same length
Hexagonal: has four axes of which three are on the same plane and of
equal length (making the hexagon shape) and the fourth is at a right
angle
Monoclinic: two axes are at right angles, with the third angle being
greater than 90° (resembles a parallelogram)
Orthorhombic: all three axes are unequal, but all are at right angles
Tetragonal: all axes are at right angles, but one axis is longer than the
other two
Triclinic: all three axes are unequal and none are at right angles (the
shape formed being a trapezoid)
Trigonal: all three axes are of equal length, but none are at right angles
(resembles a rhombus)
Crystal specimens may not exhibit any of these shapes, because minerals
can form as massive structures rather than single small prisms. Any crystals
that do not have a geometric structure are referred to as amorphous. These
include crystals such as obsidian, which forms from molten glass, and amber,
which is tree resin.
 ———————— CRYSTAL GUIDE ————————

Color Red

Hexagonal Red Calcite

Orthorhombic Zoisite

Cubic Garnet

Triclinic Rhodonite

Trigonal Red Jasper

Monoclinic Red Serpentine

Tetragonal Red Zircon

Color Orange

Hexagonal Orange Calcite

Orthorhombic Orange Spinel

Cubic Orange Halite

Triclinic Sunstone

Trigonal Carnelian

Monoclinic Orange Selenite

Tetragonal Orange Zircon

Color Yellow

Hexagonal Golden Calcite

Orthorhombic Yellow Topaz

Cubic Yellow Fluorite

Triclinic Amblygonite

Trigonal Citrine
Monoclinic Yellow Kunzite

Tetragonal Yellow Zircon

Color Green

Hexagonal Green Calcite

Orthorhombic Andalusite

Cubic Green Fluorite

Triclinic Amazonite

Trigonal Kambaba Jasper

Monoclinic Malachite

Tetragonal Idocrase

Color Blue

Hexagonal Blue Calcite

Orthorhombic Angelite

Cubic Blue Fluorite

Triclinic Larimar

Trigonal Blue Lace Agate

Monoclinic Lazulite

Tetragonal Blue Zircon

Color Indigo

Hexagonal Covellite

Orthorhombic Dumorturite

Cubic Lapis Lazuli

Triclinic Kyanite

Trigonal Blue Aventurine

Monoclinic Blue Jade

Tetragonal Blue Scapolite

Color Violet

Hexagonal Sugilite

Orthorhombic Purpurite

Cubic Purple Fluorite

Triclinic Purple Labradorite

Trigonal Amethyst

Monoclinic Lepidolite

Tetragonal Purple Scapolite

Color Clear

Hexagonal Quartz

Orthorhombic Clear Topaz

Cubic Diamond

Triclinic Ulexite

Trigonal Herkimer Diamond

Monoclinic Selenite

Tetragonal Apophyllite
A Crystal Meditation
You can try meditating with each of the crystal structures: the following chart
shows some examples of crystals of the same color for each crystal structure.
Have a notepad and pen ready.
In your other hand, hold one of the crystals.
Ask the crystal’s permission to connect with it, and then write down
any words or feelings that come to mind.
Continue for five minutes before putting that crystal to one side and
picking up a different stone to connect with.
At the end of the meditation, look back through your notes and see
what you picked up from the crystals’ energy.
Sound
In 1680 an English physicist named Robert Hooke conducted an interesting
experiment with sound. He covered a glass plate with flour and ran a violin
bow along the edge of the glass to make it vibrate. What he found was that the
flour moved to form patterns; the areas where the flour settled are called
“nodal lines,” which pointed to the areas of the plate that were not vibrating.

Chladni figures

Ernst Chladni, a German physicist and musician, expanded on Hooke’s

experiments using a violin bow on a metal plate covered in sand. In 1787,
Chladni published a book titled Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges
(Discoveries in the Theory of Sound) with illustrations of the patterns created,
and these came to be known as Chladni figures.
Nowadays people use a metal plate attached to a speaker and a tone
generator to create Chladni figures. Using different sound frequencies changes
the appearance of the pattern, but only whole-number frequencies produce
complete patterns, and any fractions result in distorted lines.
Jules Antoine Lissajous was a French physicist who created a device to see
a visual representation of a sound wave (sine wave). This device became
known as the Lissajous apparatus and consisted of a small mirror at the end of
a tuning fork. A beam of light was then shone so that it reflected from the
vibrating tuning fork to another mirror and onto a dark background. This
produced a visible sine wave. When this experiment was carried out with two
vibrating tuning forks (the first fork reflecting onto a second fork, then onto
the dark screen), the result was curving patterns now known as a Lissajous
curve, or Lissajous knot. By varying the frequencies of the tuning forks used,
Lissajous was able to produce different patterns.
A harmonograph is a device that consists of a double pendulum attached to
a pen. The pendulums move perpendicularly to each other, creating patterns
that resemble Lissajous curves. These shapes were first called Bowditch
curves after Nathaniel Bowditch, who studied the patterns in 1815, only for
them to later be named after Lissajous in 1857. Jan Budkowski won prizes for
photography back in the 1970s when he created these patterns in photographic
form with a reasonably good camera.

Om Chant
The om sound is used as a form of meditation. The sound of the word is
stretched, with an exaggerated “ah” sound at the beginning, followed by “oh”
and finally “mm.” Try to make the om last as long as you can, and experiment
with different pitches. The deeper the tone of your chanting, the more you will
feel the vibration of the sound in your chest. You could also use an online tone
generator if there is a particular frequency of tone you would like to try.
Art
The golden ratio has been used in paintings for hundreds of years. One of the
most commonly analyzed artworks is The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci.
It employs many examples of the golden rectangle both in the placement of
people and objects, and in the objects themselves.
Cubes and straight lines are often used in optical illusions due to the fact
that this type of geometry follows certain rules. Our brains make assumptions
based on these rules, and the illusion occurs when our minds cannot make
sense of the proportions illustrated. Other examples include concentric circles
that seem to move or shimmer as the image is moved.
In photography the “rule of thirds” is a guideline for visualizing the
photograph as a grid of nine squares and arranging the subject matter so that
the main focus point is on, or close to, intersecting gridlines. The golden
rectangle can also be used as a grid, usually with the smallest rectangles being
the focal point of the picture, but sometimes the object of the photograph is
seen in the largest rectangle. The golden spiral is used as well, especially when
working with curves.
Crop circles are amazing pieces of artwork that have been found all around
the world. They are created by flattening tall grasses, which are usually types
of crops. As the name suggests, most of these shapes are based on circles, but
they can contain many different geometric shapes. There is some debate over
who the artists of the circles are and even an argument that they were created
by aliens, but that aside, there are some incredible examples ranging from
basic to very complex.
 Although coins are most often circular in shape, there have been some
uncommon shapes as well.
In Britain the old threepenny coin was an octagon, and nowadays, the
fifty pence and twenty pence pieces are both heptagons, while the one-
pound coin is a dodecagon.
In the 1990s Bermuda pressed some special coins in the shape of a
Reuleaux triangle.
The Cook Islands and Australia have both had coins in the shape of a
triangle with rounded corners.
Several countries, including India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri
Lanka, have had a square coin with rounded corners.
A hexagon was used for early Belgian currency and also Egyptian
currency.
The decagon has also been a popular choice of shape for coins.
Chinese “lucky coins” are circular with a square hole in the center. The
Chinese often put a coin into the mouth of an ornamental plaster
statuette of a lucky frog.

Flags also contain examples of geometry:

The Brazilian flag has a rhombus.
The Japanese flag has a circle.
Guam’s flag has a mandorla.
• The flag for the Isle of Man has a triskelion of three legs.
India’s flag shows a “chakra” or wheel.
Nepal is currently the only country with a square flag instead of a
rectangle.
Company Logos
Businesses are very astute when it comes to marketing their brands, and
careful consideration is given to colors and shapes and the image that the
company wants to convey. From car manufacturers to clothing brands, many
big names are easily recognizable from their logos, including examples of the
geometry within this book. Many companies include a circle in the image,
giving the impression that they are all-inclusive and provide everything you
could want, whereas stars may be used to suggest that the company outshines
the competition.

Heraldry
Coats of arms, otherwise known as heraldry, are displays of family crests.
Although some heraldic arms may include creatures and other symbolic icons,
many of the older examples were simple geometric shapes, known as
ordinaries.
A pale was a vertical line down a shield.
A fess was a horizontal line.
A cross consisted of both a pale and a fess.
A bend was a diagonal line.
Two diagonal lines were known as a saltire.
A chevron was a line that started at the bottom left, then went up to the
center and down to the bottom right. (This could also be reversed to
start at the top left and go down toward the center.)
A pile was a triangle pointing down from the top of the shield.
A chief was a line across the top of the shield.
The pall was a Y- shaped line covering the whole shield.
A border around the edge was known as a bordure.
Sometimes shields were checkered—divided into quarters of different
colors. And quartering became a way of incorporating different coats of arms
onto one shield, which came about from one family marrying into another.
Space
All planets and stars are spheres, owing to gravity’s pull toward the center of
each astral body. The earth and our moon exhibit some interesting
mathematical facts. The ratio of the moon’s size to that of the earth is 3:11.
The time it takes for the moon to circle the earth is 27.3 days, and if we take
the ratio and turn it into an equation, we get, 3 ÷ 11 = 0.273. We can divide the
number 1 by 0.273 and the result is 3.66; this is very close to the number of
days in an earth year, which is a little less than 366 days. If a sphere
representing the earth is placed inside a square, and then a smaller sphere
representing the moon with the ratio 3:11 is placed beside, a circle can be
drawn around the earth and passed through the center of the moon which has
the same circumference as the square’s perimeter.

When viewed from earth, the path of Venus through the sky can be traced
as a “rose” type of formation. Venus takes just over 224 days to orbit the sun,
compared to earth’s orbit of just over 365 days. It takes eight earth years to
achieve the rose, which equates to Venus orbiting the sun thirteen times. The
planet Venus was named after the Roman goddess Venus, who represented
love and beauty, and the Venus rose was used by the Romans to symbolize
these attributes as well.
Observing the orbit of any two given planets by drawing a line between
them every few days has created some stunning patterns. Saturn and Jupiter
form the shape of a quatrefoil, Uranus and Saturn create a star-like image with
thirteen arms, and a slightly misshapen heptagram is the result of eight orbits
of Mars and Earth. These illustrations are known as the “Dances of the
Planets.”
Some galaxies exhibit a spiral-like formation, which has led some
astronomers to conjecture that this shape indicates the creation of new solar
systems. As mentioned before, spirals indicate either contraction or growth.
In the early days of astronomy, the only planets that were known were
those that could be seen by the naked eye, which were Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn. Most planets were named after Roman gods. Each astral
body had a symbol assigned to it and was also connected with a day of the
week as well as a metal. There is some debate over the symbols, but the
accompanying chart contains the most popular beliefs.

SUN

Symbol: ☉ Metal: Gold Day: Sunday

A shield or circle to represent the shape of the sun. The spot inside possibly represents a
sunspot.

MERCURY

Symbol: ♀ Metal: Mercury Day: Wednesday

Connected with the god Mercury. The symbol shows his head with a winged cap. The cross
below portrays his caduceus (type of staff).
VENUS
Symbol: ♀ Metal: Copper Day: Friday

Dedicated to the goddess of love, Venus. The circle with a cross underneath is said to
depict her hand mirror and is also used as a symbol for the feminine/female.

EARTH

Symbol: ♁

There are two versions of the earth: either a globe with meridian lines separating the planet
into four quarters, or a globe with a cross on top.

MOON

Symbol: ☾ Metal: Silver Day: Monday

The moon is most often seen as a crescent, either waxing or waning.
MARS

Symbol ♂ Metal: Iron Day: Tuesday

Associated with Mars, the Roman god of war, the circle represents a shield, and the
upward-pointing arrow suggests a spear. This symbol is associated with the
masculine/male.
JUPITER

Symbol: ♃ Metal: Tin Day: Thursday

Some say that this depicts Jupiter’s eagle or thunderbolt, while others believe that it is the
first letter of Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter) with a line through to denote it has been
abbreviated.
SATURN

Symbol: ♄ Metal: Lead Day: Saturday

This symbol is believed to correspond to a scythe. Saturn was often shown as a man
holding a scythe, because he was the god of agriculture.
URANUS

The only planet to be named after a Greek god, Uranus was also known as “Father Sky,” and
his symbol is an amalgamation of the rulership of Jupiter and the power of Mars. It is said
to have a more mundane secondary origin, because the symbol is an H—named after
William Herschel, who discovered the planet—with the planet hanging below the H symbol,
but that may not be true.
NEPTUNE

Symbol: ♆
 The trident (three-pronged fork) was the weapon of Neptune, god of the ocean.
PLUTO

Symbol: ♇

There are two versions of this symbol: one is a monogram of Pluto (P and L), and the other
is connected with Pluto, god of the underworld, representing his two-pronged spear
underneath and his circular cap of invisibility floating above. The monogram is said to be in
honor of Percival Lowell, who was said to have discovered Pluto. As it happens, he did not,
because it was someone who worked for him who made the discovery, but Lowell took the
credit for it. It is possible that the change of logo was made when this was finally proved to
be the case!

Minor planets, asteroids, and comets are also portrayed as symbols, but
they are too numerous to list here.
Architecture
Sacred geometry was historically important in the construction of religious
places of worship. Geometric polygons are often seen in the windows, either
as decoration or as the shape of the window itself. Internal decoration also
included symbols, with the focal point of worship having religious symbols of
that faith.
The square, triangle, and hexagon are regular polygons that can be tiled
(tessellated) easily, so these shapes were often used as floor decoration.
Many buildings are constructed with a regular quadrangle floor plan,
meaning that they are easy and quick to erect, but there are some unusual
buildings created using other geometric shapes:
The Gherkin in London, England, is an example of an elongated
mandorla.
In Guangzhou, China, there is a three-dimensional torus building
known as the Guangzhou Circle Mansion.
The Flatiron Building in New York City has the footprint of a triangle.
The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, USA, is named after its shape.
Some examples of religious-building design consisting of sacred
geometry include:
The Great Mosque of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which is shaped like a
cube.
The Roman Catholic church Iglesia de la Vera Cruz in Segovia, Spain,
is in the shape of a dodecagon.

The Circular Congregational Church in Charleston, South Carolina,

USA, is well … circular.
There is an octagonal church in Haldarsvik, a village on the Faroe
Islands.
Many Hindu temples have pyramids on top.
Sikh gurdwaras frequently have domed roofs.
Freemasonry
Geometry is at the core of Freemasonry. The Freemasons are a group that is
dedicated to knowledge and self-development, and the organization contains
many symbolic icons. The logo itself is a compass and a set square with a G in
the center, which stands for geometry and also for God. It is said that the
compass is used to draw circles and spheres and is therefore equated with the
realms of space and the heavens. The set square represents the qualities of the
square, which are strong foundations, integrity, and also accuracy and
precision. Both items together illustrate the connection between heaven and
earth.

The “all-seeing eye” is in the shape of the mandorla—the central part of

vesica pisces—and that represents the fact that God, who is referred to as the
“Great Architect of the Universe,” sees all.
They also use two globes on pillars as emblems of learning, with particular
emphasis placed on subjects such as astronomy, geography, and navigation.
The columns symbolize the fact that learning and knowledge are the
foundations of Freemasonry.
There are three supporting pillars of masonry: wisdom (an Ionic column),
strength (a Doric column), and beauty (a Corinthian column). Some
illustrations show the pillar of wisdom with a sun above, the pillar of strength
with a moon, and the pillar of beauty with stars above. The number three,
equating to balance and harmony, also appears in the three muses—Faith,
Hope, and Charity—as well as the three ornaments of a lodge: the mosaic
pavement, the indented tessel, and the blazing star.
The blazing star is a pentagram that is seen as a reference either to the star
that guided the three Wise Men during the nativity, or to Moses, whose face
shone as he brought the Ten Commandments down the mountain.
A point within the circle between two parallel vertical lines represents an
individual within the boundary of his duty to God and others, with the parallel
lines corresponding to St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist.
The Ashlar rough and the Ashlar perfect are two cubes of rock that
symbolize the place we are at currently, and what we aspire to be.
Reiki
Reiki is a form of healing whereby a therapist channels energy from the
Universe/Source/God (whatever your preferred term) directly to a client.
Symbols are used to facilitate the flow of energy. There are now many
different forms of reiki, and each comes with its own sacred symbols that are
learned in the second initiation ceremony.
Reiki healing depends on symbols for activation, three of which are far
from secret, whereas others are known only to reiki masters, who have gone
through all the stages of study and attunement. Here is one symbol that you
can meditate on without breaking any rules for those times when you need to
give yourself some healing.
Cho-Ku-Rei, pronounced cho-koo-ray, is known as the power symbol. And it
means something like “may the reiki flow here.” This symbol is like a key that
opens the door for the universal energy to flow, so when you use this symbol,
you are invoking a very powerful source that needs to be given the respect it
deserves.
Begin by tapping your palm three times and saying the name of the
symbol, Cho-Ku-Rei, aloud with each tap while visualizing the symbol
moving into your hand. Now you can use the reiki energy to give yourself or
your loved ones some healing.
Chakras
The chakras are energetic areas on the body that equate physically with points
along the endocrine system. There are seven main chakras that are set in a line
that rises up the center of the body, parallel to the spine, and each chakra has a
different symbol associated with it. Illustrations range from very basic icons to
very complex examples with lots of detail. Here are some basic geometric
facts relating to the chakras:

Base Chakra
Shape: a downward-pointing triangle in a square, inside a circle, with
four petals surrounding it.
This chakra is associated with the earth, hence the square. The triangle
points downward to show connection to the earth. The aspects of this chakra
are security and foundations.

Sacral Chakra
Shape: a crescent inside a circle, with six or eight petals surrounding it.
The crescent and circle represent the moon, which corresponds to cycles
and emotions. This chakra is perceived as the emotional center.

Solar Plexus Chakra

Shape: a downward-pointing triangle inside a circle, with ten petals
surrounding it.
 The circle in this case epitomizes the sun, which is seen as masculine.
Masculine energy is considered to be decisive and active, and this chakra is
associated with will and decision making. The downward-pointing triangle in
this case shows that this chakra is closely linked with the chakras below.

Heart Chakra
Shape: a star tetrahedron inside a circle, with twelve petals surrounding
it.
The heart chakra embodies love and it is a center of balance. This is
reflected in the combination of the feminine downward-pointing triangle and
the masculine upward-pointing triangle. It also shows that this chakra is
closely connected with all the chakras above and below and acts as the bridge
or link between them.

Throat Chakra
Shape: a circle inside a downward-pointing triangle, inside a circle, with
sixteen petals surrounding it.
The triangle in this symbol can refer to both the connection with the heart
chakra, which is below, as in “speaking from the heart,” but also speaking with
wisdom drawn downward from the brow chakra that is immediately above.
The circle in this situation portrays God, Goddess, Creator, and/or Universe.
Brow Chakra
Shape: a downward-pointing triangle inside a circle, with two petals on
either side.
As with the throat chakra, the circle represents God, Goddess, Creator,
and/or Universe, while the triangle shows energy traveling down from the
crown.

Crown Chakra
Shape: a circle surrounded by a thousand petals.
The petals in some illustrations closely resemble the two-dimensional
torus, which represents flow, and connection with “All That Is.” The circle is
emblematic of God, Goddess, Creator, and/or Universe.
 Tip

When the seven chakras are overlaid onto the flower of life, the heart
chakra sits at the center.

A Chakra Meditation
This meditation brings in different-colored light to rejuvenate and balance the
chakras.
Sit comfortably and close your eyes.
Make sure you are grounded before you begin the meditation by
visualizing roots growing from the soles of your feet, deep into the
ground.
Visualize a clear, bright red light coming from the Source, in through
the top of your head, and traveling down your body to your base
chakra, at the pubic bone. Continue this for a couple of minutes, or for
as long as you feel you need to.
Now visualize a clear, bright orange light coming in through the top of
your head and traveling down to your sacral chakra, which is two
finger widths beneath your naval.
 Next visualize a clear, bright yellow light traveling down to your solar
plexus chakra, which is just below where the breastbone ends.
Then visualize a clear, mid-green light that goes down to your heart
chakra, in the center of your chest.
Visualize a clear, light blue light traveling to your throat chakra, which
is at the bottom of your throat between the sternal notches.
For the brow chakra, visualize a clear, dark blue light traveling to a
point just above and between your eyebrows.
Lastly, visualize a clear, purple light coming straight into your crown,
at the top of your head.
This visualization can also be done for a single chakra if you need a boost
in one area.
Buddhism
When we think of Buddhism, the first symbol that comes to mind is probably
the figure of a meditating Buddha. One of the main symbols of Buddhism is
the Dharma Wheel, which is sometimes known as Dharma Chakra. This is a
circular icon with eight spokes resembling a chariot wheel, and it is one of the
Ashtamangala, which is a collection of eight auspicious symbols. The Dharma
Wheel as a whole represents the eightfold path, which is the teachings for a
fulfilled life. The components of the chariot wheel also have individual
symbolism, so the circle shape of the wheel represents the perfection of
Buddha’s teachings, the rim symbolizes concentration, and the hub is
associated with discipline. The lessons of the eightfold path are right
understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right
effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.
There is also a form of the Dharma Wheel called the Ashoka, or Ashok
Chakra, which has twenty-four spokes and is seen on the Indian flag. Also
referred to as the “Wheel of Duty,” this symbol represents the twenty-four
virtues, according to the teachings of Buddha:

1. Hope
2. Love
3. Courage
4. Patience
5. Peacefulness
6. Kindness
7. Goodness
 8. Faithfulness
9. Gentleness
10. Self-control
11. Selflessness
12. Self-sacrifice
13. Truthfulness
14. Righteousness
15. Justice
16. Mercy
17. Graciousness
18. Humility
19. Empathy
20. Sympathy
21. Supreme knowledge
22. Supreme wisdom
23. Supreme morality
24. Altruism

Endless Knot
Another of the Ashtamangala that is geometric is the endless knot. This
symbol is a continuous line that forms six squares altogether. Also known as
the eternal knot, this emblem illustrates Buddha’s endless wisdom and
compassion. It can also be a metaphor for karma and a reminder that all
actions have effects.
>Buddhists sometimes do this mindfulness meditation:
Sit quietly, close your eyes, and slow your breathing.
What observations can you make about what you are sensing right
now: What do you hear? Can you smell anything? And so on.
Examine how you feel about each thing that you are sensing right now.
Are these positive or negative feelings?
Think about how you are responding mentally to each of these feelings:
Does it bring up emotions? Does a memory come up? And so on.
Take a mental step back and observe the process you went through,
from sensing to feeling to thinking.
When you have finished meditating, take a deep breath in and, when
you release the breath, visualize that all of your attachment to what you
observed is released with your breath. (Or you can visualize the release
going down through your body, down your legs into the earth if you
find that easier.)
Open your eyes when ready.
Astrology
Astrology, like astronomy, is the study of the stars. But whereas astronomy is
concerned with the physical state of the cosmos, astrology delves into the
spiritual, psychological, and predictive uses of them.
Astronomers observed stars as they moved throughout the sky and
developed ways of recognizing the patterns of certain star clusters. The
brightest stars were connected by lines and these linear patterns were then
named after ancient gods, often imagined in the form of animals and of ancient
heroes.
The zodiac constellations are connected with the sun’s passage through the
sky throughout the year. The ancients thought the sun orbited the earth, and
this apparent path was known as, and is still known as, the plane of the
ecliptic, but we know it better as the zodiac.
The constellations that lie along the zodiac are the famous signs of the
zodiac, and there are twelve of these in total. The sun moves into a different
one of these each month. Below is the symbolism of each sign of the zodiac as
we know it now, but in some cases, there have been other symbols or slight
variations on the theme and I mention those here as well.

Aries
Aries became associated with a ram, and the symbol suggests the horns of a
ram.
At some point in the ancient past, Aries was associated with a sheep but
also a goose.

Taurus
Taurus has always been seen as a bull, and the symbol shows the head and
horns of the bull.
Bulls were considered sacred at one time in ancient Egypt, and even now
you can see mummified bulls in the museum at Alexandria. However, the bull
was also a symbol for the pagan god Baal, which may be where the word bull
came from.
Gemini
Gemini is known as the twins, as it has two long, leggy parts, and the two
major stars on the ends of each section are Castor and Pollux.

Cancer
The constellation of Cancer became a crab, with the symbol representing the
crab’s two pincers.
The symbol is also said to represent a woman’s breasts, which are ruled by
the sign of Cancer in astrology.

Leo
Leo is visualized as a lion, with a body and mane. The shape of the
constellation really does look like a crouching lion.

Virgo
The constellation of Virgo resembles the outline of a young woman. The
symbol owes its design to a monogram of ΠAP, which are the first three letters
of the Greek word parthenos, meaning “virgin.” She is also known as the
“maiden,” which is an ancient word for a young woman who was considered
to be a virgin.
She is usually shown carrying a sheaf of wheat, representing the harvest,
which may relate to the time of year in which this sign rules: late August and
the first three weeks of September, when many different crops are harvested.

Libra
Libra resembles balance, so it is represented by a pair of scales.
This is the only inanimate object in the whole zodiac. It could have some
connection with income from the sale of harvested goods, but it is usually
associated with the scales of justice.

Scorpio
The curve in the Scorpio icon’s shape led to it being named for the scorpion,
and the symbol reflects the stinging tail as well.
However, in terms of astrology or astronomy, this is a fairly recent
development, because if we go back a few hundred years, the image was of an
eagle. The four fixed signs of the bull, lion, eagle, and water bearer appear in
St. Peter’s Cathedral in the Vatican and on the final Rider-Waite tarot card and
in many other places.

Sagittarius
This collection of stars resembles the body of a centaur (half man, half horse)
wielding a bow. The symbol echoes this with the icon of an arrow. Some call
the image for Sagittarius the centaur, while others call it the archer.
Capricorn
Capricorn was associated with a mythological creature, the sea goat, which
had the upper body of a goat and the tail of a fish. The symbol shows the horns
and face of the goat, moving down to the curly fish tail at the end.
Not everybody likes the sea goat image, and there are many astrologers
who prefer to use a mountain goat for this sign. Interestingly, in ancient times,
the image for this sign was a crocodile!

Aquarius
Aquarius, which is known as the water bearer, is often depicted as a person
pouring water from a vessel. The symbol shows two waves.
Some consider the contents of the pot to be knowledge, so it is knowledge
rather than water that is being poured out. If, however, we remain with the
water concept, it is strange that this supposedly cool and intellectual sign
should be pouring water, which represents emotion in astrology and in many
other spiritual systems. However, the Chinese definitely associate water with
rivers and thus with communication, commerce, and the flow of knowledge
and information, so can this be the connection?

Pisces
The constellation of Pisces is portrayed as two fish traveling in opposite
directions, yet they are still connected.
About Astrology
From an astrological point of view, the symbolism of the zodiac constellations,
along with the attributes associated with the planets, gives insight into facets
of a person’s personality. To create a birth chart, an astrologer takes the date,
time, and place of birth and constructs a chart showing the positions of the
planets and constellations at that time. Indeed, the word horoscope means
“map of the hour.” This information is then interpreted to form a detailed
breakdown of a subject’s personality.
The star signs are also assigned an element, such as fire, earth, air, and
water. When the signs are arranged in a circle, in order of appearance during
the year, the same elements appear in a triquetra-like formation.
The signs are assigned a gender of masculine and feminine and also a
quality, which can be cardinal, fixed, or mutable, and this complicates matters
even further.

Astrology and Shapes

Astrology links with the shapes that we see in sacred geometry, but it does so
more by accident than by design. An astrological chart is a circle and there are
lines that cross the circle and planets arrayed around the circle; these form
mathematical shapes when they are in “aspect” to one another. This is
complex, but those of you who are getting into astrology will find it
interesting. I have put these items in the same order as they appear in the list of
geometrical shapes in chapter 1 on two-dimensional shapes.
 An example of a natal chart, also known as a birth chart.

The Line
THE ASCENDANT/DESCENDANT LINE
In astrology a line is shown across the chart with one side representing the
point on the surface of the earth where the sun was rising over the horizon at
the moment of the person’s birth. This point is called the ascendant. The other
end of the line shows where the sun was setting at the moment of the person’s
birth. This point is called the descendant.
THE MIDHEAVEN/NADIR LINE
A second line runs somewhat vertically, from the point on the face of the earth
where the sun was shining most strongly at the time of the person’s birth, and
this point is called the MC or midheaven. The line goes right through the
center of the earth and out the other side, to the place that was the farthest
from the sun, and therefore the darkest point, at the time of the person’s birth.
This point is called the IC or nadir.
THE OPPOSITION
Lines are also formed when two planets are on opposite sides of the chart
to each other and are therefore 180 degrees apart. The two planets are in
different elements to each other, so this can be a challenging aspect because it
can be hard for the individual to reconcile the two sides of his or her
personality.

The Circle
The circle is the chart itself and it represents the zodiac, through which the
planets appear to pass from our perspective on earth.

The Triangle
When two planets are roughly 120 degrees, or four signs, apart, this is called a
trine. It is considered a beneficial aspect, because both planets are in signs of
the same element. When three planets are 120 degrees apart from each other,
they form a triangle shape; in astrology this is called a grand trine. This shape
indicates an easy relationship between the planets, and it is often a sign of
artistry, musicality, or creativity but also of laziness.

The Square
Two planets are said to be square to each other when they are roughly 90
degrees, or three signs, apart. This is considered challenging, because planets
are in signs of different elements. If four planets happen to be 90 degrees away
from each other, they form a true square shape, but confusingly, astrologers
call this a grand cross. This aspect can be hard to live with, but it can also be
character building. People with squares are hard workers.

The Pentagram, or Inconjunct

This aspect can also be known as a quincunx, but it is more often called an
inconjunct. Here we see two planets that are roughly 150 degrees, or five
signs, apart. This is an irritating aspect because each planet is in a different
element from the other. It can have health connotations or financial ones that
crop up during a person’s life.

The Pentagram Again, but This Time as a Quintile

This is a minor aspect that involves two planets that are 72 degrees apart. The
“five” connection comes from the fact that the 360 degrees of a circle are
divided by 72 five times. Even having one quintile on a birth chart is unusual,
but when it happens the person is born with an excellent brain and intellect,
and this enhances the activities of the two planets that are involved in the
aspect.

The Hexagram, or Sextile

When two planets are 60 degrees, or two signs, apart, this is called a sextile. It
is an easy aspect with a good deal of mental or intellectual compatibility
between the two planets. The planets will be in different elements, but the
elements involved tend to be compatible with each other such as fire and air,
or earth and water. Although it would be extremely unusual, there could be as
many as six sextiles in a birth chart.

The Octagram, or Semi-Square

When two planets are 45 degrees apart, they are semi-square to each other.
They are also one-and-a-half signs apart from each other. The two planets are
in signs with different elements, so this is an aspect that can be irritating to
live with, and it might affect such things as the person’s looks, image, or
ability to amass and keep personal possessions. In theory, there could be eight
semi-squares on a chart, but this is highly unlikely.

The Dodecagram, or Semi-Sextile

The semi-sextile is a minor aspect, but it can have an interesting effect on a
person’s life. It occurs when two planets are about 30 degrees apart, which
means they are one sign apart. This aspect involves the sun and Mercury or the
sun and Venus, as these bodies are always close to each other in the heavens,
but it can happen with any two bodies. Some astrologers say this is a mildly
beneficial aspect because it is half of a sextile, but others say it’s an irritating
aspect, because the two signs belong to different elements. The truth is that
adjacent signs do seem to have something in common with each other, so
when planets are in adjoining signs, they seem to work in a harmonious
manner.

Minor Aspects
There are many other minor aspects, but they don’t resemble sacred geometry
shapes. Astrologers view them as interesting but of no real use in practical
terms when working on birth charts for their clients.
T
here are many different religions, and many different denominations within
these religions. In this chapter we will look at the main symbols and
symbolism found in several faiths. There may be some overlap between
religions, and some of the denominations may have symbols that are attributed
only to them.

The Baha’i Faith

The Baha Star
The symbol used to represent the Baha’i faith is the nine-pointed star. This is
because the word Baha equates to “nine” in the Arabic practice of applying
letters to numbers. Numbers are very significant in this religion, and the
number nine represents completeness, as it is the last single-digit number.
Baha’i temples have nine sides, which signify that everyone is welcome,
regardless of where and what religion they come from.

The Baha’i Ring Stone

Another symbol, the Baha’i ring stone, uses calligraphy to illustrate the phrase
Allah’u’abha, which means “God is most glorious.” The top bar of this icon
corresponds to the spiritual realm of God and the bottom bar reflects life on
earth. The bar in the center symbolizes the manifestation of God in human
form, for example, teachers such as Baha’u’llah, who was the founder of the
Baha’i faith, and also Christ and Buddha. The vertical line equates to the Holy
Spirit that is present in everything. The two pentagrams are representative of
Bab (the herald of the Baha’i religion) and Baha’u’llah.
The Number Seven
The importance of the number seven in the Baha’i faith is seen in the book The
Seven Valleys, which provides spiritual guidance for followers of Baha’i. Seven
is considered a sacred number in many religious practices.
Christianity
The Cross
The symbol of the Christian faith is the crucifix, which originates from the
crucifixion of Jesus on a cross. Both the Latin _ cross (crucifix) and the
equilateral (Greek) cross have been used in Christianity. Latin crosses, in
representing Christ, symbolize faith and forgiveness. Equilateral crosses, also
called equal armed crosses, symbolize balance and peace. A Latin cross can be
formed by unfolding a cube, and the cube symbolizes stability and foundation.
A papal cross has three horizontal lines across one vertical line, and this depicts
the pope’s authorities, connecting heaven, earth, and the church. Many church
foundations are based on the shape of a Latin cross, although a church in
Lalibela, Ethiopia, has been carved out of the hillside in the shape of a Greek
cross. The flat roof displays three crosses, which is the number of the Holy
Trinity.

The Ichthys
Christians also use the ichthys to show their faith. This shape is formed from a
horizontal mandorla with the lines extended at one end, and it slightly
resembles a fish. This is seen as symbolic, because Jesus was regarded as the
“fisher of men.”

Geometric Symbols
Many church and cathedral windows have extensive sacred geometry in their
designs, so it is common to see trefoil, quatrefoil, cinquefoil, triquetra, and
pentagrams. The cinquefoil is said to symbolize the womb of Mary, whereas
the quatrefoil is representative of the four Gospels and dodecagrams attributed
to the Twelve Apostles. Archways and arched windows sometimes use the top
part of a mandorla, and mandorlas are often used in Christian artwork to
surround saints. Other arches are half circles; the whole circle represents God.
The baptismal font is sometimes an octagonal shape because the number eight
represents infinity, prosperity, and growth.

Numbers
Sometimes arrangements of numbers are used for symbolism, such as windows
in groups of three to represent Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, or two hexagrams
or three quatrefoils to represent the Twelve Apostles.

Shapes
Churches themselves have various shapes depending on the traditions of the
countries in which they are situated. Consider the “onion” shaped domes of
Russian churches, for example.
Traditional churches may be based on a Roman model, a Norman model, a
Saxon model, a medieval model, or some development of those ideas, and the
shape is traditionally that of a cross, facing toward Jerusalem. Many were built
at a time when most buildings that people lived and worked in were one or two
stories high, so the towering shapes of the churches and cathedrals made a big
impression on the populace, while the church towers and spires reached up
toward heaven. Cathedrals had three levels of arches, with the top row being
called a clerestory. The lower arches allowed rooms off the side passages for
small private chapels to be built by those who could afford to do so. Modern
churches can be almost any shape and face in any direction.
Hinduism
Om
The om symbol, although not geometric, is very sacred in the Hindu religion. It
is said that om is the sound made when the universe was created.

Antahkarana
The antahkarana is a symbol that can be created by taking a cube and
highlighting three edges from one corner, then an edge from the end of each
line in a 90° left angle (looks like three 7s). The word antahkarana can be
broken down into antah meaning inside, and karana meaning function, and this
is used to represent the higher mind. A small cube is considered male, while a
larger one is female. Using seven antahkaranas in a line, with two lines to form
a cross, allows a person to work with the energy of the heart chakra. It is said
that using sixteen antahkaranas in a square formation assists with removing
blockages and negativity.

Swastika
The Hindu swastika, or swastik, is based on the shape of a cube, with a line to
each of the four sides from the center, which then is drawn to the corner that is
to the right of that halfway point. There may also be four dots, one in each
quadrant. The four arms represent the four compass points.
The word swastika stems from the Sanskrit word svastika, which means
“well-being” or “good luck/fortune,” and it is associated with the god Vishnu.
It also represents good luck and prosperity in Buddhism and Jainism. Different
forms of the swastika have been used for thousands of years in different
cultures, but during the Second World War it acquired a malignant meaning
when the Nazis adopted the sigil. They believed the swastika denoted racial
purity and superiority, and reoriented the symbol to stand on its corner.
Unfortunately, due to the actions of the Nazis during the war, there is now a
stigma attached to any form of the swastika, as many people are not aware of
the difference in appearance.

Star of Lakshmi
The Star of Lakshmi is an octagram made up of two squares. This star
represents Ashtalakshmi, which are the eight forms of the goddess Lakshmi,
who is the deity of wealth, knowledge, and fertility.
Every year, during Diwali (the Hindu festival of lights), colorful geometric
patterns known as Rangoli are created from colored dry rice or flour. These
patterns are often in the form of a mandala around a central point. The purpose
behind the Rangoli is to welcome the Hindu deities and invite good luck.

Shatkona
The Shatkona is a hexagram consisting of two components: the upward-
pointing triangle that represents Shiva, the Supreme God; and the downward-
pointing triangle that is connected with Shakti, Mother Goddess. The
combination of these triangles symbolizes creation that results from union. The
Shatkona is present in many yantras (see below).

Yantra
The yantra is an image used in meditation to aid concentration and raise
consciousness, and it is also believed to attract good luck. The word yantra
means “support” and “instrument,” and each image is comprised of geometric
shapes, such as circles and triangles, placed within a square that has a
“doorway” in the center of each side. Each shape has a symbolic meaning:
Square: represents the earth element
Circle: emblematic of creation and perfection
 Triangle pointing downward: represents water
Triangle pointing upward: represents fire or spiritual aspiration
Bindu (central dot): embodies creation and consciousness
Lotus (petals): shows enlightenment, spiritual awakening, and purity
Shatkona/Satkona (hexagram): represents the combination of the
feminine energy of Shakti, the Mother Goddess of Creation (downward-
pointing triangle); and the male energy of the Supreme God Shiva
(upward-pointing triangle)
Swastika: corresponds to good luck and well-being
Diagonal line: connected with air
Horizontal line: depicts water
Vertical line: symbolizes fire

One of the most sacred yantras is the “Sri Yantra.” This image consists of
nine interlocking triangles: five pointing downward and four pointing upward.
This creates forty-three triangles in total. The Sri Yantra represents Mount
Meru, the sacred mountain that is the center of the universe.
Other types of yantras are aimed at specific purposes, such as astrological
yantras that work with the energy of the nine planets. Shakta yantras connect
with the Mother Goddess and work with supreme knowledge while numerical
yantras contain numbers that are symbolic—to name but a few.

A Yantra Meditation
Look at the image of the yantra.
Stare at the center spot of the yantra, clearing your mind of any
thoughts.
If you find your mind or eyes wandering, don’t worry; just relax and
start again.
Islam
Crescent and Star
Although the crescent and star symbol is seen as a representation of the Muslim
faith, symbolism with icons is not considered part of this religion.

The Kaaba
In Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the most sacred site for Muslims is the Kaaba (or
Ka’bah), which is inside the enclosure of Masjid Al-Haram. The Kaaba is a
large black cube. Cubes symbolize stability and strength, and six (being the
number of sides) symbolizes perfection and harmony.

Patterns
The inside of Islamic religious buildings does not contain pictures or statues
but is decorated instead with words and repeating patterns from the Qur’an.
The symbolism of numbers is important in Islam, and the basic geometry of
these patterns is regular polygons, usually with an even number of sides, as this
offers the most symmetry. Stars are often a part of the design, and they can
have any number of points, but hexagrams and octagrams (two triangles and
two squares, respectively) are both referred to as the Seal of Solomon.

The Breath of the Compassionate

A very common pattern is called The Breath of the Compassionate and consists
of octagrams and crosses. There is number symbolism in this design, with fours
(arms of the cross) equating to stability and the foundation of all that is, and
eights (sides of the octagram) representing infinity and endless growth. As this
is a fractal (never-ending) arrangement, containing the infinite number of eight,
this sequence represents God in His infinity; therefore, it was named
“Compassionate” after one of the ninety-nine names of God.

The Rub el Hizb

The symbol known as Rub el Hizb is a type of octagram created with two
squares, and a dot in the center. The Rub el Hizb is seen in the Qur’an, marking
the end of a chapter. This icon can also be found on flags, and in wall and floor
decoration.
Jainism
Jain Prateek China
The icon for Jainism resembles a hexagon on the top half of a triangle. This
image was created to symbolize the main components of this religion:
The outline portrays the universe, with the lower part representing the
seven hells, the middle part consisting of the earth and planets, and the
upper part corresponding to the heavens.
The raised hand means “stop.” Combined with the word Ahimsa, which
means “nonviolence,” this image is a reminder to pause and evaluate
before taking action. The wheel shows that if this advice is ignored, then
the violence will carry on and on, just like a wheel turning.
The four arms of the swastika represent the four destinies for rebirth:
heavenly beings, human beings, animal beings, and hellish beings.
The three dots above the swastika equate to the three jewels of Jainism:
right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct.
The curved arc is emblematic of the abode of the siddhas (liberated and
enlightened souls), which is called Siddhashila, with a dot representing a
siddha.
Judaism
The Star of David
The symbol of the Jewish faith is a hexagram, known as the Star of David. The
number six is important in Judaism, because it is the number of days in which
God created the world. The outward-pointing triangles on the Star of David
symbolize the days of the week, and the center hexagon represents the seventh
day—the day of rest. The hexagram, with pointed or rounded arms, is usually
prominently displayed, either as a stained-glass window or as a wall decoration.
Symbols in the form of icons are not a large part of this religion, but
numbers are considered very symbolic.

Tip

The Star of David, sometimes called the Shield of David, was painted on
shields used by the army of King David in biblical times. It is far less of
a spiritual symbol than a military or political one.

Hanukkah Lights
The number eight is considered important as the eighth day was the first
day after creation; therefore, it is considered as the number of new beginnings.
During Hanukkah, an eight-day celebration, one candle on a curving
candelabra, known as a hanukkiah, is lit each evening. The ninth central candle
is used to light the others.
A seven-branched candelabra, which is the same curved shape, is called a
menorah and is considered to be a symbol of the Jewish faith. In this religion,
sevens are regarded as the number of luck and good fortune, as well as rest and
holiness. Other examples of sevens in Judaism include the seventh day of the
week, which is Shabbat, or the Sabbath, a day for resting. There are seven
Hebrew words in the first verse of the Torah. Every seventh year is a Shemitah
year (a Sabbath year), and after seven Shemitahs there is a Yovel (jubilee) year.
The Pentateuch, or Number Five
The first five books of the Old Testament become the five scrolls called the
Torah, and these are kept in an alcove called the Torah Ark. This is also known
as the Pentateuch. The Psalms have five divisions. The Hamsa hand, an icon of
protection, has five digits. Fives in Judaism are representative of service, grace,
and anointment, and the oil that Jews anoint themselves with has five
ingredients. In modern Hebrew, five is now pronounced as “hamesh.”

Number Ten
The number ten is considered sacred and the symbol of completeness and
perfection. There are the Ten Commandments, ten plagues of Egypt, ten lost
tribes of Israel, and ten adults in a minyan. A minyan is a quorum, or a
minimum number of people required for certain religious services.

Kabbalah
The Kabbalah, also known as the tree of life, is a diagram that represents the
journey to God. There are ten circles on the Kabbalah, known as sefirot or
sephiroth (meaning “spheres”), and these provide guidance on self-
development and the path to God. There are twenty-two lines that join the
sefirot, each of which contains one of the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew
alphabet. Within the Kabbalah are three pillars: the left is named judgment or
severity, the center is mildness or kindness, and the pillar on the right is named
mercy. Threes in Judaism mainly symbolize harmony and balance, but threes
can also be attributed to strength, unity of opposites, and fruitfulness.
Interestingly, the growth of trees was said to have occurred on day three of
creation. The shape of the Kabbalah can be found within the flower of life.
Paganism and Wicca
Pentagram
A pentagram is used to represent the five elements of fire, earth, air, water, and
ether/spirit. However, when represented individually, air is an upward-pointing
triangle, fire is an upward-pointing triangle with a line halfway down from left
to right, water is a downward-pointing triangle, and earth is a downward-
pointing triangle with a line halfway down from left to right. It can also be a
plain circle, or a circle with a spiral or a simple line star, which is a simplified
version of the seed of life. A double pentagram is used to represent the Mother
Goddess and five phases of a woman’s life: birth, adolescence, motherhood,
menopause, and death.
Pagans honor a variety of gods and goddesses, including a Mother Goddess,
as you will see here.

Wheel of the Year

A circle with eight spokes depicts the eight seasonal celebrations that happen
throughout the year, which are Imbolc, Eostre, Beltane, Litha, Lammas,
Mabon, Samhain, and Yule.
Lunar Symbol
The Triple Goddess is shown as a circle with a crescent on both sides facing
outward, and it illustrates the three stages of female life, which are maiden,
mother, and crone. The maiden is seen as waxing, just as the early stage of life
is birth to adulthood. Next is the mother, who does not necessarily represent a
parent, just the full bloom of adulthood. After which begins the waning of years
as women become older and wiser. The moon is associated with woman,
because Wiccans consider it to be a feminine symbol.

Labyrinth
A labyrinth is different from a maze. In a maze there is a chance of losing one’s
way and arriving at a dead end, whereas a labyrinth is a curving path that
portrays the twists and turns of life, from beginning to end. The labyrinth can
be seen as a symbol of spiritual development and our progression through life.

Horned God
The Horned God is known by many names, including Cernunnos, Herne the
Hunter, and the Green Man. His symbol is a circle with a crescent above. As
already mentioned, circles represent gods, and the crescent in this case
corresponds to the horns of the god.

Hecate’s Wheel
Hecate is a goddess of crossroads and witchcraft. Her symbol is the Strophalos,
otherwise known as Hecate’s wheel, which represents the triple form of the
goddess. In the center is a whirling six-pointed star, often surrounded by a
circle. The word strophalos means “spinning wheel,” and the central star is said
to represent the whirling of divine thought. Around this circle is a circle
labyrinth representing a serpent. Serpents were often used to represent cycles
and rebirth. A third circle encapsulates the whole.

Elven Star
An Elven Star, or Fairy Star, is a heptagram used to represent the sun, forest,
sea, magic, moon, wind, and spirit. It also corresponds to the days of the week,
the seven chakras, and the star system called the Pleiades, which is also known
as the Seven Sisters.

The Spiral Goddess

The Spiral Goddess is an Archimedean spiral on the abdomen of a woman’s
outline. She embodies the creative energy that is within us, along with emotions
and our self-development.

The Witch’s Knot

The Witch’s Knot is formed from a pointed quatrefoil with the inclusion of a
circle. There are many different theories on its purpose, but generally it is seen
to be a symbol of protection. The four points of the quatrefoil symbolize the
points of the compass, and the circle indicates a barrier of protection that has no
beginning or end and is therefore impenetrable.
Sikhism
Khanda
The Sikh religious symbol is known as the Khanda, which includes a circle,
representative of a steel ring called a Chakkar (or Chiklar) that symbolizes
God, as it has no beginning or end. The central double-edged sword is the
Khanda, which symbolizes cutting away that which is false. The two curved
swords are known as Kirpans and symbolize spiritual and political obligations.

Ik Onkar
Ik Onkar (or Ek Onkar) is the only other symbol used in Sikhism. Ik Onkar is
made up of three sounds: Ik means “one,” Oang means “the origin,” and Kaar
is “to take care of.” They are the first words of Siri Guru Granth Sahib, the holy
book of Sikhism, and refers to everything starting from the one God and being
cared for by God. The word oang was the sound heard with the creation of the
Universe (similar to om in Hinduism). When a Sikh is baptized, this is known
as Amrit. Ik Onkar is part of a mantra, known as Mul Mantra, or Mool Mantar,
that the Sikh will meditate on. Ik Onkar represents the spiritual aspect of
Sikhism, while the Khanda (also known as Kirpana Khanda) represents the
warrior aspect, reflected in the weapons illustrated in the symbol.

Doors
There are no religious statues or pictures in a Sikh house of worship, which is
known as a gurdwara, meaning “Guru’s door.” Instead, there is a richly
decorated plinth that holds the Siri Guru Granth Sahib. The Golden Temple, Sri
Harmindar Sahib, has four doors: the Door of Peace, the Door of Livelihood,
the Door of Learning, and the Door of Grace. These doors symbolize the four
cardinal points of the compass and the fact that everyone is welcome.

Number Ten
Although not all numbers are necessarily important in Sikhism, ten is
significant, as there were ten gurus who received instruction from God.

Kakaar
In the Kalsa community of Sikhism, there are five Kakaars, known as “Five
Ks,” which are items that show that initiation has been undertaken. Kesh is hair
that has not been cut, which is secured with a turban; Kara is a steel bracelet
that reminds the wearer to act with restraint and integrity; Kanga (or Kangha) is
a wooden comb symbolizing cleanliness; Kachha (or Kachh/Kachhera) is
underwear as a reminder to have self-control and chastity; and the Kirpan, a
dagger, symbolizes the readiness to fight against injustice.

Number Five
Fives are also found in the five virtues and five evils of Sikhism. The Five
Beloved Ones (Pyarey) were prepared to die for their faith; the five Banis are
prayers that are recited daily; the five Takhts are gurdwaras with special
significance; the Siri Guru Granth Sahib was created by the fifth guru and
includes teachings of all the previous gurus and prominent saints, including the
Hindu and Muslim religions. The teachings of the Siri Guru Granth Sahib were
finalized by the tenth guru.

Patterns
The flower of life and other geometrical patterns can be found covering the
walls, floors, and ceilings of the Golden Temple, a Sikh gurdwara in Amritsar,
India.
Taoism
Yin-Yang Symbol
One of the most recognizable symbols in Taoism is the yin-yang circle, called
the Taijitu. This represents the Tao view on duality. Take male/ female, for
example: male is yang (white) and female is yin (black); the symbol shows that
within either of the aspects is an element of the opposite energy. The Taijitu can
be formed by drawing a large circle with two smaller circles of the same size
inside, one on top of the other. In the middle of each small circle, a tiny circle is
drawn. Then, a line is drawn on the right side of the top circle and the left side
of the bottom circle making the lines meet in the center; one side is then
colored black and the other white, with the tiny circles being the opposite
shade, to show there is always a little yin in the yang side of life and vice versa.

Elements
There are five Chinese elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. They are
collectively known as Wu Xing and are often placed in this order at five points
around a circle or pentagon, with each element generating, or enhancing, the
next element in a clockwise direction. Each element works best with the
element that is two steps away in a clockwise direction. Drawing a line
between the controlling elements gives us a pentagram.
Trigrams
Trigrams are stacks of three lines where each line can be solid or broken. There
are eight combinations of trigrams, and each one represents a number of
concepts. The trigrams are present in the Ba Gua.

Trigram Name Meaning

☰ The Creative Heaven
☱ The Joyous Lake

☲ The Clinging Fire

☶ The Arousing Thunder
☴ The Gentle Wind

☵ The Abysmal Water

☳ Keeping Still Mountain
☷ The Receptive Earth

The Ba Gua
The Ba Gua (or Bagua/Pah Kwa/Pah Kua) is an octagon containing eight
trigrams. The Ba Gua as a whole represents heavenly and earthly influences,
and each trigram is connected with a different cardinal direction, element, and
area of life. It is utilized in feng shui to calculate the most effective placement
of items and furniture in the home, office, or garden.
The I Ching
The I Ching (pronounced “Eee Ching”) book is a Taoist tool for self-
development. I Ching means “Classic of Changes” or “Book of Changes,” and
the pages include advice and philosophy in sixty-four chapters that are each
connected with a different hexagram. A hexagram is a stack of six lines that
can be either solid or broken, like the trigram in the Ba Gua. Special sticks can
be drawn or coins can be thrown to determine the format of the hexagram. For
example, tails are yin and that means the questioner draws a broken line,
whereas heads, which are yang, would be drawn as an unbroken line. While
thinking of a question or issue, you throw the coin six times to arrive at the full
hexagram, starting from the bottom line, with each subsequent line being drawn
above. The page that corresponds with this hexagram contains an insight into
the question.
An I Ching coin is a circular coin with a square missing from the center,
with a yang (heads) side and a yin (tails) side. These coins are seen as a
powerful attractor of wealth. The coin combines the circle, symbolizing
heaven, with the square, which represents the earth. The yang (masculine) side
has four hieroglyphs, whereas the yin (feminine) side has two.

A Hexagram Meditation
The I Ching hexagram number 20 is known as “contemplation.” This hexagram
can be used for meditating on a specific issue or problem. It resembles a tower
and shows us that we need to rise above the situation in order to see more
clearly.
Imagine that you are watching the situation play out as you observe
from the tower.
 If there are other people involved, examine the possible reasons for each
participant’s behavior. If you were a mediator for all the people
involved, how would you encourage the participants to work through
their differences?
If you are using this meditation to observe your own thoughts and
actions, it is important to be nonjudgmental: you are here to observe
only.
When you have finished meditating, write down all of your thoughts.
You may think of something else while you are writing, or even at a
later time.

This can be quite a difficult meditation as it is sometimes hard to look at

our own behavior. It is important that we use our observations in a positive
way, to instigate a positive change.
S acred geometry can be used in many ways on any spiritual path. This
chapter has a number of ideas so that you can begin to use its
principals on your own journey, and these will hopefully guide you to come
up with your own methods, meditations, and practices.

Mandalas
A mandala is a repeating pattern, such as the flower of life. A mandala
makes a lovely pattern for a wall decoration or jewelry. The shape of the
mandala can be drawn, or simply created from things like crystals, feathers,
flowers, and the like. Mandalas can also be used as crystal grids. The
crystal grid can be set up with the intention of sending healing energy to
yourself or to someone else, with the intention of the healing being for the
recipient’s highest good.

A Mandala Meditation
• Look at the mandala image as a whole, clear your mind, and calm your
breathing.
• Now, starting at the top of the mandala, let your eyes move slowly around
the outside of the pattern.
• When you reach the point you started at, move your focus slightly toward
the center and follow the circular layout of the mandala.
• Continue this until your focus rests at the center of the mandala.
• After staring at the center for a while, close your eyes, keeping your
breathing steady, and visualize the image of the mandala in your mind
until you decide to end the meditation.
Art
Anyone who had a Spirograph as a child will remember the relaxing
pastime of creating geometric designs. As an adult, I have enjoyed re-
creating some of the sacred geometry in this book, using simple tools like a
compass and ruler … and if I can do it, anyone can!
There are now “dotting mandala workshops” where you get to create a
beautiful piece of geometric artwork. Or, if you are already an artist, why
not incorporate sacred geometry into your creations.
Dream Catcher
Dream catchers are Native American talismans that protect a sleeping
person from bad dreams. A dream catcher is formed with a circular hoop, in
the center of which is a woven net, and strands of beads and feathers are
hung from the bottom of the hoop. The good dreams are able to move freely
through the holes in the weaving, passing down strands toward the sleeper.
The bad dreams get caught up in the weaving and are dissolved by the
rising sun the following morning.
The center woven part of a dream catcher has a layout similar to a two-
dimensional torus, and the overall meaning of the dream catcher is about
allowing the flow of that which is good, and blocking that which is bad.

Dream Catcher Meditations

If you have a dream catcher, hang it up on the window of your bedroom, as
this will keep out bad dreams and let in the good ones. Now sit and gaze at
the dream catcher until you fall into a trance-like state. You can tackle each
part of the dream catcher as an individual meditation, or you can do them
all at the same time just as you like. Here are some meditations you can do
that correspond to the points of the compass.
THE NORTH
• Look at the top of the dream catcher and imagine a pale-colored buffalo
there.
• Imagine the winter and see how this sturdy animal copes with the
demanding climate.
• Imagine yourself doing well in demanding circumstances.
THE EAST
• Look at the right side of the dream catcher and imagine the golden eagle
there.
• Consider how great it would be to soar away into the sky, flying high
above your troubles.
• Consider optimistic signs of the future, such as the rising sun and the
coming of spring.
THE SOUTH
• Look at the bottom of the dream catcher and imagine a coyote.
• This animal is a hunter-totem, giving you the strength to do the things that
you find difficult.
• Consider the warmth and abundance that comes with the summer and
how good it would feel to have some of this for yourself.
THE WEST
• Look to the left of the dream catcher and see a grizzly bear.
• The bear is very strong but also knows when to give up the fight and
hibernate, so it might be time for you to back off and take a rest.
• Think of autumn and the harvest, and dream of having full cupboards and
a bank account that can easily cope with your lifestyle.

Meditation
As each shape that is important to sacred geometry has different symbolism,
each shape can be meditated on to assist with a situation or to gain a deeper
understanding of the shape. This could be done by gazing at a picture of the
shape for a few minutes before closing your eyes and keeping your
attention focused on what the image looked like, or you may like to obtain a
three-dimensional example of sacred geometry, such as a crystal Platonic
solid, to hold while you are meditating.
Yantras are interesting images to aid in settling into a meditation. The
idea is to start at the outside of the picture and slowly move your focus in a
clockwise spiral, making note of all details as you move slowly inward to
the bindu at the center. This helps to calm the mind to allow meditation to
begin in a relaxed fashion.
To meditate with a yantra, stare at the central point in the image while
clearing your mind of any thoughts. If your mind or eyes start to wander,
simply relax and begin again.

Feng Shui
The practice of feng shui involves placement of furniture and decoration to
enable the movement of qi, or “energy.” Shapes of furnishings and objects
are considered very important in feng shui, so sharp corners send out a
particular type of bad energy, as do sharp plants like cacti. Rounded corners
and shapes are considered beneficial.
Lighting is important, and mirrors are the most commonly used item to
bring light into a home, which is believed to bring in a positive effect.
Mirrors are available in many designs, including some of the sacred
geometry patterns within this book, so consider brightening one of your
rooms by choosing a shape that symbolizes something to you.
Plants are also believed to be an important part of the household. There
are lots of geometrically shaped plant holders available now, and this can be
a simple way of bringing sacred geometry into the home.
 Direction Element Color Number Area of Life

South Fire Red 9 Fame & reputation

Southwest Earth Pink 2 Love & marriage

West Metal White 7 Creativity & children

Northwest Metal Gray 6 Helpful people & travel

North Water Black 1 Career

Northeast Earth Blue 8 Knowledge

East Wood Green 3 Family

Southeast Wood Purple 4 Wealth & prosperity

Center Earth Yellow 5 Health

The bagua is an energy map that can be placed over a plan of your home
in order to assist feng shui placement. In the center of the bagua is usually a
yin-yang circle (Taijitu) that is surrounded by the eight trigrams in an
octagon shape. Each trigram represents a compass point, and each compass
point is connected with elements, a number, a color, and specific areas of
life.
There are different schools of feng shui which all work with different
methods, but generally your main entrance is considered to be at the north
compass point. Taking your house plan, place the bagua so that north is
placed at your main entrance. You can now see which areas of your house
correspond to each area of life. This enables you to enhance certain areas of
your life. For example, if your finances are struggling, you may wish to
look at enhancing the wealth area of your home with plants, crystals, a
mirror, or even moving some furniture around. The bagua can also be
placed over the plan of a single room, following the same principle whereby
the main doorway is at north.
 Feng shui can be very in-depth, and there are many books on this
subject if you would like to find out more.
Stargazing
Learning to recognize the linear patterns of constellations in the night sky
can be a very absorbing hobby. Astronomy is best practiced on a cloudless
night away from the glare of any artificial light. A telescope is not
necessary, but it can help you to spot individual stars, which are not easily
discerned with the naked eye, and really exciting things, like the four largest
moons of Jupiter.
You may want to do some research before setting out, as the sky differs
depending on the time of year. Also, bear in mind when you are doing your
research that the positioning of the stars is different in the Northern
Hemisphere compared to the Southern Hemisphere.

Star Meditation
• Sit quietly where you won’t be disturbed and close your eyes.
• Visualize a star moving toward you, closer and closer.
• As the star draws close and stops in front of you, you realize the star is
about your height.
• The star shines with a brilliant, bright white light, but it does not hurt
your eyes to look at it.
• Ask the star to shine its light on your heart.
• Visualize an answering light begin to shine at your heart as you start to
vibrate to the same high frequency as the star.
• The bright light inside you grows until your whole body shines and your
energy matches that of the star.
• Thank the star and watch as it slowly withdraws the way it came.
• When you feel ready, open your eyes. Your aura may feel bigger and
clearer after this meditation.

These are only a few suggestions for how you may like to invite the
energy of sacred geometry into your life. As you try out the various
meditations and visualizations in this book, you may receive insight or even
a message into how to further work with the shapes, including creating your
own meditations and spiritual exercises. Your spiritual path should include
what feels right for you, and sacred geometry can be a useful and symbolic
addition to your journey.
 CONCLUSION

T here is no doubt that sacred geometry is a huge subject and a

fascinating one, but it isn’t an easy one to study. I hope this book gives you
all you need for a thorough introduction to this subject, and that it may also
encourage you to take a special interest in some aspect of sacred geometry
so you take your studies further.
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Bernice grew up on a farm in rural Devon, UK. Even though she now lives
in a city, she spends a lot of time in the countryside, visiting Dartmoor and
walking around local woods. There are also many beaches in the area that
she likes to visit.
She worked for many years as a secretary, before giving up work to
raise her son. Just a few years later, her life started moving in a different
direction when she discovered crystal healing, self-development, and sacred
geometry. Nowadays, Bernice likes to keep herself busy. As well as being a
crystal therapist and having two part-time jobs, she enjoys volunteering at
the Devon Family History Society, researching her family tree, and helping
other people research their own ancestors. Her hobbies include learning to
play the harp, walking, cycling, learning British Sign Language, collecting
crystals—a hobby she shares with her teenage son—and, of course,
studying sacred geometry.
 INDEX
Activities, sacred geometry, 35, 136, 138, 139
Alphabets. See Letters, symbolic and geometric
Ancient civilizations, 83–84
Animal/plants/nature, sacred geometry and, 87–88
Animal, spirit, meeting, 86
Antahkarana, 120
Aquarius, symbolism of, 111
Archimedean solids, 51–52
Archimedean spirals, 56
Architecture, sacred geometry and, 97
Aries, symbolism of, 108
Art, sacred geometry and, 93–95, 135–136
Astrology, 108–115
about: overview of, 108, 111
ascendant/descendant line, 113
charts, shapes and, 112
circles and, 113
dodecagram (semi-sextile) and, 115
hexagram (sextile) and, 114
lines and, 113
midheaven/nadir line, 113
minor aspects, 115
octagram (semi-square) and, 115
pentagram/inconjunct/
quintile and, 114
zodiac signs and symbolism, 108–111
Astronomy, sacred geometry and, 96–99, 139–140

Ba Gua (or Bagua/Pah Kwa/Pah Kua), 132

Baha’i faith, 117–118
Baha star, 117
Binah, 78
Biology, sacred geometry and, 89
Breath of the Compassionate, 123
Bronze Age, 84
Buddhism, sacred geometry and, 106–108

Cancer (sign), symbolism of, 109

Capricorn, symbolism of, 110
Chakras, 103–106
about, 103
base, 43, 103
brow (third eye), 38–39, 46, 104
crown, 46, 104
Dharma or Ashok(a), 106–107
 heart, 25, 45, 104, 120
meditation, 105–106
sacral, 44, 103
solar plexus, 46, 103–104
throat, 45, 46, 104
Chemistry, sacred geometry and, 89
Christianity, 118–119
Christian meditations, 81
Cinquefoil, 24, 34, 119
Circles
about: keywords, 34; symbolism and meanings, 10–11
astrology and, 113
flower of life and, 17
fruit of life and, 18
Metatron’s cube and meditation, 19–20, 43
as monad and as eternity, 10
quatrefoil and, 16, 119, 129
seed of life and, 16–17, 127
torus and torus meditation, 20, 40–41
trefoil and, 13
triangles and, 113
tripod of life and, 12, 15
triquetra and, 15
triskelion and triskelion meditation, 13–14, 85
vesica pisces (two overlapping), 11–12
Civilizations, ancient, 83–84
Coats of arms, sacred geometry and, 95–96
Coins, sacred geometry and, 94
Company logos, sacred geometry and, 95
Cones, 38–39, 47
Crescent and star, 122
Crop circles, 94
Cross, symbolism of, 118
Crystal meditation, 91
Crystals, sacred geometry and, 89–91
Cubes, 43–44, 47, 51, 52, 93
Cuboctahedrons, 51, 52, 53

Decagons, 32, 34
Decagrams, 32, 34. See also Dodecagrams
Dodecagons, 32–33
Dodecagrams, 33, 34, 115
Dodecahedrons, 34, 46, 47, 49, 50
Doors, Sikhism and, 130
Dream catchers, 136–137

Egg of life, 39, 47

Egyptian hieroglyphs, 87
Elder Futhark runes, 70–73
Elements, five Chinese, 131
Elven Star, 128
Endless knot meditation, 107–108
Enneagram (of personality system), 29–31, 34
Equilibrium, vector, 53

Feng shui, 138–139

Fibonacci sequence, 59
Fish (Ichthys), 118
Five, symbolism of, 125–126, 130
Flags, sacred geometry and, 94– 95
Flower of life, 17, 34. See also Egg of life; Fruit of life; Kabbalah
Fractals, 43–44, 62, 123
Freemasonry, sacred geometry and, 101–102
Fruit of life, 18, 34

Gemini, symbolism of, 109

Glagolitic alphabet, 79–81
Golden pyramid, 63–65
Golden ratio, 60–61, 65, 93
Golden rectangle, 61, 93–94
Golden spirals, 55–56
Golden triangle, 62
Gold sphere of protection, meditation for, 38
Greek alphabet, 67–70
Greeks, sacred geometry and, 6–7, 83

Hanukkah lights, 125

Hebrew alphabet, 76–78
Hecate’s wheel, 128
Helices, 57
Heptagons, 26, 34
Heptagrams, 26, 34. See also Elven Star
Heraldry, sacred geometry and, 95– 96
Hexagons, 24–25, 34, 87, 90
Hexagram meditation, 133
Hexagrams, 25, 34, 114. See also I Ching; Star of David
Hieroglyphs, ancient, 84, 87
Hinduism, 120–122
History of sacred geometry, 6–7
Horned God, 128
Hypercubes, 27

I Ching, 132–133
Ichthys, 118
Icosahedrons, 44, 47, 49, 52
Icosidodecahedron, 51. See also Rhombicosidodecahedron
Ik Onkar, 129–130
Iron Age, 84
Islam, 122–123

Jainism, 124
Judaism, 124–126
Kaaba, 123
Kabbalah (tree of life) and meditations, 78–79, 126
Kakaars, 130
Kepler-Poinsot solids, 49
Kepler triangle, 63
Khanda, 129

Labyrinth, 128
Leo, symbolism of, 109
Letters, symbolic and geometric, 66–81
about: overview of, 67
Elder Futhark runes, 70–73
Glagolitic alphabet, 79–81
Greek alphabet, 67–70
Hebrew alphabet, 76–78
Linear A and Linear B, 81
meditations, 75–76, 78, 79, 81
Oghams and Ogham meditation, 73–76
undeciphered systems, 81
Libra, symbolism of, 110
Linear A and Linear B writing systems, 81
Lines, 9, 93, 113
Logos, sacred geometry and, 95
Lunar symbol, 127

Mandalas, 135, 136

Mandorlas, 11–12, 87, 94, 100, 101, 118, 119
Meditations
about: recording and playing on smartphone, 79; on shapes, 137
chakra, 105–106
Christian, 81
crystal, 91
dream catcher, 136–137
endless knot, 107–108
for gold sphere of protection, 38
hexagram, 133
Kabbalistic, 78, 79
mandala, 135
to meet spirit animal, 86
Merkaba, 50–51
Metatron’s cube, 19–20
octahedron for blessings and guidance, 45
Ogham, 75–76
om chant, 93
star, 140
torus, 40–41
triskelion, 13–14
yantra, 122, 137
Merkaba meditation, 50–51
Metatron’s cube and meditation, 19–20, 43
Möbius strip, 41
Native American symbolism, 84–86, 136–137
Nature/plants/animals, sacred geometry and, 87–88
Neolithic period, 83
Nonagons, 28
Nonagrams, 29, 34
Numbers in sacred geometry, 58–65
about: overview of, 59
Christianity and, 119
Fibonacci sequence, 59
golden pyramid, 63–65
golden triangle, 62
Kepler triangle, 63
phi/golden ratio, 60–61, 65, 93
pi, 61
Pythagorean tree fractal, 62
Pythagorean triangle, 62

Octagons, 2 7, 34. See also Ba Gua; Hypercubes

Octagrams, 27, 34, 115, 123. See also Star of Lakshmi
Octahedrons, 45, 47, 49–50
Oghams and Ogham meditation, 73–76
Om chant, 93
Om symbol, 120
Ouroboros, 10

Paganism and Wicca, 127–129

Patterns, Islamic, 123
Patterns, Sikh, 131
Pentagons, 23, 34
Pentagrams/pentacles, 23–24, 34, 114, 127
Pentateuch, the, 125–126
Phaistos, 83–84
Phi/golden ratio, 60–61, 93
Physics, sacred geometry and, 89
Pi, 61
Pisces, symbolism of, 111
Planets, sacred geometry and, 96–99
Plants/animals/nature, sacred geometry and, 87–88
Platonic solids, 42–47
Poinsot, Louis, 49
Pyramid, golden, 63–65
Pythagorean tree fractal, 62
Pythagorean triangle, 62

Qi, 138

Rectangle, golden, 61, 93–94

Reiki, sacred geometry and, 102–103
Religious symbolism, sacred geometry in, 116–133
Baha’i faith, 117–118
Christianity, 118–119
 Hinduism, 120–122
Islam, 122–123
Jainism, 124
Judaism, 124–126
Sikhism, 129–131
Taoism, 131–133
Wicca and paganism, 127–129
Reuleaux triangle, 15
Rhombicosidodecahedron, great and small, 51, 52
Rhombicuboctahedrons, great and small, 51, 52
Rub el Hizb, 123
Rule of thirds, 93–94
Runes, Elder Futhark, 70–73

Sacred geometry
activities, 35, 136, 138, 139
ancient civilizations and, 83–84
defined, 6
history of, 6–7
uses, 134–140
Sagittarius, symbolism of, 110
Science, sacred geometry and, 89
Scorpio, symbolism of, 110
Seed of life, 16–17, 127
Semi-regular polyhedra, 48–53
Semi-sextile, 115
Seven, Baha’i faith and, 118
Sextile, 114
Shatkona, 121, 122
Sierpinski sponge, 43–44
Sikhism, 129–131
Snub Archimedean solids, 51, 52
Sound, sacred geometry and, 93
Space, sacred geometry and, 96–99, 139–140
Spheres, 37–38, 47
Spiral Goddess, 129
Spirals, 54–57. See also Triskelion
Spirit animal, meditation to meet, 86
Squares, 22, 34
Stargazing, 139–140. See also Astronomy
Star meditation, 140
Star of David, 124–125
Star of Lakshmi, 121
Star tetrahedrons, 25, 47, 49
Swastika, 120–121

Taoism, 131–133
Taurus, symbolism of, 109
Ten, symbolism of, 126, 130
Tetractys, 21, 34
Tetrahedrons, 25, 46, 47, 49–50
Thirds, rule of, 93–94
Three-dimensional shapes, 36–41
Torus and torus meditation, 20, 40–41, 47
Tree of life (Kabbalah), 78–79
Trefoils, 13
Triangles
about: symbolism and meanings, 20–21
astrology and, 113
golden, 62
hexagram and, 25
Kepler, 63
pentagon and, 23
pentagram/pentacle and, 23–24
Pythagorean, 62
Reauleaux, 15
square and, 22
tetractys and, 21
Trigrams, 131–132, 139
Tripod of life, 12, 15, 34
Triquetras, 15
Triskelion and triskelion meditation, 13–14, 85
Truncated Archimedean solids, 52
Two-dimensional shapes, about/summary of, 9, 34. See also specific shapes

Vector equilibrium, 53
Vesica pisces, 11–12, 34
Virgo, symbolism of, 109

Wall chart, about, 7

Wheel of the year, 12 7
Wicca and paganism, 127–129
Witch’s Knot, 129

Yantra, 121–122
Yantra meditation, 122, 137
Yin-yang symbol, 131
 IMAGE CREDITS

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Brimming with creative inspiration, how-to projects, and useful information to enrich your everyday
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Copyright © 2020 by Zambezi Publishing Ltd.

Text © 2020 by Zambezi Publishing Ltd.
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First published in 2020 by Wellfleet Press,

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2020942445

ISBN: 978-1-57715-225-5
Digital ISBN: 978-0-76036-963-0

Publisher: Rage Kindelsperger

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Printed in China

This book provides general information on various widely known and widely accepted images that
tend to evoke feelings of strength and confidence. However, it should not be relied upon as
recommending or promoting any specific diagnosis or method of treatment for a particular condition,
and it is not intended as a substitute for medical advice or for direct diagnosis and treatment of a
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 THE SHAPES OF SACRED GEOMETRY

People have studied geometry for thousands of years, and as early

mathematicians marveled at the patterns and beauty in their calculations,
they decided such perfection had to come from the Creator. This is how
geometry came to be sacred. Meaning has been ascribed to many different
shapes, and sacred geometry appears in letters, numbers, art, architecture,
and religious symbols. After all, sacred geometry appeals to us on many
levels, as the shapes formed are often symmetrical and balanced; we are
always subconsciously seeking balance in mind, body, and spirit, and so
people use these shapes just about everywhere in the world.

The Circle
The first shape of sacred geometry is the circle. This is the shape attributed
to the Creator, embodying perfection and wholeness.

Vesica Pisces
Vesica Pisces connects with partnerships and pairs, but on the other hand
there are enemies and differing points of view.
Tripod of Life
The circles are a metaphor for group energy, depicting situations that
require cooperation, similar to the Olympic rings that symbolize the union
of five continents.

Trefoil
The trefoil is often seen in window architecture, especially in churches
where it represents the Christian Holy Trinity of the Father, Son, and Holy
Spirit.

Triskelion
In Celtic symbolism a triskelion is used to represent spiritual development.

Reuleaux Triangle
This shape is often seen in church windows, either as a sole Reuleaux
triangle or with other geometry inside, such as a triquetra. As with other
triangles and threesided shapes, the Reuleaux triangle represents the Holy
Trinity.
Triquetra
This is used to represent the joining of heaven and earth, and it symbolizes
the Holy Trinity. In pagan terms, it is known as the Triple Goddess: maiden,
mother, and crone.

Quatrefoil
In Christianity, the number four corresponds to the four gospels, so the
quatrefoil is often used as decoration in stained-glass windows.

Seed of Life
Sometimes referred to as the Genesis pattern, this shape can be used to
represent the seven days of creation, with each outer circle representing one
day and the inner circle completing the cycle. Slavic mythology has a
similar icon that connects to the god of thunder. The number six is also
attributed to moving on and learning from experience.
Flower of Life
The flower of life consists of nineteen overlapping circles with a circle
(sometimes a double-lined circle) around the perimeter. This shape
represents manifestation and creation. The flower of life is regarded as an
image of balance and harmony, and it has been adopted as decoration in
many religious buildings.

Fruit of Life
In nature, life begins with the seed, then comes the flower, and finally you
have the fruit, which is the promise of new life to come. Fruit represents
fertility, abundance, and good health.

Metatronʼs Cube
There are thirteen circles and seventy-eight lines in this shape. As circles
are seen as feminine and lines as masculine, Metatron’s cube is a
representation of balance of both these energies.
Torus
A two-dimensional torus contains an optical illusion because staring at the
whole image gives the impression of concentric white circles, but
attempting to stare directly at the intersections where a white dot should be
causes the white dot to disappear.

Triangle
Triangles are used to represent occurrences of threes, including anything
that has a beginning, middle, and end, such as the past, present, and future;
birth, life, and death; flower, fruit, and seed; and so on.

Tetractys
The tetractys, meaning “the holy four-foldness,” is a triangle of ten dots.
Square
A square is often used to symbolize patterns in nature, such as the four
seasons, the cardinal directions, and the four elements of the zodiac.
Squares are also used to symbolize the earth element, stability, and the
material world as opposed to the spiritual world.

Pentagon
In certain belief systems, there are five elements to life: earth, air, fire,
water, and spirit or ether as the fifth element. In the Chinese system, the five
elements are wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. For this reason, five can
represent manifestation and creation.

Pentagram/Pentacle
Pentagrams are often used to represent the stars in the night sky, but this
shape is a common symbol with many applications. For instance, it is used
to represent paganism and Wicca, and it is also used on tarot cards to
represent security and wealth.

Cinquefoil
This shape is frequently seen in church window decorations, sometimes
with just the top three circles. The ancient Romans called the cinquefoil
“The Rose of Venus,” and it was said to symbolize womanhood.

Hexagon
Six is associated with time because minutes and hours are multiples of six.
Six is also regarded as the number of union and marriage, and hexagons
thus represent harmony and balance.

Hexagram
The hexagram is sometimes known as the Star of David or the Seal of
Solomon. This is the name for two interlaced triangles, one with the point
facing upward and the other pointing downward. The upward-pointing
triangle represents male energy, while the downward-pointing triangle is
female energy.

Heptagon
Seven is seen as a sacred number in many religions and spiritual beliefs.
The number seven symbolizes the combination of the number three,
representing heaven, spirit, or soul, and the number four, symbolizing earth
or body.

Heptagram
The heptagram is used as a symbol for many different subjects and ideas,
often involving religious beliefs.

Octagon
The octagon can symbolize eternity. Eights are also seen as a prosperous
number, and an octagon is used in the Taoist system of feng shui, which is
the practice of arranging furniture in a building to create optimum energetic
stability.

Octagram
An eight-pointed star symbolizes infinity as well as certain religious ideas.
Octagrams are also seen on the face of a compass, denoting not just the
cardinal points of north, south, east, and west, but also the intercardinal
points of northeast, southeast, and so on.
Hypercube
A hypercube is created with eight squares that have a corner touching both
the next square and the previous. The hypercube is said to symbolize four
dimensions: length, width, height, and time.

Nonagon
The Pythagoreans associated this number with failure, due to the fact that
nine is just short of the perfect ten. In some beliefs, nine is seen as the
number of completion, with a new beginning starting with the number ten.
This is echoed in the nine-month gestation period in humans. The nonagon
is sometimes used to represent self-reflection and learning from life before
moving on.

Nonagram
A star consisting of nine points is known as a nonagram. A nine-pointed
star with a nonagon in the center is knowns as the Ninefold Goddess in the
pagan and Wiccan faiths. Each point represents an aspect of the goddess.
Enneagram
An enneagram is a ninepointed shape that has an open base and is
surrounded by a circle. The enneagram is most commonly used in the
Enneagram of Personality system, which attributes a type of personality to
each point. The lines traveling from one point to the next show the
connection and relationship between different aspects of personality.

Decagon
Ten was considered the perfect number by the Pythagoreans, because if
both digits are added together, the result is one, which was believed to be
the number of the Creator. The number ten is also seen as the completion of
a cycle and can represent determination and hard work paying off.

Decagram
This ten-pointed star can be created with either a double pentagram with
one point up, or one point down, or by drawing a continuous line starting
from one inside angle and going to the third angle along each time until
reaching the starting point.
Dodecagon
This shape is used to represent the universe. Twelve is considered to be the
number of perfection and cosmic order. Days are measured in two twelve-
hour periods, with twelve numbers on a clock, and there are twelve months
in a year and thus there are twelve signs of the zodiac.