FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI MARA

ELECTRO-TECHNOLOGY
(EEE111)

1 EXPERIMENT 2

INTRODUCTION TO RESISTOR COLOUR CODE, BASIC INSTRUMENT AND CIRCUIT

CONNECTION

OBJECTIVES
1. To measure voltage and current using multimeter and to study the relationship between voltage
and current.
2. To create waveform using the function generator
3. To understand the functionality and usage of an oscilloscope
4. To understand how electrical/electronic circuits can be prototyped on a breadboard
5. To construct resistive circuit (series, parallel, series parallel) on a breadboard and to be familiar
with resistor colour code.
6. To identify the operating controls and the functions of various laboratories equipments and how to
measure value of resistance, current and voltage by using test instruments.

PROCEDURE
PART A: RESISTOR COLOUR CODE
:

Table 2.3
Referring to the colour code resistor:
Resistance Minimum Maximum
Resistor Colour Codes
and Tolerance resistances Resistance
Examples Brown Black Orange Gold 10kΩ +/- 5% 9.5 kΩ 10.5 kΩ
R1 Brown, Black, Red, Gold 1kΩ +/- 5% 950Ω 1.05kΩ
R2 Orange, Orange, Red, Gold 3.3kΩ +/- 5% 3135Ω 3465Ω
R3 Gree, Blue, Orange, Gold 56kΩ +/- 5% 53.2kΩ 58.8kΩ

PART B: MULTIMETER FAMILIARITY AND MEASUREMENT

Table 2.4
Analog Multimeter Digital Multimeter
Examples 9.8 kΩ 9.83 kΩ
R1 950Ω 1014Ω
R2 3.4kΩ 3.837kΩ
R3 55kΩ 55.237kΩ

Reverse the multimeter probe and measure again. What do you observe?

- The value of the ohm is still the same value.

PART C: CONNECTION ON BREADBOARD

a) Breadboard Continuity Test
Refer video EXP 2C for demonstration of this experiment.

1. Set your multimeter to the highest resistance range available. The resistance function is
usually denoted by the unit symbol (Ω). Touch the two test probes of your multimeter
together.
What do you observe?
= The reading is 0Ω
2. Test the continuity between the holes on a breadboard as shown in Figure 2.6. What is
your meter-reading? Is there any continuity between the holes?
= The meter reading is 0Ω. There are continuity between the holes.

3. Test the continuity between the holes on a breadboard as shown in Figure 2.7. What is
your meter-reading? Is there any continuity between the holes?
= The meter-reading is infinity. There are no continuity
.

Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 b) Construct a Series/Parallel Circuit Connection

on Breadboard
Figure 2.8: Series connected Figure 2.9: Parallel connected resistors resistors

1. Select any three resistors namely R1, R2 and R3.

2. Measure the value of each resistor using a multimeter and record the readings in Table
2.5.
3. Draw the construction of circuit shown in Figure 2.8 above on the virtual breadboard
provided in Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.10: Breadboard

4. By using the resistors R1, R2 and R3, construct the circuit shown in Figure 2.8 on the real
breadboard.
5. Using DMM, measure the total resistance at terminal A-B and record them in Table 2.5.
6. Repeat procedure 2) until 5) using the schematic diagram shown in Figure 2.9. Sketch
your circuit connection in Figure 2.11.
 Figure 2.11 Table 2.5
Resistor Measured Resistance (Ω )

R1 850Ω

R2 2.9kΩ

R3 5.7kΩ

Total resistance of Figure 2.8 60kΩ

Total resistance of Figure 2.9 600Ω

PART D: APPLICATION OF BASIC LAB EQUIPMENT

a) Measuring Voltage by Using a Multimeter

1. Reverse the probe and measure again. What is the meter reading, including its sign? What
can you conclude from the meter reading?
Answer:
The meter-reading is 10V .The sign is negative, because the polarity is reversed.

Table 2.6
Resistor = ………1K……… Ω
Voltage (V) Current (mA)
0V 0mA
10 V 10mA
 15 V 15mA
20 V 20mA

4. Reverse the leads wire connection. What is meter reading? Give your comment.
Answer: The value will be negative
5. Using the results in Table 2.6, plot V vs. I on a graph paper given in Figure 2.14.
6. Calculate the resistance value from the graph.
Answer: 1Ω
7. From your observation in this experiment, how does the current vary with the voltage?
Answer: The Current is directly proportional with Voltage.
 Figure 2.14: Graph paper to plot V vs I
c) Measuring Function Generator Parameters Using an Oscilloscope

Figure 2.15

1. Adjust the setting to 2 V/div, 1 ms/div and measure:

a. The rms voltage ( Vrms ). Answer: 3.53 V
b. The period of the waveform ( T ) Answer: 1.996 ms-1
c. The frequency of the waveform ( f ) Answer: 501Hz
d. The number of cycle displayed? Answer: 4.5 cycle

2. Draw the waveform obtained into Figure 2.16.

Figure 2.16 : Oscilloscope display

 DISCUSSION

This lab report concludes resistor colour code, basic instrument and circuit
connection. There are three types of resistor colour code which are 4-band colour
code, 5-band colour code, and 6-band colour code. These colour codes help in
calculate or measuring resistance in that specific resistor.

For part B, there are different types of basic instrument. One of them is
multimeter. There are digital multimeter and analog multimeter. The multimeter is a
test tool used to measure two or more electrical values such as voltage, current, and
resistance. Another instrument is oscilloscope which where the function is to test and
display voltage signals as waveforms, visual representations of the variation of
voltage over time.

For part C, it is about connections on breadboard. Breadboard have many tiny

sockets called holes. This breaboard can be use to connect circuit such as parallel
circuit or serial circuit.

For part D, multimeter is used to measure voltage and current. While oscilloscope
is used in measuring function generator parameters. Moreover. In this part, voltage
and current are tested if it is vary or directly proportional in the graph.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, student is able to measure voltage and current using multimeter
and to study the relationship between voltage and current. Next, student can create
waveform using the function generator. Then, student understood the functionality
and usage of an oscilloscope and how electrical or electronic circuits can be
prototyped on a breadboard. Furthermore, student able to construct resistive circuit
(series, parallel, series parallel) on a breadboard and familiarize with resistor colour
code. Lastly, student able to identify the operating controls and the functions of
various laboratories equipments and measuring value of resistance, current and
voltage by using test instruments.